熊佰煉 黃俊 申杰
摘要:【目的】探索短時(shí)間尺度下辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加對(duì)喀斯特石灰土地區(qū)土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)礦化和SOC庫(kù)的直接影響,為評(píng)估西南喀斯特石灰土地區(qū)辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭還田利用的生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!痉椒ā坎捎脧V口瓶進(jìn)行恒溫、恒濕密封培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),以不添加生物質(zhì)炭為對(duì)照(CK),設(shè)置0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%共5個(gè)辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理,用NaOH溶液吸收法測(cè)定63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)喀斯特石灰土有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化過(guò)程釋放的CO2,培養(yǎng)結(jié)束后測(cè)試各形態(tài)SOC含量的變化情況?!窘Y(jié)果】培養(yǎng)63 d后,0~4.0%添加處理石灰土SOC累積礦化量為473.05±78.60~673.74±102.66 mg C/kg,4.0%添加處理可明顯提高累積礦化量。各添加處理SOC礦化過(guò)程均可用雙庫(kù)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行擬合,0.1%~0.5%和1.0%~4.0%添加處理?xiàng)l件下易降解SOC礦化速率常數(shù)(ka)分別為0.021±0.001~0.034±0.004/d和0.248±0.021~0.343±0.033/d,對(duì)易降解SOC的礦化分別起抑制和促進(jìn)作用;所有添加處理對(duì)難降解SOC礦化起促進(jìn)作用。1.0%~4.0%添加處理可顯著提高易降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量(Ca)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量(P<0.05,下同),其值范圍分別為238.19±20.72~937.48±71.75 mg/kg和368.22±12.19~449.52±18.91 g/kg。2.0%和4.0%添加處理顯著提高土壤易氧化有機(jī)碳(ROC)含量,其值分別為2849.97±184.21和3163.92±107.16 mg/kg。生物質(zhì)炭添加對(duì)土壤水溶性有機(jī)碳(WSOC)含量無(wú)顯著影響(P>0.05,下同)。添加辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭的處理中,MBC與Ca、ka、難降解SOC礦化速率常數(shù)(ks)和ROC呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01,下同),與難降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量(Cs)呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與WSOC無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性?!窘Y(jié)論】辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)喀斯特石灰土SOC礦化速率的影響與添加量有關(guān),1.0%~4.0%添加處理可提高礦化速率,同時(shí)增加Ca、MBC和ROC含量,但對(duì)WSOC含量無(wú)影響,4.0%添加處理在63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)可提高土壤累積礦化量。為減少土壤碳排放,建議辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭改良西南喀斯特石灰土的添加量應(yīng)低于4.0%。
關(guān)鍵詞: 辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭;喀斯特;石灰土;有機(jī)碳庫(kù);有機(jī)碳礦化
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): S153.61? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2021)03-0743-10
Effects of pepper straw biochar on karst limestone soil
organic carbon mineralization
XIONG Bai-lian1,2, HUANG Jun1, SHEN Jie1
(1College of Resources and Environment,Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, Guizhou? 563006, China; 2Key Laboratory of Soil Resources and Environment in Qianbei of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou? 563006, China)
