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12種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的選擇毒力

2021-08-02 18:49蘇豪呂寶乾張寶琴盧輝唐繼洪楊石有吳琦琦
關(guān)鍵詞:草地貪夜蛾殺蟲(chóng)劑

蘇豪 呂寶乾 張寶琴 盧輝 唐繼洪 楊石有 吳琦琦

摘要:【目的】評(píng)價(jià)12種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)及其天敵霍氏嚙小蜂(Tetrastichus howardi)的毒力和選擇性,為協(xié)調(diào)草地貪夜蛾的化學(xué)防治和生物防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!痉椒ā客ㄟ^(guò)玉米葉片浸漬法和試管藥膜法,分別測(cè)定40%殺蟲(chóng)雙、94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺、98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪、94%茚蟲(chóng)威及金龜子綠僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)等12種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的選擇毒力,明確草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂對(duì)常用殺蟲(chóng)劑的敏感性。【結(jié)果】在11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑中,95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力最強(qiáng),24 h的半數(shù)致死濃度(LC50)為0.42 mg/L,98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪的毒力最弱(24 h-LC50為13.56 mg/L);95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力也最強(qiáng)(24 h-LC50為0.09 mg/L),94%茚蟲(chóng)威的毒力最弱(24 h-LC50為4.45 mg/L)。11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑的選擇毒力指數(shù)(STR)排序?yàn)椋?4%茚蟲(chóng)威>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺>95%蟲(chóng)螨腈>95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽>98%虱螨脲≈98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺>81.2%乙基多殺菌素≈40%殺蟲(chóng)雙>95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺,表明94%茚蟲(chóng)威在有效防治草地貪夜蛾的前提下對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂的保護(hù)性最強(qiáng)。金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的LC50和STR隨時(shí)間的推移呈明顯下降趨勢(shì),均在第4 d達(dá)最大值、第6 d為最小值,說(shuō)明微生物殺蟲(chóng)劑發(fā)揮藥效存在一個(gè)滯后過(guò)程?!窘Y(jié)論】95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽的毒力最大,可作為防控草地貪夜蛾應(yīng)急施藥首選;金龜子綠僵菌和94%茚蟲(chóng)威的選擇性大,可作為草地貪夜蛾綜合防控的推薦用藥;94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪的毒力較小,不適宜用于草地貪夜蛾的化學(xué)防治。

關(guān)鍵詞: 草地貪夜蛾;霍氏嚙小蜂;殺蟲(chóng)劑;選擇毒力指數(shù)(STR)

中圖分類號(hào): S433.4;S482.3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2021)03-0570-08

Selective toxicity of twelve insecticides to Spodoptera

frugiperda and Tetrastichus howardi(Olliff)

SU Hao1, LYU Bao-qian1*, ZHANG Bao-qin2, LU Hui1, TANG Ji-hong1,

YANG Shi-you3, WU Qi-qi1

(1Environment and Plant Protection Institute,Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou? 571101,China; 2Collegeof Plant Protection,Hainan University, Haikou? 570228,China; 3College of Forestry,

Hainan University, Haikou? 570228, China)

Abstract:【Objective】To provide the scientific evidence for the coordination of the chemical and biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda,this paper evaluated the toxicity and selectivity of twelve insecticides to S. frugiperda and its natural enemy Tetrastichus howardi. 【Method】The corn leaf dipping method and residual film method were used to evalua-te the selective toxicity of the 12 insecticides including 40% bisultap, 94% cyantraniliprole, 98% thiamethoxam, 94% indoxacarb, and Metarhizium anisopliae to the second instar larvae of S. Frugiperda and the adults T. howardi, to clarify the sensitivity of S. frugiperda and T. howarditothe commonly used insecticides. 【Result】Among the 11 chemical insecticides,95% emamectin benzoate had the highest toxicity to the second larvae of S. frugiperda and the median lethal concentration(LC50) 50 for 24 hours was 0.42 mg/L. While 98% thiamethoxam had the lowest toxicity (24 h-LC50 was 13.56 mg/L). 95% emamectin benzoate also had the highest toxicity to the adult T. howardi(24 h-LC50 was 0.09 mg/L). 94% indoxacarb had the lowest toxicity(24 h-LC50 was 4.45 mg/L). The order of the selective toxicity ratio(STR) of the 11 chemical insecticides was as follow: 94% indoxacarb>96% flubendiamide>95% chlorfenapyr>95.3% chlorantraniliprole>95% emamectin benzoate>98% lufenuron≈98% thiamethoxam>94% cyantraniliprole>81.2% spinetoram≈40% bisultap>95% tetrachlorantraniliprole. This order suggested 94% indoxacarb had the strongest protective effect on T. howardi on the premise of controlling S. frugiperda. The LC50 and STR of metarhizium anisopliae against S. frugiperda and T. howardi presented the tendency of decrease with time passing by, reaching the maximum on the 4th day, and the minimum on the 6th day, which suggested that there was a lag process before the biological insecticides displayed their efficacy. 【Conclusion】95% emamectin benzoate has the highest toxicity,and thus it can be the first choice to emergently control S. frugiperda; M. anisopliae and 94% indoxacarb have the highest selectivity,and thus can be recommended as the drug which can comprehensively control S. frugiperda; 94% cyantraniliprole and 98% thiamethoxam have the lowest toxicity,and therefore they are not fit for the chemical control of S. frugiperda..

