洪欣 汪秀平 溫放
摘 要:該文報(bào)道了產(chǎn)自中國西藏自治區(qū)墨脫縣境內(nèi)的線柱苣苔屬(Rhynchotechum Blume)中國分布新記錄——小花線柱苣苔(R. parviflorum Blume)。該新記錄種常生長在林中溪流附近的崖壁以及次生林下陰濕生境中,主要辨別特征為葉基本對(duì)生,花萼裂片被絹毛,花梗被黃褐色絨毛,花冠筒較小,子房具短柔毛,果無毛至微柔毛。印度學(xué)者于2020年記載為印度新分布,而原始文獻(xiàn)中記錄的憑證標(biāo)本采集點(diǎn)位于中國西藏自治區(qū)墨脫縣境內(nèi),故對(duì)原文記述的產(chǎn)地信息提出質(zhì)疑。同時(shí),在前人的研究中部分館藏的線柱苣苔屬植物標(biāo)本被認(rèn)定為該新記錄種,在此一并提出該新記錄種在中國的分布地理信息和詳細(xì)描述。
關(guān)鍵詞:? 苦苣苔科, 小花線柱苣苔, 新記錄, 西藏自治區(qū), 中國
中圖分類號(hào):Q945
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
文章編號(hào):1000-3142(2020)10-1417-06
Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume, a newly recorded species of Gesneriaceae from China
HONG Xin1, WANG Xiuping1, WEN Fang2,3*
( 1. School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; 2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, Guangxi, China; 3. Gesneriad Conservation Center of China (GCCC), Guilin Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, Guangxi, China )
Abstract:As is reported to be a new species in China, the Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume of the Rhynchotechum Blume genus was found in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. It usually prefers cliffs near perennial streams in primary forests as well as in secondary forests and damp groves near roadsides. This species of Rhynchotechum is characterized by almost opposite leaves, sericeous calyx lobes, axes rusty-yellow villous, short style and small flower, puberulent ovary and glabrous to puberulous fruit. When the research about this genus was published in 2020, Indian scholars recorded that the voucher specimen was collected from India. However, when the GPS longitude and latitude information of the type specimen collection point recorded in the original document was marked on the Map World in official geographic website, this species was found to locate in Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region of China. Therefore, the certificate of origin information recorded in the original document was questioned.
Key words:? Gesneriaceae, Rhynchotechum parviflorum, new record, Xizang Autonomous Region, China
線柱苣苔屬(我國臺(tái)灣省稱為同蕊草屬)(Rhynchotechum Blume)為苦苣苔科亞灌木植物,由Blume(1826)建立并置于秋海棠科,后修訂至苦苣苔科(Don, 1838; Endlicher, 1839; Brown, 1867)。由于該屬與漿果苣苔屬(Cyrtandra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.)都具有肉質(zhì)的漿果類型果實(shí),在經(jīng)典形態(tài)學(xué)上曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為兩者可能具有較近的親緣關(guān)系(Don, 1838; Endlicher, 1839; Ivanina, 1965; Burtt & Wiehler, 1995),而染色體的研究結(jié)果卻讓研究者對(duì)兩者親緣關(guān)系是否接近產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)疑(Ratter, 1962; Kiehn & Weber, 1997; Wang JC & Wang CC, 2000);分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)證據(jù)則表明線柱苣苔屬處于苦苣苔科長蒴苣苔亞科的基部位置,與短筒苣苔屬(Boeica C. B. Clarke)更加近緣(Mller et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2010)。盡管最近有許多地區(qū)性的研究(Schlechter, 1923; Hatusima, 1971; Walker, 1976; Theobald & Grupe, 1981; 王文采,1984; Wang et al., 1998; Burtt, 2001; Hilliard, 2001),但是關(guān)于整個(gè)屬的系統(tǒng)學(xué)研究分別是Clarke(1883)和Anderson & Middleton(2013)發(fā)表的,前后相距了130年。根據(jù)他們的研究,全世界目前已經(jīng)正式報(bào)道的線柱苣苔屬植物約為16種,分布于亞洲熱帶及溫暖地區(qū)的低山山谷密林中(王文采,1984;Anderson & Middleton, 2013)。