Abstract:【Objective】To explore the direct effect of pepper straw biochar addition on soil organic carbon(SOC) mi-neralization and organic carbon pool in limestone soil in karst areas on a short-term time scale,and provide a scientific basis for evaluation of the ecological environmental effect of pepper straw biochar returned to cropland in limestone soil in karst areas in southwestern China. 【Method】Conducted the sealed incubation experiment in a jar at constant temperature and humidity, no biochar treatment was as control(CK),set 5 levels of pepper straw biochar addition,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%,2.0% and 4.0%, measured the CO2 release during mineralization of SOC within the incubation period of 63 d with the method of NaOH solution absorption,and tested the change of SOC of various forms at the end of incubation. 【Result】After 63 d of incubation,the cumulative amount of mineralization of SOC in limestone soil with 0-4.0 % additives was 473.05±78.60-673.74±102.66 mg C/kg; 4.0% addition could increase the cumulative amount of mineralization. At different levels of addition,SOC mineralization could be fitted by the two-compartment first order kinetic model. Under 0.1%-0.5% and 1.0%-4.0% treatments,easily biodegradable SOC mineralization rate constant (ka) was 0.021±0.001-0.034±0.004/d and 0.248±0.021-0.343±0.033/d,the effect on mineralization of easily biodegradable SOC was suppressing and facilitating,respectively. All addition levels could promote mineralization of hard-to-degrade SOC. The addition level of 1.0%-4.0% could significantly increase reserves of labile SOC(Ca) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) content in the soil(P<0.05, the same below),the scope ranges were 238.19±20.72-937.48±71.75 mg/kg and 368.22±12.19-449.52±18.91 g/kg respectively. The addition levels of 2.0% and 4.0% significantly increased the content of readily oxidized carbon (ROC) in soil,the value being 2849.97±184.21 and 3163.92±107.16 mg/kg respectively. Biochar addition had no significant effect on water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) in soil(P>0.05, the same below). According to the process of pepper straw biochar addition,MBC was of extremely significantly positive correlation with Ca,ka,constant of the mineralization rate of recalcitrant SOC(ks) and ROC(P<0.01, the same below),of extremely significantly negative correlation with reserves of recalcitrant SOC(Cs),and no significant correlation to WSOC. 【Conclusion】The effect of pepper straw biochar on the minerali-zation rate of limestone soil in karst areas is related to the level of addition; 1.0%-4.0% addition can enhance the SOC mineralization rate while increase Ca and the content of MBC and ROC,but has no effect on WSOC content. The addition level of 4.0% can increase the cumulative emissions of mineralization during the incubation period of 63 d. To reduce soil carbon emissions,it is recommend the level of pepper straw biochar addition should be lower than 4.0% in improving limestone soil in karst areas in southwestern China.