Key words: Spodoptera frugiperda; Tetrastichus howardi(Olliff); insecticide; selective toxicity ratio(STR)

Foundation item:National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD03001); Finance Project of Ministry of Agriculture(1630042020020); Hainan Natural Science Foundation Innovation Research Team Project(2019-CXTD409)

0 引言

【研究意義】草地貪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)起源于美洲熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū),于2019年1月侵入我國(guó)(姜玉英等,2019),是一種多食性、遷飛性、檢疫性農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng)。草地貪夜蛾可危害100多種植物,主要寄主為玉米和水稻(Augusto et al.,2015)。長(zhǎng)期單一使用同種或同類農(nóng)藥易導(dǎo)致草地貪夜蛾抗藥性逐漸增強(qiáng),究其原因可能是其體內(nèi)存在一些可代謝農(nóng)藥成分等有害物質(zhì)的基因(Giraudo et al.,2015;Togola et al.,2018)。Gutiérrez-Moreno等(2019)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)墨西哥瓦哈卡州草地貪夜蛾種群對(duì)氯氰菊酯的抗性達(dá)19倍;Yu和McCord(2010)研究表明,美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州草地貪夜蛾種群對(duì)甲基對(duì)硫磷和甲萘威已產(chǎn)生抗性,最高可達(dá)1159倍;蘇湘寧等(2020)研究顯示廣東省茂名市草地貪夜蛾種群對(duì)甲維鹽的抗性倍數(shù)為14.37。可見(jiàn),單獨(dú)使用化學(xué)藥劑防治草地貪夜蛾存在一定弊端。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)草地貪夜蛾生物防治研究的陸續(xù)開(kāi)展,其中利用寄生性天敵是一項(xiàng)最重要的防治措施(盧輝等,2019)。草地貪夜蛾的寄生性天敵有100多種(Molina-Ochoa et al.,2003),包括霍氏嚙小蜂[Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff)]、夜蛾黑卵蜂(T. remus)、菜粉蝶盤(pán)絨繭蜂(Cotesia glomerata)及日本追寄蠅(Exorista japonica)等?;羰蠂》潆`屬于膜翅目(Hymenoptera)姬小蜂科(Eulophidae)嚙小蜂亞科(Tetrastichinae),是一種能寄生多種鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)的蛹寄生蜂(Baitha et al.,2003;La Salle and Polaszek,2007;郭同斌和顏學(xué)武,2011)。在國(guó)外,霍氏嚙小蜂作為寄生性天敵已用于防治棉鈴蟲(chóng)(Helicoverpa armigera)、斜紋夜蛾(S. Litura)(Baitha et al.,2003)、甘蔗螟(Diatraea saccharalis)(Felix et al.,2005;Duong et al.,2011)及印度白螟(Scirpophaga excerptalis)(Baitha,2007)等?;瘜W(xué)防治與生物防治相結(jié)合的綜合措施在有害生物治理中發(fā)揮著重要作用(吳剛和江樹(shù)人,2004),但長(zhǎng)期大量使用各種殺蟲(chóng)劑,在殺滅害蟲(chóng)的同時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)其天敵生物產(chǎn)生撲滅性的影響。玉米作為我國(guó)糧、經(jīng)、飼兼用作物,對(duì)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有著巨大影響,但近年來(lái)其受草地貪夜蛾的危害日漸嚴(yán)重。因此,開(kāi)展草地貪夜蛾化學(xué)與生物防治研究,對(duì)指導(dǎo)田間草地貪夜蛾綜合防治及促進(jìn)玉米產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】當(dāng)前,針對(duì)草地貪夜蛾的防控主要采用化學(xué)防治,防治成本低,效果明顯(Burtet et al.,2017;Okuma et al.,2018)?;瘜W(xué)防治研究主要包括殺蟲(chóng)劑篩選、殺蟲(chóng)劑復(fù)配及田間防效。宋潔蕾等(2019)選取登記靶標(biāo)為鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)的化學(xué)單劑(15種)、化學(xué)復(fù)配劑(9種)和生物源農(nóng)藥(4種)3個(gè)類型7個(gè)種類共28種農(nóng)藥,通過(guò)浸蟲(chóng)法和浸葉法研究不同藥劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的室內(nèi)毒殺效果,結(jié)果表明,3%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽微乳劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾具有較好的毒殺效果和速效性,可作為草地貪夜蛾田間應(yīng)急防治的首選藥劑。