曾 素,許培培,郭明高
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院普外科,上海 200233
具有乳頭樣核特征的非浸潤性甲狀腺濾泡性腫瘤(noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features,NIFTP)是一種起源于濾泡上皮細(xì)胞的具有包裹性或邊界清楚的非浸潤性濾泡性腫瘤,伴濾泡性生長模式和乳頭狀核特征,無完整的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)和砂粒體,無任何甲狀腺乳頭狀癌侵襲性亞型的征象及低分化癌表現(xiàn)[1]。通常認(rèn)為NIFTP 是“惡變前”的病變,屬于交界性腫瘤范疇,2017 年前被稱為非浸潤性包裹性濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,NI-EFVPTC)[2]。 在 歐 美國家,NIFTP 占所有甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)的9.0% ~37.9%,50% 以 上 的 濾 泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)VPTC)均屬于此種類型[3-5]。術(shù)后組織石蠟切片病理學(xué)檢查是確診NIFTP 的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),術(shù)前檢查及術(shù)中冰凍切片均無法明確診斷。
甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞的乳頭狀核特征一直被認(rèn)為是診斷FVPTC 為PTC 最可靠的指標(biāo),但隨著近年來甲狀腺癌病理亞型研究的深入,F(xiàn)VPTC 是否具有包膜以及包膜是否被浸潤在其診斷及預(yù)后的評估中越來越受到重視。早在20 世紀(jì)80 年代中期就發(fā)現(xiàn)了包裹性FVPTC(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,EFVPTC),但由于經(jīng)典型乳頭狀癌(classic papillary thyroid carcinoma,CPTC)也具有包膜,且病理學(xué)檢查中腫瘤侵犯包膜或脈管極易被漏診,因此EFVPTC被歸類為PTC 而非濾泡性腺瘤[5]。21 世紀(jì)初,隨著甲狀腺相關(guān)病理診斷逐漸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,切爾諾貝利病理學(xué)工作組建議將具有乳頭狀核特征的非浸潤性包裹性甲狀腺腫瘤列入“惡性潛能未定的高分化腫瘤”,同時其他專家也質(zhì)疑此類腫瘤是否應(yīng)判定為惡性[6]。2006 年,紀(jì)念Sloan-Kattering 癌 癥 中 心(Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,MSKCC)根據(jù)FVPTC 有無包膜將其分為非包裹性FVPTC(infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,IFVPTC)和EFVPTC,EFVPTC 又可分為浸潤 性EFVPTC(invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas,I-EFVPTC)和NI-EFVPTC,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中IFVPTC 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為65%,而EFVPTC 僅5%,約11 年的隨訪中NI-EFVPTC 無1 例復(fù)發(fā)[7]。隨后該研究組從分子水平驗證了基因突變對甲狀腺濾泡上皮腫瘤生物學(xué)行為的影響,認(rèn)為EFVPTC 的分子特征不同于其他類型FVPTC,與濾泡性腺瘤或濾泡癌更相似[8]。
國際多學(xué)科工作組根據(jù)該爭論熱點,重點評估了210例 EFVPTC 患者,其中NI-EFVPTC 患者109 例。盡管半數(shù)以上的NI-EFVPTC 患者僅行單純腺葉切除術(shù),且所有NI-EFVPTC 患者均未行131I 治療,但術(shù)后隨訪10 ~26 年所有患者均無復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移。因此,該工作組提出用NIFTP替代NI-EFVPTC,以示該亞型與癌的區(qū)別,并推薦對此類患者行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù)[9]。這項研究成果在2015 年美國和加拿大病理學(xué)會(The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology,USCAP)年會上首次提出,2016年發(fā)表在JAMA Oncology雜志上,獲得甲狀腺腫瘤領(lǐng)域研究人員的極大關(guān)注。2017 年世界衛(wèi)生組織第4 版內(nèi)分泌腫瘤分類把這一組織亞型獨立出來,劃入甲狀腺交界性腫瘤范疇[10]。
SEER(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and EndResultsProgram)數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,美國甲狀腺癌的發(fā)病率在過去30 年間增加了2 倍,但死亡率并未增加,這主要是因為甲狀腺癌發(fā)病率的增加歸因于PTC 病例的增加,且大多新診斷的PTC 是惰性的[11]。2017 年之前,這些惰性的PTC 往往按傳統(tǒng)PTC 進行治療管理,NIFTP 命名的提出是減少惰性甲狀腺癌過度治療的重大舉措[11]。