Key words: pepper straw biochar; karst; limestone soil; soil organic carbon pool; organic carbon mineralization
Foundation item: Project of Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou(QKHPTRC〔2017〕5727-12);Pro-ject of Key Laboratory of Soil Resources and Environmental Characteristics in Northern Guizhou of Guizhou Department of Education(Qianjiaohe KY〔2017〕010)
0 引言
【研究意義】土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)庫(kù)是陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)最大的碳庫(kù),SOC礦化是SOC周轉(zhuǎn)的重要過(guò)程和土壤溫室氣體排放的主要來(lái)源(Lal,2004)。生物質(zhì)炭是由農(nóng)作物秸稈、畜禽糞便等材料在250~750 ℃限氧條件下發(fā)生熱裂解生成,能改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提高保水保肥能力,促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)(黃雁飛等,2020;涂保華等,2020)。由于在土壤中極難降解,生物質(zhì)炭還田可將植物光合作用獲得的約20%碳封存在土壤中,是一條有效的碳匯途徑(Lehmann,2007)。石灰土是一種發(fā)育于碳酸鹽巖母質(zhì),廣泛分布于我國(guó)熱帶、亞熱帶喀斯特山區(qū)的非地帶性土壤,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量相對(duì)較高(鄭永春和王世杰,2002)。貴州省石灰土分布面積為278.56萬(wàn)ha,是種植辣椒的主要土壤類(lèi)型之一,將辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭還施于石灰土是綠色環(huán)保利用辣椒秸稈的重要備選途徑。研究表明,生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC的礦化分解有激發(fā)和抑制作用,從而增加或減少土壤碳排放量并影響土壤肥力,不同類(lèi)型生物質(zhì)炭施入不同類(lèi)型土壤的碳礦化效應(yīng)尚無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)(葛曉改等,2016)。探明辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)喀斯特石灰土SOC礦化和土壤碳庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響是科學(xué)利用其改良石灰土的重要前提,也可為定量評(píng)估該類(lèi)生物質(zhì)炭輸入喀斯特石灰土后的碳匯效應(yīng)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。【前人研究進(jìn)展】生物質(zhì)炭隨前體材料類(lèi)型、土壤類(lèi)型和進(jìn)入土壤時(shí)長(zhǎng)等因素的不同,對(duì)SOC的礦化降解起激發(fā)或抑制作用。玉米、黑麥秸稈、柞木和芒草等制成的生物質(zhì)炭可促進(jìn)微生物生長(zhǎng),加速SOC降解,增加土壤碳排放(Hamer et al.,2004;Wardle et al.,2008;Luo et al.,2011)?;旌夏拘忌镔|(zhì)炭添加到粉砂壤土中、玉米芯生物質(zhì)炭添加到堿性土壤中則降低土壤微生物群落活性和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量,從而抑制SOC降解礦化,降低土壤碳排放(Spokas et al.,2009;Riaz et al.,2017)。而桉樹(shù)生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)粘性土壤和砂質(zhì)壤土中SOC的礦化作用分別起抑制和促進(jìn)作用(Fang et al.,2015)。生物質(zhì)炭的輸入會(huì)影響SOC的組成和轉(zhuǎn)化。柳桉生物質(zhì)炭施入可增加大田難降解SOC儲(chǔ)量(Kimetu and Lehmann,2010),混合秸稈生物質(zhì)炭則增加大田易降解SOC儲(chǔ)量(Liu et al.,2015)。胡桃殼生物質(zhì)炭和水稻秸稈生物質(zhì)炭能促進(jìn)SOC向活性SOC的轉(zhuǎn)化,提高土壤水溶性有機(jī)碳(WSOC)和MBC含量(Wang et al.,2016;Yang et al.,2020)。劉燕萍等(2011)發(fā)現(xiàn)水稻秸稈生物質(zhì)炭在培養(yǎng)前期(0~7 d)促進(jìn)SOC的降解礦化,后期(7~112 d)則抑制??偟膩?lái)看,生物質(zhì)炭輸入會(huì)影響土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)組成與礦化行為,從而改變土壤的碳排放?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】盡管生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC礦化的影響已有大量研究,但由于影響因素復(fù)雜且尚未完全掌握相關(guān)機(jī)理,目前有關(guān)辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭還田利用對(duì)土壤環(huán)境影響的研究也較少,其對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化降解和SOC庫(kù)的影響尚不清楚。