李芬等(2020)采用點(diǎn)滴法在室內(nèi)測(cè)定高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、聯(lián)苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和茚蟲(chóng)威原藥對(duì)草地貪夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力,并利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR測(cè)定3齡幼蟲(chóng)在5種藥劑誘導(dǎo)下其體內(nèi)鈉離子通道基因片段的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果表明供試的5種藥劑均可作為草地貪夜蛾田間應(yīng)急防控藥劑施用。易偉民等(2020)研究表明,20%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺SC+14%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC組合藥劑防治草地貪夜蛾的速效性和持效性均最優(yōu),藥后1~5 d的防治效果高達(dá)100.00%,藥后14 d的防治效果仍為97.97%。周澤雄等(2020)采用4種藥劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾海南種群進(jìn)行室內(nèi)毒力及田間防效測(cè)試,結(jié)果表明5%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽懸浮劑和20%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺懸浮劑的防效優(yōu)于溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和茚蟲(chóng)威。此外,宋潔蕾等(2019)采用浸葉法和浸蟲(chóng)法從校正死亡率的角度篩選出防治草地貪夜蛾的高效低毒藥劑,但其未列出所有供試藥劑的半數(shù)致死濃度(LC50);雷妍圓等(2020)采用浸蟲(chóng)法研究綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的致病力,獲得草地貪夜蛾感病的半數(shù)致死時(shí)間(LT50),但尚未連續(xù)測(cè)定1周內(nèi)的LC50??梢?jiàn),了解殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)的LC50對(duì)指導(dǎo)田間施藥有效防控草地貪夜蛾具有重要意義?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】在有效控制草地貪夜蛾發(fā)生的同時(shí),延緩其對(duì)殺蟲(chóng)劑產(chǎn)生抗性及保護(hù)寄生性天敵,是目前草地貪夜蛾防治面臨的首要問(wèn)題。朱國(guó)權(quán)等(2019)在室內(nèi)測(cè)定4種植物源殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)椰心葉甲(Brontispa longissima)及其寄生性天敵椰心葉甲嚙小蜂[Brontispa longissima (Gestro)]的選擇毒力,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)4種藥劑的毒力排序?yàn)橛¢?煙堿>苦參堿>魚(yú)藤酮。盧晶晶等(2019)采用浸葉法和試管藥膜法分別測(cè)定4種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella Linnaeus)3齡幼蟲(chóng)及其天敵半閉彎尾姬蜂(Diadegma semiclausum Hellen)成蜂的毒力,結(jié)果顯示,4種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)小菜蛾幼蟲(chóng)的毒力排序?yàn)樗穆认x(chóng)酰胺>溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺>氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺,對(duì)半閉彎尾姬蜂成蜂的毒力排序?yàn)殇迩柘x(chóng)酰胺>四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺>氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺。在我國(guó),霍氏嚙小蜂首次在海南被發(fā)現(xiàn)寄生于草地貪夜蛾蛹(唐繼洪等,2020),相關(guān)研究?jī)H局限于其生物學(xué)和行為學(xué),尚無(wú)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾及霍氏嚙小蜂選擇毒力的相關(guān)報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】參考農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部公布的《草地貪夜蛾應(yīng)急防治用藥推薦名單》,選用12種殺蟲(chóng)劑通過(guò)葉片浸漬法和試管藥膜法分別處理草地貪夜蛾及其蛹寄生蜂霍氏嚙小蜂,明確草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂對(duì)常用殺蟲(chóng)劑的敏感性,為協(xié)調(diào)草地貪夜蛾的化學(xué)防治和生物防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料