在NIFTP 這一術(shù)語提出之前,已有多篇文獻[7-8,12-13]報道NI-EFVPTC 患者即使僅行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù),術(shù)后預(yù)后也很好;且2015 年美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(American Thyroid Association,ATA)也推薦對這一類患者僅行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù),術(shù)后無需放射性碘治療[14-15]。刪除名稱中的“癌”字既減輕了患者及其家屬的心理壓力,也減輕了患者的經(jīng)濟負(fù)擔(dān),同時患者隨訪次數(shù)減少也節(jié)約了醫(yī)療資源。FVPTC 不同的形態(tài)與轉(zhuǎn)歸常引起臨床上診斷和管理的爭議,IFVPTC 常轉(zhuǎn)移至頸部淋巴結(jié),而EFVPTC 相對惰性[7-8,12-13]。將NIFTP 從EFVPTC 中分離出來后,F(xiàn)VPTC淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險升高,病理診斷對預(yù)后的判斷將更加準(zhǔn)確[16]。由于NIFTP 曾屬于低危性分化型甲狀腺癌[17],NIFTP 被剔除后低危性分化型甲狀腺癌及FVPTC 復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險的相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)會升高[3]。
盡管這一術(shù)語的更改在甲狀腺腫瘤領(lǐng)域具有重要意義,但在亞洲地區(qū)NIFTP 的發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)低于歐美國家(6.3%vs37.9%)。Bychkov 等[3]報道亞洲地區(qū)NIFTP 僅約占PTC 的0.3%,對分化型甲狀腺癌的診療影響較小。
NIFTP 可以通過體格檢查或影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),但術(shù)前診斷敏感性不高,超聲檢查也沒有特異性表現(xiàn)。Yang等[18]認(rèn)為IFVPTC 常表現(xiàn)為低回聲、邊界不清、微鈣化或縱橫比>1,且大多無血流信號,而NIFTP 常伴有低回聲暈圈且邊界清楚,無侵襲性甲狀腺癌的相關(guān)征象(如淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腺外侵犯、微鈣化、縱橫比>1、毛刺狀、微小分葉狀等),兩者不易混淆;但I-EFVPTC 與NIFTP 表現(xiàn)相似,均具有豐富血流信號,難以鑒別。目前,甲狀腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,TIRADS)、ATA 超聲分類等均難以區(qū)分NIFTP與I-EFVPTC[19]。超聲特征直方圖參數(shù)分析有助于區(qū)分NIFTP 與IFVPTC,但對NIFTP 與I-EFVPTC 的鑒別無明顯作用[20]。
甲狀腺細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)(fine-needle aspiration cytology,F(xiàn)NAC)檢查中NIFTP 的主要特征為微濾泡結(jié)構(gòu)及乳頭狀核特征,包括核大、核擁擠、輪廓不規(guī)則和核染色質(zhì)明顯等。因為其缺乏完整的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)和砂粒體,核內(nèi)包涵體也少見,一定程度上能與CPTC 的細(xì)胞進行區(qū)分。如果形態(tài)上難以區(qū)分CPTC 和NIFTP,也可從分子水平加以鑒別[21-22]。但由于腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤需術(shù)后石蠟病理切片觀察才能判定,所以FNAC 檢查中NIFTP 與I-EFVPTC 的表現(xiàn)相似,即使結(jié)合18F-脫氧葡萄糖正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像也無法進行區(qū)分[23]。
盡管超聲表現(xiàn)結(jié)合細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果對提高NIFTP 術(shù)前診斷率作用并不明顯,但命名的更改影響了甲狀腺細(xì)胞病理學(xué)分級系統(tǒng)(the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology,TBSRTC)中各級別的惡性風(fēng)險。Bongiovanni 等[24]對15 項 研 究 中 的915 例NIFTP進行meta 分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)NIFTP 的FNAC 檢查結(jié)果主要為Ⅲ級(意義不明確的非典型性病變/濾泡性病變)、Ⅳ級(濾泡性腫瘤/可疑濾泡性腫瘤)和Ⅴ級(可疑惡性腫瘤),分別占比30%、21%和24%。這也使得TBSRTC Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ級的腫瘤惡性風(fēng)險分別下降19.1%~45.0%、11.4%~46.0%和20.5%~41.5%[24-26],進而降低了用于預(yù)測細(xì)胞學(xué)結(jié)果為Ⅲ/Ⅳ級的腫瘤良惡性的相關(guān)商品化產(chǎn)品如ThyroSeq V2、ThyGenX/ThyraMIR 等的診斷價值[4]。
乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)的特征為纖細(xì)的纖維血管軸心周圍富含乳頭狀核特征的甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞,至少1 個纖維血管軸心兩側(cè)各有不少于3 個的具有乳頭狀核特征的濾泡上皮細(xì)胞才能定義為乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)。Nikiforov 等[9]于2016 年的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中定義NIFTP 的濾泡性生長模式指“<1%乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),無砂礫體,<30%實性、小梁狀或島狀生長模式”。2017 年我國病理學(xué)專家劉志艷[27]建議采用“不含乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并推薦實際病理工作中對于非浸潤性包裹性甲狀腺濾泡性病變首先可評估甲狀腺乳頭狀癌細(xì)胞核特點,如確定則診斷為NIFTP,如不確定則參考NIFTP 細(xì)胞核評分系統(tǒng)進行評估,評分0 ~1 分診斷為濾泡性腺瘤,2 ~3 分診斷為NIFTP。多項研究[28-30]也報道了<1%乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)的NIFTP 具有一定的淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移傾向。為進一步完善NIFTP 的診斷,2018 年Nikiforov 等[1]將“<1%乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)”更改為“無完整的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)”。
多數(shù)研究表明NIFTP 患者為BRAF(B-Raf protooncogene,serine/threonine kinase)基因野生型,但也有少數(shù)研究報道7%~29%的NIFTP 患者存在BRAFV600E基因突變,但進一步分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)這些突變型患者具有乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)或包膜浸潤[9,31-32]。乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)與BRAFV600E基因突變、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移甚至是遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),且隨著乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)占比增加,BRAFV600E突變率亦增加[28-29,32-33]。2018年,Nikiforov 等[1]增 加 了BRAFV600E突 變 相 關(guān) 的NIFTP診斷次要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時作者提出對于乳頭狀核特征評分達(dá)3 分的患者,應(yīng)注意仔細(xì)評估腫瘤邊界及乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)以減少誤診。NIFTP 最常見的基因突變類型為RAS突變,占30% ~54%,PAX8/PPARG(paired box 8/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma)融合也較為常見,但NIFTP 通常無PTC 原癌基因RET(RET/PTC)重排或端粒酶反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)啟動子突變[1,4,24,31]。
Hung 等[4]認(rèn)為由于難以評估最大徑<5 mm 結(jié)節(jié)的乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu),不建議診斷此類微小結(jié)節(jié)為NIFTP。嗜酸細(xì)胞性NI-EFVPTC 同樣屬于FVPTC。Xu 等[34]通過對61 例嗜酸細(xì)胞性NI-EFVPTC 進行隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)均無轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā),認(rèn)為也可劃入NIFTP 以減少嗜酸細(xì)胞性NI-EFVPTC 的過度治療。也有報道[35-36]稱miRNA 可以作為NIFTP 的有效分子標(biāo)志物,但仍有待更深入的研究。盡管NIFTP 被納入了WHO 內(nèi)分泌腫瘤分類,但我國多數(shù)醫(yī)療機構(gòu)仍未將此甲狀腺癌病理亞型分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于臨床,亞洲地區(qū)也未普及NIFTP 的診斷[3]。
2015 年ATA 指南推薦對NI-EFVPTC 患者行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù),術(shù)后無需131I 清甲治療,促甲狀腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH) 控 制 在0.5 ~2.0 mU/L[17]。 命名更改后ATA 工作小組認(rèn)為由于缺少前瞻性研究的相關(guān)證據(jù),NIFTP 的治療方式與原先一致,但可以減少術(shù)后血清甲狀腺球蛋白及頸部超聲的監(jiān)測頻率[14]。2018 年美國國立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推薦對NIFTP 患者行患側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除+峽部切除術(shù),術(shù)后每6 ~12 周行血清甲狀腺球蛋白及抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體檢測,TSH 水平可控制于低水平或正常范圍[37]。