薛棟 宋德坤 王平安 宋相孔 夏修良
【摘要】 目的:探討甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)中3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶1(PDK1)、E盒結(jié)合鋅指蛋白1 (ZEB1)和P-鈣黏蛋白(P-cadherin)的表達情況和臨床意義。方法:選取206例PTC和45例癌旁甲狀腺標(biāo)本,采用免疫組化檢測PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白表達,并分析三個指標(biāo)蛋白表達水平和臨床病理各參數(shù)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:PTC組織中PDK1、ZEB1陽性表達率分別為76.7%、72.3%,高于癌旁甲狀腺組織的26.7%、28.9%(P<0.05)。P-cadherin在PTC組織中和癌旁甲狀腺中的陽性表達率分別為22.3%、88.9%,兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。PDK1、ZEB1及P-cadherin表達與TNM分期、腺體外侵及頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P<0.05);Spearman等級檢驗分析,PTC組織中PDK1和ZEB1蛋白表達呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.476,P=0.031),PDK1和P-cadherin蛋白表達呈負相關(guān)(rs=-0.419,P=0.029),ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白表達呈顯著負相關(guān)(rs=-0.586,P=0.019)。結(jié)論:PTC中PDK1、ZEB1及P-cadherin蛋白的異常表達與PTC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),PDK1、ZEB1可能對PTC的診斷和治療具有重要作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌 3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶1 E盒結(jié)合鋅指蛋白1 P-鈣黏蛋白 免疫組織化學(xué)
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the expression and clinical significance of 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1),zinc finger E-box-binding protein 1 (ZEB1) and P-cadherin protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Method: A total of 206 cases of PTC and 45 cases of adjacent thyroid specimens were selected, the expressions of PDK1, ZEB1 and P-cadherin were detected by immunohistochemistry, the relationship between three? indicaters protein expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Result: The positive expression rates of PDK1 and ZEB1 protein in PTC were 76.7% and 72.3%, they were significantly higher than 26.7% and 28.9% in paracancerous normal thyroid tissues (P<0.05). The positive expression rates of P-cadherin in PTC and paracancerous normal thyroid tissues were 22.3%, 88.9%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences of the expression of PDK1, ZEB1 and P-cadherin protein in PTC of TNM stage, extrathyroidal invasion and lymph node metastasis were all significant (P<0.05). Spearman rank test showed significantly positive correlation was found between PDK1 and ZEB1 (rs=0.476, P=0.031), there was negative correlation between PDK1 and P-cadherin (rs=-0.419, P=0.029), the similar negative correlation was between ZEB1 and P-cadherin (rs=-0.586, P=0.019). Conclusion: The abnormal expression of PDK1, ZEB1 and P-cadherin protein in PTC is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of PTC, PDK1 and ZEB1 may have an important role in the diagnosis and theraphy of PTC.