草地貪夜蛾采自海南省種植的玉米葉,于海南省儋州市環(huán)境與植物保護(hù)研究所養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)室內(nèi)(東經(jīng)109°34′,北緯19°31′)飼養(yǎng)擴(kuò)繁,選取擴(kuò)繁2代以上的2齡幼蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。飼養(yǎng)條件:溫度(26±2)℃,相對(duì)濕度(70±10)%,光周期L∶D=12 h∶12 h。供試寄生蜂為草地貪夜蛾的蛹寄生蜂(霍氏嚙小蜂),選取羽化24 h內(nèi)的成蜂進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。飼養(yǎng)溫度、相對(duì)濕度和光周期同草地貪夜蛾。供試殺蟲(chóng)劑的生產(chǎn)廠家及劑型等信息如表1所示。其中,40%殺蟲(chóng)雙為海南田間常用殺蟲(chóng)劑;94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺為酰胺類殺蟲(chóng)劑,用于其他酰胺類殺蟲(chóng)劑的對(duì)比試驗(yàn);98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪為煙堿類殺蟲(chóng)劑,是市面上常用的拌種處理劑;其余9種為2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部推薦的草地貪夜蛾應(yīng)急防治用藥。蜂蜜購(gòu)自海南卓津蜂業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,丙酮購(gòu)自東莞市吉立化工科技有限公司。主要儀器設(shè)備:塑料盒(7.5 cm×5.0 cm×2.5 cm)、人工氣候箱(MGC-300H型,上海一恒科學(xué)儀器有限公司)及試管(直徑15.0 mm,長(zhǎng)100.0 mm)。

1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法

1. 2. 1 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力測(cè)定

采取葉片浸漬法測(cè)定殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力(IRAC,1990)。根據(jù)殺蟲(chóng)劑的田間推薦濃度及前期預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,以丙酮溶解并等比稀釋為5個(gè)濃度梯度。截取新鮮玉米嫩葉(長(zhǎng)4.0~6.0 cm,寬2.0~4.0 cm,重0.38~1.20 g),在不同濃度的殺蟲(chóng)劑中浸漬15 s后取出自然晾干,放入塑料盒中,每個(gè)塑料盒放養(yǎng)10頭幼蟲(chóng),利用帶有紗網(wǎng)的塑料盒蓋封口,置于人工氣候箱中飼養(yǎng)。24 h后統(tǒng)計(jì)各處理的幼蟲(chóng)死亡數(shù)量(幼蟲(chóng)不能自主活動(dòng)視為死亡)。每個(gè)濃度梯度設(shè)3次重復(fù),每種殺蟲(chóng)劑重復(fù)3次,以丙酮處理為對(duì)照,計(jì)算校正死亡率及LC50。

1. 2. 2 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力測(cè)定 采用試管藥膜法(李增梅和劉銀泉,2005),根據(jù)預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,以丙酮溶解殺蟲(chóng)劑并等比稀釋為5個(gè)濃度梯度。每支試管中加入配好的藥劑,并不斷晃動(dòng)試管,使藥液在管壁上均勻粘附,15 s后倒棄藥液,將試管置于通風(fēng)處晾干,待試管內(nèi)壁形成藥膜后,每支試管接入24 h內(nèi)羽化的健康寄生蜂20只,寄生蜂不分雄雌性別,每處理重復(fù)3次,以15%蜂蜜水的飽和棉球?yàn)槭沉?,并用該棉球封好試管口(蜂蜜水一端朝向試管?nèi)部),置于人工氣候箱中飼養(yǎng)。24 h后觀察并統(tǒng)計(jì)成蜂的死亡數(shù)量(成蜂不能爬動(dòng)或日光照射下輕敲試管不動(dòng)視為死亡)。試驗(yàn)設(shè)3次重復(fù),以丙酮處理為對(duì)照,計(jì)算校正死亡率及LC50。