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】通過(guò)恒溫、恒濕密封培養(yǎng),探索短時(shí)間尺度(63 d)、無(wú)其他碳源條件下,不同辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加量處理對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化和SOC庫(kù)的影響,以期為評(píng)估西南喀斯特石灰土地區(qū)辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭還田利用的生態(tài)環(huán)境效應(yīng)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
選擇貴州省遵義市紅花崗區(qū)新蒲鎮(zhèn)棄耕的石灰土荒草坡地為采樣地,采用棋盤(pán)式法確定采樣點(diǎn),去除雜草和凋落物后,挖取表層0~20 cm土層土樣。將各樣點(diǎn)采集的土樣混合,四分法取足所需土壤樣品。剔除土壤中植物殘?bào)w,撿出石塊、落葉和根等雜物,風(fēng)干,過(guò)2 mm土壤篩。土壤基本理化性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表1。
供試?yán)苯方斩捚贩N為遵辣9號(hào),將其洗凈風(fēng)干,破碎,用錫箔紙密封包裹,放入坩鍋,在馬弗爐內(nèi)以20 ℃/min的速度加熱升溫至550 ℃并保持45 min,自然冷卻后取出,過(guò)2 mm篩,密封備用。辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭的性質(zhì)與主要成分:pH 9.79,灰分21%,總碳(TC)786.84 g/kg,總氮(TN)16.57 g/kg,總磷(TP)1.12 g/kg,總鉀(TK)0.85 g/kg。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法
采用室內(nèi)恒溫、恒濕培養(yǎng),堿液吸收法測(cè)定SOC礦化與CO2排放:稱(chēng)取100 g供試土樣置于1 L廣口瓶中,添加0(CK)、0.1%(T1)、0.5%(T2)、1.0%(T3)、2.0%(T4)和4.0%(T5)的生物質(zhì)炭,混勻,調(diào)節(jié)含水量至田間飽和持水量的60%;用小燒杯盛20 mL 1 mo1/L NaOH溶液,放入橫置的廣口瓶中吸收土壤呼吸釋放的CO2;在廣口瓶中放置10 mL去CO2水,以維持瓶?jī)?nèi)空氣飽和濕度,橡皮塞密封廣口瓶,25 ℃生化培養(yǎng)箱中恒溫黑暗培養(yǎng)。每處理設(shè)3次重復(fù)。在培養(yǎng)的第3、7、12、18、25、33、42、52和63 d取出廣口瓶中NaOH溶液,經(jīng)稀釋處理后測(cè)定土壤釋放的CO2,并換上新配制的NaOH溶液,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。設(shè)置不加土壤和生物質(zhì)炭的空白對(duì)照組,用于扣除堿液對(duì)空氣中CO2的吸收。
1. 3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法
將從廣口瓶中取出的NaOH溶液稀釋后用總碳分析儀(島津TOC-LCPH)測(cè)定分析碳含量。培養(yǎng)結(jié)束后,取適量土壤,分析測(cè)試各形態(tài)SOC含量。SOC用重鉻酸鉀外加熱法測(cè)定;WSOC用0.5 mol/L K2SO4浸提(水土質(zhì)量比5∶1),用TOC分析儀測(cè)定(王戰(zhàn)磊等,2014);MBC采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法測(cè)定,以熏蒸和未熏蒸土樣含碳量之差除以系數(shù)0.45得到(吳金水等,2006);易氧化有機(jī)碳(ROC)采用高錳酸鉀氧化法測(cè)定(趙世翔等,2017)。
1. 4 計(jì)算公式
日均礦化速率[mg C/(kg·d)]以單位質(zhì)量土壤(1 kg)單位時(shí)間(1 d)內(nèi)礦化釋放的碳量表示;累積礦化量(mg C/kg)以單位質(zhì)量土壤(1 kg)在63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)礦化釋放的總碳量表示。土壤微生物商(Soil microbial quotient)=MBC/SOC,碳庫(kù)活度(Lability of carbon,L)=ROC/(SOC-ROC)(Blair et al.,1995)。
運(yùn)用雙庫(kù)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程對(duì)土壤易降解碳庫(kù)和難降解碳庫(kù)大小進(jìn)行擬合(Ci et al.,2015):
Ct=Ca×(1-e-kat)+(CSOC-Ca)×(1-e-kst)
式中,Ct為培養(yǎng)t時(shí)的累積礦化量(mg/kg),Ca和ka分別為易降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量(mg/kg)及其礦化速率常數(shù)(/d),CSOC為SOC含量,Cs(Cs=CSOC-Ca)和ks分別為難降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量(mg/kg)及其礦化速率常數(shù)(/d),t為培養(yǎng)時(shí)間(d)。生物質(zhì)炭輸入后SOC的半衰期(T1/2)由難降解SOC庫(kù)的降解速率ks通過(guò)公式計(jì)算得出:T1/2=ln2/ks。
