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非負矩陣分解的自適應(yīng)單調(diào)投影Barzilai-Borwein算法

2021-02-21 16:05劉丹黃亞魁
關(guān)鍵詞:人臉單調(diào)矩陣

劉丹 黃亞魁

摘要 提出一種新的自適應(yīng)單調(diào)投影Barzilai-Borwein(BB)算法求解非負矩陣分解(NMF)。算法不使用任何線搜索,并利用自適應(yīng)BB步長和梯度的利普希茨常數(shù)加速算法收斂。在適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件下,證明了算法的全局收斂性。此外,將算法應(yīng)用于稀疏對稱非負矩陣分解,數(shù)值實驗表明算法是有效的。

關(guān) 鍵 詞 非負矩陣分解;交替最小二乘算法;自適應(yīng)投影Barzilai-Borwein算法;稀疏對稱非負矩陣分解

中圖分類號 O29? ? ?文獻標(biāo)志碼 A

文章編號:1007-2373(2021)06-0044-07

Abstract We present a new efficient adaptive monotone projected Barzilai-Borwein (BB) method for nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Our method adaptively adopts the BB stepsizes without using any line search. The Lipschitz constant of gradient is exploited to accelerate convergence. Global convergence of the proposed method is established under mild conditions. Moreover, our method is applied to sparse symmetric NMF. Experimental results show that our method is promising.

Key words nonnegative matrix factorization; alternating nonnegative least squares; adaptive projected Barzilai-Borwein method; sparse symmetric nonnegative matrix factorization

首先,測試了隨機生成的NMF問題。在MATLAB中使用rand函數(shù)隨機生成[m×n]的矩陣[V],對每個[V]和給定的r,隨機生成10個不同的初始點[(W0,H0)]進行測試。表1給出了由這些初始點得到的平均結(jié)果,其中Iter表示求解問題(1)的迭代次數(shù),Niter表示求解子問題(2)和(3)的總迭代次數(shù),Nproj表示投影的計算次數(shù),Time表示求解問題(1)花費的CPU時間,Pgn表示[[?PHF(Wk,Hk),?PWF(Wk,Hk)T]F]的最終值,Residual表示[V-WkHkFVF]的最終值??梢钥闯?,對不同維數(shù)的矩陣[V],AMPBB算法在迭代次數(shù)、子迭代次數(shù)、投影的計算次數(shù)方面優(yōu)于其他3種算法,并且AMPBB算法花費的CPU時間最少。此外,4種算法得到Pgn和Residual的結(jié)果相差不大。

其次,測試CBCL和ORL人臉圖像數(shù)據(jù)集。CBCL數(shù)據(jù)集包含2 429張人臉圖像且每張圖像的像素為19×19,該數(shù)據(jù)集可表示為1個361×2 429的矩陣。ORL數(shù)據(jù)集包含400張人臉圖像且每張圖像的像素為92×112,該數(shù)據(jù)集可表示成1個10 304×400的矩陣。表2給出4種算法使用10個隨機產(chǎn)生的初始點對這2個矩陣分解的平均結(jié)果。顯然,AMPBB算法投影的計算次數(shù)和CPU時間優(yōu)于其他3種算法。

2.2 稀疏symNMF問題

本節(jié)測試稀疏symNMF問題,將AMPBB與CDSSNMF[17]算法在數(shù)據(jù)集ORL、CBCL、Yale和Extended Yale上進行比較。ORL數(shù)據(jù)集包含400張人臉圖像且每張圖像的像素裁剪為32×32,該數(shù)據(jù)集可表示成1個1 024×400的矩陣;CBCL數(shù)據(jù)集表示成一個361×2 429的矩陣;Yale數(shù)據(jù)集包含165張人臉圖像且每張圖像的像素為32×32,該數(shù)據(jù)集可表示成一個1 024×165的矩陣;Extended Yale數(shù)據(jù)集包含2 429張人臉圖像且每張圖像的像素為32×32,該數(shù)據(jù)集可表示成一個1 024×2 429的矩陣。令矩陣C為數(shù)據(jù)集得到的矩陣,對稱矩陣取[V=CCT]。參數(shù)選取[γ=5]和[λ=50]。為了公平起見,2種算法使用相同的終止條件,即最大迭代次數(shù)達到500次。圖2描繪了AMPBB與CDSSNMF算法的相對誤差隨迭代次數(shù)的變化??梢钥闯?,與CDSSNMF算法相比,AMPBB算法的相對誤差更小。

3 結(jié)論

本文提出了一種新的自適應(yīng)單調(diào)投影BB算法(AMPBB)求解非負矩陣分解(NMF)。AMPBB算法自適應(yīng)地采用投影BB算法,當(dāng)選取大步長[αBB1t]時,計算2次投影和梯度,這使得算法的目標(biāo)函數(shù)值下降更快,投影的計算次數(shù)、迭代次數(shù)和消耗的CPU時間更少。此外,分析了算法的全局收斂性。數(shù)值實驗表明,AMPBB算法是有效的。進一步,AMPBB算法應(yīng)用于稀疏對稱NMF,與CDSSNMF算法相比,AMPBB算法的相對誤差更小。

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