1. 2. 3 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的選擇毒力指數(shù) 選擇毒力指數(shù)(Selective toxicity ratio,STR)=霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂LC50/草地貪夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)LC50。STR<1.00時(shí)表明殺蟲(chóng)劑具有負(fù)向選擇性;STR=1.00表明殺蟲(chóng)劑沒(méi)有明顯的選擇性;STR> 1.00則表明殺蟲(chóng)劑具有正向選擇性(盧晶晶等,2019)。其中,金龜子綠僵菌屬于微生物殺蟲(chóng)劑,具有緩效性,處理后連續(xù)觀察6 d,每隔24 h記錄死亡數(shù)量,并從試管和塑料盒中挑除已死亡蟲(chóng)體,計(jì)算對(duì)應(yīng)天數(shù)的LC50,每天將棉花蘸取15%蜂蜜水置于試管口供霍氏嚙小蜂取食,更換新的玉米葉于塑料盒內(nèi)供草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)取食,置于人工氣候箱中飼養(yǎng),試驗(yàn)設(shè)3次重復(fù)。

1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用Excel 2010進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理,并計(jì)算不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾及霍氏嚙小蜂作用24 h的毒力回歸方程、LC50和斜率;運(yùn)用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)及計(jì)算95%置信區(qū)間和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(武懷恒等,2014)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力測(cè)定結(jié)果

11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的24 h室內(nèi)毒殺效果見(jiàn)表2。由表2可知,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)均表現(xiàn)出一定的毒性作用。在95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺、94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺、96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺及95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺等4種魚(yú)尼丁受體殺蟲(chóng)劑中,以95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺的殺蟲(chóng)活性最好,24 h-LC50為2.91 mg/L,94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺的殺蟲(chóng)活性最差,24 h-LC50為5.15 mg/L,毒力排序依次為:95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺。在其余的7種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑中,對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)活性最強(qiáng)的是95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽,24 h-LC50為0.42 mg/L,最差的是98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪,24 h-LC50為13.56 mg/L。11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑的毒殺活性排序?yàn)椋?5%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽>95%蟲(chóng)螨腈>81.2%乙基多殺菌素>96%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>40%殺蟲(chóng)雙>95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺>98%虱螨脲>94%茚蟲(chóng)威>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺>98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪。

2. 2 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力測(cè)定結(jié)果

由表3可知,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂均具有很強(qiáng)的觸殺毒性,能在24 h致死霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂,但各殺蟲(chóng)劑的24 h-LC50存在一定差異。在雙酰胺類殺蟲(chóng)劑中,致死能力排序?yàn)椋?5%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺(0.23 mg/L)>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺(0.62 mg/L)>95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺(0.77 mg/L)>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺(2.52 mg/L);在其他類殺蟲(chóng)劑中,以94%茚蟲(chóng)威致死能力最弱(4.45 mg/L),95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽的最強(qiáng)(0.09 mg/L)。綜上所述,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力排序?yàn)椋?5%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽>81.2%乙基多殺菌素>95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺>95%蟲(chóng)螨腈≈40%殺蟲(chóng)雙>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺>95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>98%虱螨脲>98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺>94%茚蟲(chóng)威。

2. 3 殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的STR

從有效防治草地貪夜蛾和最大程度保護(hù)天敵的角度出發(fā),STR越大的殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)協(xié)調(diào)生物防治與化學(xué)防治越有利。由表4可知,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑作用24 h的STR排序?yàn)椋?4%茚蟲(chóng)威>96%氟苯蟲(chóng)酰胺>95%蟲(chóng)螨腈>95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺>95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽>98%虱螨脲≈98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪>94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺>81.2%乙基多殺菌素≈40%殺蟲(chóng)雙>95%四氯蟲(chóng)酰胺。根據(jù)金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的STR測(cè)定結(jié)果(表5)可知,金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的藥效具有滯后性,由于金龜子綠僵菌在前3 d的死亡率不符合LC50計(jì)算法則(死亡率超過(guò)半數(shù)),故缺少1~3 d的LC50和STR。金龜子綠僵菌作用4~6 d的LC50和STR均隨時(shí)間的推移呈明顯下降趨勢(shì)。其中,金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的LC50在第4 d達(dá)最大值,分別為95.67×105和151.35×105 PIB/mL;至第6 d時(shí)LC50降至最小值,分別為23.65×105和20.86×105 PIB/mL。金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的STR也在第4 d達(dá)最大值(1.58)、第6 d為最小值(0.88)。