1. 5 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用SPSS 19.0對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)、Pearson相關(guān)分析和顯著性分析,以O(shè)rigin 8.5繪圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 SOC礦化特征
由圖1可知,各生物質(zhì)炭處理的SOC日均礦化速率均隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而降低。培養(yǎng)0~3 d,CK和T1~T5處理的SOC日均礦化率分別為35.31±9.43、30.51±0.63、32.63±2.11、36.85±2.31、38.99±2.67和53.39±5.61 mg C/(kg·d)。培養(yǎng)至第4~7 d,各處理SOC日均礦化速率大幅降低至11.33±0.97~15.83±0.89 mg C/(kg·d)。培養(yǎng)0~18 d,CK和T1~T4處理之間日均礦化速率無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05,下同)。表明培養(yǎng)的前18 d,添加0.1%~2.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC日均礦化速率影響不大。培養(yǎng)25~63 d,T1~T3處理日均礦化速率顯著小于CK(P<0.05,下同),表明在此時(shí)間段內(nèi),添加0.1%~1.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC的礦化表現(xiàn)出一定的抑制作用。T5處理在整個(gè)培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)SOC日均礦化速率均顯著高于其他添加處理,在0~52 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)顯著高于CK,表明添加4.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭能提高SOC日均礦化速率。
由圖2-A可知,CK和T1~T5處理培養(yǎng)63 d后SOC累積礦化量分別為473.05±78.60、427.03±30.12、442.27±23.45、454.44±43.73、503.77±33.51和673.74±102.66 mg C/kg,其中T5處理累積礦化量高于其他處理,CK和T1~T4處理間無(wú)明顯差異。SOC礦化率是礦化生成的CO2-C占SOC的比例。由圖2-B可知,CK和T1~T5處理培養(yǎng)63 d后SOC累積礦化率分別為(2.18±0.36)%、(1.97±0.11)%、(2.04±0.13)%、(2.09±0.19)%、(2.32±0.15)%和(3.11±0.47)%, 其中T5處理SOC累積礦化率顯著高于其他處理,CK和T1~T4處理間無(wú)顯著差異。
2. 2 SOC礦化的動(dòng)力學(xué)特征
本研究中SOC礦化過(guò)程可用雙庫(kù)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行擬合(P<0.01),估算出Ca、Cs和相應(yīng)的降解速率常數(shù),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。除CK、T1和T2處理的Ca無(wú)顯著差異外,Ca隨辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加量的增加而顯著增大。CK的ka顯著大于T1和T2處理,表明0.1%~0.5%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理抑制石灰土中易降解SOC的礦化速率;T3~T5處理的ka是CK的3.59~4.97倍,表明1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理可顯著提高石灰土中易降解SOC的礦化速率。T1~T5處理的ks均顯著大于CK,其中T5處理最大,表明辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加可提高難降解SOC庫(kù)的降解速率。CK石灰土SOC降解半衰期為11.74±0.62年,隨著生物質(zhì)炭的增加而顯著降低,T5處理半衰期降至5.19±0.50年。Ca/SOC表征SOC的礦化潛力,該值越高,SOC的可礦化能力越強(qiáng)。CKCa/SOC為(0.76±0.06)%,與T1和T2處理間無(wú)顯著差異,表明0.1%~0.5%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加量對(duì)石灰土SOC的礦化能力影響不明顯,T3~T5處理Ca/SOC是CK的1.43~5.68倍,表明1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加能較大幅度提升SOC的礦化潛力。
2. 3 易降解SOC含量變化特征
由圖3-A可知,未培養(yǎng)前石灰土WSOC含量為94.89±5.41 mg/kg,培養(yǎng)63 d后各處理土壤WSOC含量均較未培養(yǎng)前顯著下降。其中,CK土壤WSOC含量降至44.34±2.79 mg/kg,T1~T5處理的含量降至42.39±2.46~43.08±2.49 mg/kg,CK和T1~T5處理間WSOC含量無(wú)顯著差異。
由圖3-B可知,未培養(yǎng)前石灰土MBC含量為357.62±10.09 mg/kg,培養(yǎng)63 d后CK、T1和T2處理土壤MBC含量均較未培養(yǎng)前顯著下降,分別降至316.72±10.12、318.65±15.49和333.38±4.14 mg/kg,且3個(gè)處理間無(wú)顯著差異;T3處理土壤MBC含量為368.22±12.19 mg/kg,與未培養(yǎng)前的含量無(wú)顯著差異,但顯著高于CK、T1和T2處理;T4和T5處理土壤MBC含量分別為386.68±9.81和449.52±18.91 mg/kg,較CK分別顯著增加22.09%和41.93%。總的來(lái)看,63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi),不添加辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭的CK土壤MBC含量較未培養(yǎng)前顯著減少,0.1%和0.5%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加與CK間無(wú)顯著差異,對(duì)喀斯特石灰土中MBC含量影響較小;添加1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭顯著提高土壤MBC含量,且隨著添加量的增加土壤中MBC含量越高。