我國2012 年的《甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)與分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》[38]認(rèn)為,原發(fā)灶≤4 cm 的NIEFVPTC 屬于甲狀腺腺葉+峽部切除術(shù)的相對適應(yīng)證,在有效保留甲狀旁腺和喉返神經(jīng)的情況下,推薦行同側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。目前我國尚無NIFTP 治療指南推薦,采取何種手術(shù)方式及是否應(yīng)行預(yù)防性中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃將成為爭議的熱點。由于術(shù)前無法確診NIFTP,Lindeman 等[39]提出可使用FNAC 的細(xì)胞學(xué)病理結(jié)果來確定手術(shù)方案,F(xiàn)NAC 提示Ⅲ~Ⅳ級的患者選擇行甲狀腺腺葉切除術(shù),惡性風(fēng)險更高的Ⅴ~Ⅵ級患者更傾向于首選甲狀腺全部切除術(shù)。
Cho 等[28]和Parente 等[40]推薦按低危PTC 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行NIFTP 術(shù)后患者的隨訪。如果遵照此建議,那么按照我國2012 年的指南[38],患者術(shù)后1 年內(nèi)TSH 應(yīng)控制在0.1 ~0.5 mU/L,若無明顯的TSH 抑制治療不良反應(yīng), 1 年后可調(diào)整至0.5 ~2.0 mU/L。然而,Rosario 等[41-42]認(rèn)為用PTC 的模式來管理NIFTP 不太合理,不僅增加了檢查成本還可能存在大量假陽性的結(jié)果導(dǎo)致不必要的治療,由于NIFTP 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格且預(yù)后良好,如果超聲未檢測到甲狀腺殘余結(jié)節(jié),建議按濾泡性腺瘤進行隨訪。
Nikiforov 等[9]的多中心回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于IFVPTC 約4.95%的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率以及約12%的復(fù)發(fā)率,NIFTP 患者均無復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移;在兒童和青少年患者中也未發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移[43]。2016 年至今的研究[19,30-31,42,44-48]中,僅約2%的NIFTP 患者發(fā)生頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,且均位于頸部中央?yún)^(qū),大多是單一淋巴結(jié)受累的微轉(zhuǎn)移(<2 mm),幾乎無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。腫瘤的大小被認(rèn)為與NIFTP 的診斷和預(yù)后無關(guān)[1],但Parente 等[40]報道了1 例結(jié)節(jié)大小為6.4 cm 的NIFTP 發(fā)生了肺轉(zhuǎn)移;該研究的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為無乳頭狀結(jié)構(gòu)的NIFTP,作者認(rèn)為因病理石蠟切片本身具有一定厚度,未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤浸潤并不意味著腫瘤具有惰性行為。
由于目前超聲分辨率無法檢測到NIFTP 患者殘余甲狀腺的超微癌(<3 mm),而PTC 超微癌也可發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,從而可能會導(dǎo)致NIFTP 患者中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的假陽性結(jié)果[49-50]?;仡櫺匝芯康哪[瘤樣本質(zhì)量會存在一定差異,如果標(biāo)本取材部位代表性不足則可能將PTC 誤診為NIFTP,同樣可導(dǎo)致NIFTP 轉(zhuǎn)移的假陽性結(jié)果[22-32]。所以Rosario 等[41]認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有的研究并不能完全說明NIFTP 的轉(zhuǎn)移能力,未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的PTC 微癌和被誤診為NIFTP 的PTC均可使NIFTP 報道的轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險高于其實際水平。
惰性甲狀腺癌的識別對甲狀腺的治療與管理具有重要影響,如果超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺相關(guān)惡性征象可排除NIFTP。FNAC 檢查結(jié)果為TBSRTC Ⅲ/ Ⅳ/ Ⅴ級,基因檢測為RAS突變型而無BRAFV600E突變、RET/PTC 基因重排、TERT啟動子突變等高危突變,則可考慮NIFTP 的診斷,但仍須術(shù)后石蠟切片病理學(xué)檢查才能確診。雖然超聲、細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查和基因檢測在一定程度上有助于NIFTP 的診斷,但易與I-EFVPTC 混淆,還需進一步尋找更為有效的診斷方式。因為NIFTP 術(shù)前診斷敏感性不佳,命名更改前后治療管理模式并無重大改變,但手術(shù)方式更為保守,術(shù)后TSH 抑制治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)降低,不良反應(yīng)減少,同時患者的隨訪次數(shù)減少,心理負(fù)擔(dān)有所減輕。
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