3 討論

目前,國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)有關(guān)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂影響的研究報(bào)道,也無(wú)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂選擇毒力的相關(guān)報(bào)道。本研究選用12種殺蟲(chóng)劑,通過(guò)葉片浸漬法和試管藥膜法分別處理草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂,結(jié)合生物測(cè)定結(jié)果考察其選擇毒力,結(jié)果表明,選用的11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)和霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂均有一定的毒性作用。其中,采用葉片浸漬法時(shí),以大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類的95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)殺傷力最強(qiáng),與宋潔蕾等(2019)的研究結(jié)論一致,說(shuō)明草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)對(duì)95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽微乳劑的敏感性最高。已有較多研究表明,殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)嚙小蜂屬寄生蜂均有較強(qiáng)的殺傷力,包括菜蛾嚙小蜂(Oomyzus sokolowskii)(郭世儉等,1998,2003)、蠊卵嚙小蜂(T. hagenowii)(胡志剛等,2006)和椰心葉甲嚙小蜂(T. brontispae)(朱國(guó)權(quán)等,2019)等。本研究的試管藥膜法結(jié)果也表明,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂均有不同程度的致死作用。相對(duì)于化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的速效性,微生物殺蟲(chóng)劑藥效具有一定的滯后過(guò)程。金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂作用4~6 d的LC50均隨時(shí)間的推移呈明顯下降趨勢(shì)。雷妍圓等(2020)采用浸蟲(chóng)法研究綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的侵染情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)菌株GZSF-1對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)第7 d的LC50為1.02×106 PIB/mL,與本研究中金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)第6 d的LC50(23.65×105 PIB/mL)相近。付玉飛等(2019)采用浸漬法測(cè)定金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)的室內(nèi)毒性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)采自云南省的金龜子綠僵菌NGS71814株對(duì)草地貪夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)作用第5 d時(shí)的LC50為4.67×105 PIB/mL,而與本研究中第5 d的LC50(58.29×105 PIB/mL)相差一個(gè)量級(jí)。

本研究結(jié)果表明,11種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑24 h的STR均小于1.00,說(shuō)明這些化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑具有負(fù)向選擇性,即對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力大于對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力。其中,94%茚蟲(chóng)威的STR最高(0.94),對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂最安全。金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的STR(1.58)在第4 d時(shí)大于1.00,說(shuō)明在第4 d金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)的毒力大于對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂的毒力,而第5 d和第6 d的STR小于1.00,表明后期金龜子綠僵菌對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂也有一定傷害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。即在草地貪夜蛾應(yīng)急防控中宜首選95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽、95%蟲(chóng)螨腈、81.2%乙基多殺菌素、95.3%氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺和40%殺蟲(chóng)雙等5種化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑及其復(fù)配制劑。胡飛等(2020)研究證實(shí),甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽和氯蟲(chóng)苯甲酰胺復(fù)配組合比為3∶7時(shí)的增效作用最顯著,其共毒系數(shù)(Co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)為173,是防治草地貪夜蛾的良好配方。因此,在綜合化學(xué)防治和生物防治中可優(yōu)先考慮使用94%茚蟲(chóng)威和金龜子綠僵菌。

STR可有效評(píng)價(jià)不同殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)害蟲(chóng)與天敵間的選擇性,為殺蟲(chóng)劑的安全施用及害蟲(chóng)綜合防治提供參考依據(jù)(洪珊珊等,2015;盧晶晶等,2019)。本研究對(duì)霍氏嚙小蜂成蜂采用試管藥膜法,對(duì)草地貪夜蛾2齡幼蟲(chóng)采用浸葉法,所用試蟲(chóng)均為實(shí)驗(yàn)室飼養(yǎng)獲得,但實(shí)驗(yàn)室操作方法與室外受藥環(huán)境相比存在一定差異。因此,田間防治害蟲(chóng)時(shí)不能照搬室內(nèi)研究結(jié)果,在指導(dǎo)大田施藥時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況如作物的受害情況、田間生物多樣性指數(shù)、農(nóng)民施藥方式等因素進(jìn)行殺蟲(chóng)劑的適量增減,以達(dá)到既控制害蟲(chóng)又保護(hù)天敵、發(fā)揮其自然控制作用的目的。此外,可采用種衣劑拌種等方法從作物源頭減輕蟲(chóng)害暴發(fā)。

4 結(jié)論

通過(guò)綜合評(píng)價(jià)12種殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)草地貪夜蛾和霍氏嚙小蜂的選擇毒力,發(fā)現(xiàn)95%甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽的毒力最大,可作為防控草地貪夜蛾應(yīng)急施藥首選;金龜子綠僵菌和94%茚蟲(chóng)威的選擇性大,可作為草地貪夜蛾綜合防控的推薦用藥;94%溴氰蟲(chóng)酰胺和98%噻蟲(chóng)嗪的毒力較小,不適宜用于草地貪夜蛾的化學(xué)防治。

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