由圖3-C可知,未培養(yǎng)前石灰土ROC含量為4062.67±243.33 mg/kg,培養(yǎng)63 d后各處理土壤ROC含量均顯著下降。其中,CK土壤ROC含量降至2162.25±204.89 mg/kg,T1~T3處理的含量分別降至2010.72±114.65、2156.42±179.45和2342.92±149.39 mg/kg,CK和T1~T3處理間無(wú)顯著差異;T4和T5處理土壤ROC含量分別降至2849.97±184.21和3163.92±107.16 mg/kg,但較CK分別提高31.81%和46.33%,也顯著高于T1~T3處理??偟膩?lái)看,63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi),與CK相比,添加0.1%~1.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)喀斯特石灰土中ROC含量影響較小,2.0%~4.0%的添加量可顯著提高土壤中ROC含量。
土壤微生物商能靈敏地指示SOC的微生物可利用性,其值越大,SOC礦化周轉(zhuǎn)越快(Melero et al.,2009)。由表3可知,CK、T1和T2土壤微生物商無(wú)顯著差異,T3~T5處理較CK處理顯著提高土壤微生物商。表明63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi),在未種植植物和施肥的條件下,1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭處理可加速喀斯特石灰土中SOC周轉(zhuǎn)速率,提高碳素礦化能力。土壤碳庫(kù)活度越大,表示SOC越易被微生物分解,土壤肥力質(zhì)量也就越高(戴全厚等,2008)。由表3可知,CK和T1~T3處理碳庫(kù)活度無(wú)顯著差異,T4和T5處理顯著提高碳庫(kù)活度。表明添加2.0%~4.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭能提高SOC的微生物可降解性,不利于SOC的固持。
微生物是SOC礦化排放的決定性因素。對(duì)辣椒秸稈添加處理?xiàng)l件下土壤MBC與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)碳化指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果(表4)表明,土壤Ca和Ka均與MBC呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01,下同)。1.0%~4.0%添加處理可促進(jìn)土壤MBC含量的增加,故1.0%~4.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理在加速易降解SOC礦化分解速率的同時(shí)提高Ca,對(duì)SOC的礦化起促進(jìn)作用。Cs和ks分別與MBC呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)和正相關(guān),表明1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭處理能加速喀斯特石灰土中難降解SOC的礦化降解,加速土壤碳排放,減少難降解SOC含量。MBC與ROC呈極顯著正相關(guān),與WSOC無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,說(shuō)明1.0%~4.0%生物質(zhì)炭添加在提高土壤微生物生物量的同時(shí)可增加ROC含量。
3 討論
3. 1 辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化的影響
生物質(zhì)炭輸入對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的礦化排放存在激發(fā)、抑制和無(wú)顯著影響3種效應(yīng)(Spokas et al.,2009;Smith et al.,2010)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,低添加量處理(0.1%~1.0%)前期(0~18 d)對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化無(wú)影響,后期(19~63 d)為抑制效應(yīng),從整個(gè)培養(yǎng)期(0~63 d)來(lái)看為無(wú)顯著影響;高添加量處理(4.0%)前期表現(xiàn)為激發(fā)效應(yīng),后期無(wú)顯著影響,從整個(gè)培養(yǎng)期來(lái)看為激發(fā)效應(yīng);而2.0%添加量處理前、后期均無(wú)顯著影響??梢?jiàn),辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化的影響會(huì)隨添加量的不同表現(xiàn)出激發(fā)、抑制和無(wú)顯著影響3種效應(yīng),且對(duì)SOC礦化的效應(yīng)還會(huì)隨時(shí)間發(fā)生改變。Orlova等(2019)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),樺木和白楊木制成的生物質(zhì)炭添加量為0.1%時(shí)對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化無(wú)影響,添加量增至1.0%時(shí)可使有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化率顯著提高15%~18%。