[Key words] Papillary thyroid carcinoma PDK1 ZEB1 P-cadherin Immunohistochemistry
First-authors address: The Peoples Hospital of Binzhou City, Binzhou 256610, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.03.003
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是普外科工作實踐過程中經(jīng)常會接觸到的一種甲狀腺癌病理類型,占80%~85%[1]。最近幾年P(guān)TC發(fā)病率呈明顯上升態(tài)勢,甚至有一部分微小乳頭狀癌病例早期就發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)是細胞分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一個重要信號通路,它參與細胞的過度增殖、轉(zhuǎn)分化和衰亡等過程。3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶1(3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1,PDK1)是一種重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子,激活PI3K/Akt信號,在轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)信號過程中起著重要的作用[3]。PDK1主要包含兩個分子結(jié)構(gòu)域,分別為PH結(jié)構(gòu)域(C端)和激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域(N端),PDK1磷酸化Akt的蘇氨酸(308位點)并激活PI3K/Akt信號,因此,PDK1與腫瘤細胞異常增殖、凋亡和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移都有關(guān)[4]。研究表明,急性髓細胞性白血病和乳腺癌中PDK1高表達,且與腫瘤不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[5-6]。上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)是腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的重要事件。P-鈣黏蛋白(P-cadherin)最初在1986年被發(fā)現(xiàn),是EMT發(fā)生過程中的一個經(jīng)典標(biāo)志蛋白[7]。P-cadherin是一種細胞之間鈣粘合蛋白,在維持正常細胞結(jié)構(gòu)完整性、細胞形態(tài)、細胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)分化等過程中一直發(fā)揮重要生物學(xué)作用[8]。E盒結(jié)合鋅指蛋白1(zinc finger E-box-binding protein 1,ZEB1)是一個重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,促進腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[9]。有研究表明,ZEB1在肺癌組織中高表達,且與病理分級及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移明顯有關(guān),ZEB1還是一個不良預(yù)后因素[10]。目前關(guān)于PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin在PTC中研究報道較少。本文重點探討PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin與PTC臨床病理參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,為探索PTC侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制提供一個新的思路?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 收集2013年1月-2019年6月
濱州市人民醫(yī)院206例PTC患者,男70例,女136例;年齡16~72歲,平均(44.1±6.4)歲;98例出現(xiàn)頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,108例未出現(xiàn)頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合甲狀腺乳頭狀癌病理診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);術(shù)中留取腫瘤組織或者癌旁組織。根據(jù)美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會與國際抗癌聯(lián)盟(AJCC)第八版進行TNM分期。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):臨床資料不完整;術(shù)前接受過放射治療、化學(xué)藥物治療及免疫治療等輔助治療;合并其他組織器官癌變。選擇同一時期45例癌旁正常甲狀腺患者,男14例,女31例;年齡18~70歲,平均(42.2±5.2)歲。該研究已經(jīng)濱州市人民醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會批準(zhǔn),患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 應(yīng)用免疫組化方法(EnVision)檢測PDK1、ZEB1及P-cadherin蛋白表達。鼠抗人PDK1單抗、鼠抗人ZEB1單抗和鼠抗人P-cadherin單抗采購于Santa Cruz公司,工作濃度為1∶200。EnVision試劑盒來源于Dako公司。陽性對照為已知陽性切片,陰性對照用PBS。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較PTC和癌旁甲狀腺組織中PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白的表達情況;(2)分析PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白表達與PTC患者臨床病理參數(shù)之間的關(guān)系;(3)分析PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白三者之間的相關(guān)性。陽性結(jié)果的判定:細胞出現(xiàn)黃色顆粒為陽性染色。PDK1蛋白定位在細胞質(zhì),ZEB1蛋白定位在細胞核,P-cadherin定位在細胞膜。先判定染色的強度:0、1、2、3分分別對應(yīng)無色、淡黃、棕黃、棕褐色。然后計算陽性細胞百分?jǐn)?shù):0、1、2、3、4分分別對應(yīng)≤5%、6%~25%、26%~50%、51%~75%和>75%以上。最后將前兩者乘積≥4分為免疫反應(yīng)陽性,而<4分為免疫反應(yīng)陰性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 22.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗。Spearman用于相關(guān)性分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 PTC和癌旁甲狀腺中PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白的表達 細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)棕黃或棕褐色為PDK1,見圖1;細胞核出現(xiàn)棕黃色為ZEB1蛋白,見圖2;細胞膜出現(xiàn)黃染為P-cadherin,見圖3。PTC組織中PDK1、ZEB1蛋白的陽性率分別為76.7%、72.3%,而癌旁正常甲狀腺組織PDK1、ZEB1蛋白陽性率分別為26.7%、28.9%,PTC中PDK1、ZEB1的表達率均高于癌旁甲狀腺組織(P<0.05)。PTC組織中P-cadherin陽性率為22.3%,而在癌旁甲狀腺中為88.9%,兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin表達與PTC患者臨床病理參數(shù)間的關(guān)系 患者臨床病理特征,如性別、年齡、腫瘤直徑、腫瘤部位和多灶性與PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin陽性表達均無明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05);而PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin表達均與TNM分期、腺體外侵和頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白表達相關(guān)性 通過Spearman等級檢驗分析,PTC組織中PDK1與ZEB1蛋白表達呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.476,P=0.031),PDK1和P-cadherin蛋白表達呈負相關(guān)(rs=-0.419,P=0.029),ZEB1和P-cadherin蛋白表達水平呈顯著負相關(guān)(rs=-0.586,P=0.019)。
3 討論
甲狀腺癌在全球范圍內(nèi)均呈明顯上升態(tài)勢,目前居于我國女性惡性腫瘤的第四位[11]。近幾年P(guān)TC病例越來越年輕化,且易發(fā)生引流區(qū)域的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,大約有70%的患者確診時已發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,因此關(guān)于侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制亟待解決。
PDK1可以通過多條途徑調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶C的活性來激活A(yù)kt信號通路[12]。PDK1在喉癌組織中高表達,且其還與臨床腫瘤分期、病理學(xué)分級及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),PDK1是喉癌患者生存預(yù)后的一個不良因素[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PTC組織中PDK1表達率高于癌旁組織(P<0.05),提示PDK1可能促進了PTC的發(fā)生發(fā)展。進一步還研究PDK1與PTC臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTC組織中PDK1蛋白陽性表達與患者年齡、性別、腫瘤直徑、腫瘤部位和多灶性沒有密切關(guān)系,而與腫瘤的TNM分期、腺體外侵和頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)(P<0.05),表明PDK1在PTC細胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中起重要作用。
ZEB1作為一個轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,在惡性腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要的作用[14-15]。ZEB1在肺鱗癌中高表達,且和縱隔內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)、遠處器官轉(zhuǎn)移均有關(guān),干擾ZEB1基因表達后,腫瘤細胞的增殖和侵襲力均較前明顯下降[16]。新近的研究表明,膀胱癌和食管癌組織中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了ZEB1蛋白表達,且與臨床預(yù)后明顯相關(guān)[17]。乳腺癌中ZEB1高表達的患者容易出現(xiàn)化療耐受,且還與Bcl-xL、cyclin D1呈正相關(guān)[18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ZEB1在PTC中有高表達,且ZEB1表達率與TNM分期、腺體外侵和頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)(P<0.05)。另外,PTC組織中PDK1與ZEB1存在正相關(guān),推測PDK1可能通過調(diào)控ZEB1表達促進PTC侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。
實體惡性腫瘤在侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中經(jīng)常發(fā)生著上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)現(xiàn)象。P-cadherin通過本身的鈣黏附作用來保持細胞間的緊密連接,一旦表達減少后導(dǎo)致黏附力下降,腫瘤細胞就會容易侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[19]。EMT在PTC細胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[20]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌組織中出現(xiàn)P-cadherin低表達,并且35例肝癌完全沒有表達,P-cadherin還與腫瘤分期明顯有關(guān),體外細胞實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制P-cadherin表達,促進了肝細胞癌細胞增殖[21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PTC中P-cadherin表達明顯低于癌旁甲狀腺組織(P<0.05)。P-cadherin陽性表達與患者TNM分期、腺體外侵及頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及有關(guān)(P<0.05)。進一步研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),PDK1和P-cadherin存在負相關(guān),P-cadherin和ZEB1存在負相關(guān)。PDK1、ZEB1和P-cadherin在PTC中有異常表達的現(xiàn)象,且三者有相關(guān)性,提示三者參與了腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程。
綜上所述,PTC中PDK1、ZEB1高表達伴有P-cadherin低表達,且三個指標(biāo)均與TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和腺體外侵明顯相關(guān)。但是關(guān)于PDK1促進PTC侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制尚不明確,仍需要深入研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-10-12) (本文編輯:程旭然)