曹坤坤等(2020)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),3%玉米秸稈生物質(zhì)炭處理對(duì)SOC礦化前期(0~14 d)激發(fā)和后期(15~161 d)抑制。上述前人研究結(jié)果表明,添加量和培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的不同可能會(huì)使生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化產(chǎn)生截然不同的效應(yīng),本研究結(jié)果與之基本一致。生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC礦化的影響與土壤微生物密切相關(guān)。生物質(zhì)炭中豐富的不穩(wěn)定碳和營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素可為微生物的生長(zhǎng)提供養(yǎng)料(Xu et al.,2016),孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)可作為微生物棲息的微環(huán)境,避免微生物間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),從而增加土壤微生物生物量和多樣性(Palansooriya et al.,2019),促進(jìn)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化分解。由于生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤微生物活性或豐度難以形成持久刺激作用(Ameloot et al.,2014),因而本研究中4.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理只在前期(0~18 d)對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化起激發(fā)作用,而后期(19~63 d)則無(wú)顯著影響。此外,生物質(zhì)炭能將土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)吸附到孔隙和外表面,形成包封和吸附保護(hù)作用,有效隔離微生物及其產(chǎn)生的胞外酶與有機(jī)質(zhì)的接觸,降低有機(jī)質(zhì)的可利用性,從而抑制被吸附有機(jī)質(zhì)的礦化分解(Zimmerman et al.,2004;Cheng and Reinhard,2008)。生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC的吸附過(guò)程需要一定的時(shí)間,添加前期吸附量少,隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加吸附逐漸增大,對(duì)SOC礦化的抑制作用也逐漸增強(qiáng)。這可能是本研究中0.1%~1.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理前期(0~18 d)對(duì)石灰土SOC礦化無(wú)顯著影響,而后期(19~63 d)則顯著抑制的原因;2.0%添加處理可能是抑制與激發(fā)作用效應(yīng)相當(dāng),因而整體表現(xiàn)出對(duì)SOC礦化無(wú)顯著影響。
3. 2 辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)石灰土SOC庫(kù)及碳化速率的影響
生物質(zhì)炭的輸入會(huì)影響土壤碳庫(kù)組成,并進(jìn)一步影響SOC的礦化排放。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生物質(zhì)炭輸入會(huì)提高土壤中Cs,而對(duì)Ca起降低或無(wú)明顯影響的作用(Hernandez-Soriano et al.,2016;Tsai and Chang,2020)。本研究中,1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭顯著提高Ca,相應(yīng)降低Cs,體現(xiàn)了辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量影響的獨(dú)特之處。難降解SOC決定著SOC的儲(chǔ)備,在提升土壤碳庫(kù)穩(wěn)定性方面有重要作用(Schmidt et al.,2011)。結(jié)合1.0%~4.0%和2.0%~4.0%添加處理分別顯著提高土壤微生物商和土壤碳庫(kù)活度的結(jié)果,推測(cè)1.0%~4.0%辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理可能會(huì)減弱喀斯特石灰土有機(jī)庫(kù)的穩(wěn)定性。研究表明,生物質(zhì)炭添加通常提高ka,降低ks,使得易降解SOC加快降解,難降解SOC更難降解(Hernandez-Soriano et al.,2016;Tsai and Chang,2020)。本研究中,1.0%~4.0%的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加處理同時(shí)提高ka和ks,與上述研究結(jié)果不同;1.0%~4.0%處理中生物質(zhì)炭添加量越大,MBC含量越高,MBC與ks和Ca呈極顯著正相關(guān),微生物生物量的增加應(yīng)是土壤難降解生物質(zhì)炭礦化加速的主要原因。微生物對(duì)SOC的利用主要包括真菌和細(xì)菌2種途徑,真菌和細(xì)菌的生活史策略分別為K對(duì)策和r對(duì)策(徐嘉暉等,2018)。r型微生物傾向于降解活性SOC,而K型微生物主要降解相對(duì)難降解的SOC??珊侠硗茰y(cè),辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加到喀斯特石灰土中促進(jìn)了土壤真菌生長(zhǎng),加快了對(duì)難降解SOC的礦化分解,使難降解SOC呈現(xiàn)出易降解SOC的降解特性而使得Ca增加。
值得注意的是,雖然1.0%~4.0%添加處理可同時(shí)提高ka和ks,但63 d累積礦化量表明,只有4.0%添加處理明顯提高土壤累積礦化量。其原因可能是,本研究除了土壤和生物質(zhì)炭所含的SOC,沒(méi)有外來(lái)碳源,土壤中能被礦化的SOC在63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)已被礦化降解,導(dǎo)致1.0%~2.0%生物質(zhì)炭添加處理雖然可加快有機(jī)質(zhì)的礦化速率,但不能增加累積礦化量。4.0%添加處理對(duì)累積礦化量的提升可能與生物質(zhì)炭所含的可降解SOC有關(guān),但具體原因有待進(jìn)一步研究。為減少土壤碳排放,建議辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭改良西南喀斯特地區(qū)石灰的添加量應(yīng)低于4.0%。
3. 3 辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)石灰土易降解SOC含量的影響
易降解SOC主要由WSOC、MBC和ROC等組成,由于其穩(wěn)定性較低,礦化速率較快,雖然僅占SOC總量的較小部分,卻是產(chǎn)生溫室氣體的主要碳源(趙世翔等,2017)。SOC的溶解是被微生物利用并將其礦化的先決條件,WSOC含量動(dòng)態(tài)和周轉(zhuǎn)與SOC的礦化密切相關(guān)(Demisie et al.,2014)。Mitchell等(2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖楓木生物質(zhì)炭添加到土壤中可顯著提高WSOC含量。Wang等(2016)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胡桃殼生物質(zhì)炭在干濕循環(huán)條件下可促進(jìn)SOC向WSOC轉(zhuǎn)化。本研究中,辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加對(duì)石灰土WSOC含量無(wú)顯著影響。SOC礦化是一個(gè)以微生物學(xué)過(guò)程為主的復(fù)雜過(guò)程,MBC對(duì)其影響較大(謝國(guó)雄和章明奎,2014)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨炭化溫度和在土壤中存在時(shí)間的不同,生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤MBC含量影響會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出提高和降低2種不同的效應(yīng)(Zhang et al.,2014;Li et al.,2018)。本研究中,550 ℃下炭化的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭在1.0%~4.0%添加處理時(shí)可顯著提高喀斯特石灰土MBC含量。ROC對(duì)外部環(huán)境變化的響應(yīng)非常敏感,可反映出SOC的有效性和時(shí)效性(張哲等,2019)。Demisie等(2014)研究表明,0.5%添加量的橡木和竹生物質(zhì)炭就能顯著提高土壤中ROC含量。本研究中只有2.0%和4.0%添加量的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭能顯著提高土壤中ROC含量,與Jien等(2015)發(fā)現(xiàn)2%和4%稻殼生物質(zhì)炭添加量能顯著提高土壤中ROC含量的結(jié)果類(lèi)似。
3. 4 辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭施入石灰土的碳環(huán)境效應(yīng)
根據(jù)前述對(duì)研究結(jié)果的分析討論,將恒溫恒濕,不種植作物、不施肥、室內(nèi)短時(shí)間尺度培養(yǎng)下的辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加到喀斯特石灰土后的碳環(huán)境效應(yīng)以圖4進(jìn)行總結(jié)表達(dá):由于生物質(zhì)炭的碳化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)以芳香碳為主,具有高度的生物化學(xué)和熱穩(wěn)定性,生物質(zhì)炭中絕大部分非活性碳被封存于土壤環(huán)境中,起到固碳作用;生物質(zhì)炭的輸入可促進(jìn)微生物生長(zhǎng),在封閉培養(yǎng)的條件下,其碳源主要來(lái)自于SOC;微生物生物量的增加可加快難降解和易降解SOC礦化速率,在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)可增加土壤碳礦化排放量;同時(shí),辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭添加提高了易降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量,降低了難降解SOC庫(kù)儲(chǔ)量,在微生物的作用下部分難降解SOC轉(zhuǎn)化為易降解SOC。
4 結(jié)論
辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)喀斯特石灰土SOC礦化速率的影響與添加量有關(guān),1.0%~4.0%添加處理可提高礦化速率常數(shù),同時(shí)增加Ca、MBC和ROC含量,但對(duì)WSOC含量無(wú)影響,4.0%添加處理在63 d培養(yǎng)期內(nèi)可提高土壤累積礦化量。為減少土壤碳排放,建議辣椒秸稈生物質(zhì)炭改良西南喀斯特石灰土的添加量應(yīng)低于4.0%。
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(責(zé)任編輯 羅 麗)