印度學(xué)者近期文獻(xiàn)中記錄的小花線柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum parviflorum Blume)的憑證標(biāo)本記錄采集于印度方面所謂的偽“阿魯納恰爾邦A(yù)runachal Pradesh,上桑朗縣Upper Siang District,塞卡姆Sikem”(Momang et al., 2020);該地區(qū)是1987年印度按照非法的“西姆拉條約”和不具備任何法律效力的“麥克馬洪線”單方面宣稱建立所謂的偽“阿魯納恰爾邦”(以下簡稱為“偽阿邦”),實(shí)為印方非法侵占的我國固有領(lǐng)土,我國政府多次嚴(yán)正聲明,不承認(rèn)非法的“麥線”和無中生有的“阿邦”(戴超武,2014;鈞聲,2017;鐘聲,2017)。其GPS位點(diǎn)信息為95°4′17″ E、28°
21′39″ N,將此經(jīng)緯度信息導(dǎo)入中國行政區(qū)劃圖(國家地理信息公共服務(wù)平臺(tái)“天地圖”https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/),此GPS位點(diǎn)位于中國西藏自治區(qū)墨脫縣境內(nèi)。故本文對(duì)原文記述中的憑證標(biāo)本產(chǎn)地信息的準(zhǔn)確性和歸屬性提出質(zhì)疑和修正。雖然本國家級(jí)新分布記錄種的具體情況還需在將來前往該地進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的實(shí)地考察,但是藏南地區(qū)毫無疑問是中華人民共和國固有的主權(quán)領(lǐng)土。因而小花線柱苣苔這一中國的國家級(jí)分布新記錄顯然是毫無疑問的。此外,我們?cè)谶M(jìn)一步查證文獻(xiàn)的過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)一些曾被鑒定為橢圓線柱苣苔 [R. ellipticum (Wall. ex Dietr.) A. DC.]和冠萼線柱苣苔(R. formosanum Hatusima)的標(biāo)本被最新研究認(rèn)為是對(duì)憑證標(biāo)本的錯(cuò)誤鑒定(Anderson & Middleton, 2013),而且小花線柱苣苔一直未被我國的植物志書(王文采,1990;Wang et al., 1998)以及苦苣苔科植物專著(李振宇和王印政,2005;韋毅剛等,2010)所收錄,故在本文中一并予以處理,其中文名依據(jù)其學(xué)名種加詞的含義而擬名為“小花線柱苣苔”。
小花線柱苣苔? (新擬 )
Rhynchotechum parviflorum? Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 775 (1826); G. Don, Gen. Hist. 663 (1838); DC., Prodr. 285 (1845); Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 750 (1858); C. B. Clarke in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5(1): 195 (1883); C. B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 373 (1884); Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44: 84 (1905); Ridl. in King & Gamble, Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 21: 787 (1909); Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 2: 541 (1923); P. H. Ho, Illustr. Fl. Vietnam 3(1): 25 (1993); B. L. Burtt, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 29: 107 (2001).
模式標(biāo)本:? Java, Seribu mountains, Blume s. n. (L? [barcode: 0834014]). Epitype: Java, Preanger, Paroenkoeda? [Parungkuda], 20 xii 1920, Bakhuizen van den Brink 5055 (L)。
形態(tài)描述:? 莖20~180 cm高,直徑4.5~8 mm,有時(shí)基部多分枝。葉對(duì)生,很少近對(duì)生;葉柄長1.7~4.5(~7.5) cm;葉片橢圓形至狹橢圓形或倒卵形至狹倒卵形,長9~27(~37) 3 3.4~12 cm,寬1.8~3.5(~6) cm,先端漸尖至銳尖,很少鈍或尾狀,基部狹楔形至楔形;邊緣具小齒至齒狀,齒可達(dá)3 mm長;側(cè)脈9~24對(duì);正面深綠色,無毛至白色短柔毛,中脈上密被毛;背面淡綠色,無毛至銹黃色綿毛,脈上密被銹褐色綿毛?;ㄐ蛏钭霞t色或綠色至粉棕色,長(0.9~)1.3~6(~9) cm,(2~)3~4(~5)分枝;花梗少或無;第一回分枝長0.3~3.2(~4) cm;第二回分枝長0.3~1.6(~1.9) cm;花序軸具銹黃色長柔毛或絹毛至近無毛,很少具腺毛;線形至三角形的苞片,第一苞片長2~6 mm,第二苞片長2~8 mm;花梗長1~11 mm,被黃銹色絹毛或長柔毛?;ㄝ嗦詭ё霞t色或綠色至粉棕紅色,裂片三角形和尖端圓形,很少有點(diǎn)尾狀,(1.5~)2~3.5(~4)×(0.5~)0.75~1(~1.5) mm,被黃褐色絹毛或長柔毛至近無毛或粗糙的腺毛?;ü诎咨恋仙獠繜o毛至微柔毛;上唇基部有紫紅色,2.25~3.5×2~4 mm;上裂片0.75~1.5×0.75~2 mm,尖端鈍至圓形;下唇(2.75~)3.5~4.5(~5)×(3~)4.5~6(~8) mm;下裂片1~2×1~2.25 mm,先端鈍至圓形;花冠管長(1~)1.5~2 mm。雄蕊著生在距花冠筒基部0.5~0.75(~1) mm處;花絲長約0.5~1 mm;花藥黃色至紅棕色,直徑約0.5~0.75 mm,無毛,很少被微柔毛;雄蕊長約0.25~0.5 mm。子房(0.5~)0.75~1.25×(0.5~)0.75~1.5mm,短柔毛至被微柔毛;花柱白色,長1.5~3.25(~4) mm;柱頭白色,先端截形至球狀或圓形。果橢圓形至寬橢圓形或?qū)捖亚蛐?,?.5~)3~4×2~3.5(~5) mm,無毛至微柔毛。
引證標(biāo)本:中國,西藏自治區(qū),墨脫縣,M. Taram 和O. Taku 5068, 18. vi. 2018, 28° 21′39″ N、95° 4′ 17″ E, 海拔300 m (HAU)。
生態(tài)與伴生植物:? 在中國西藏自治區(qū)墨脫縣南部林下潮濕地帶,在溪流附近的懸崖峭壁上。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)(Momang et al., 2020),其伴生物種記載有毛線柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum vestitum Wall. ex C. B. Clarke)、吊石苣苔屬的Lysionotus bijantiae D. Borah & A. Joe [本種實(shí)為長圓漢克苣苔Henckelia oblongifolia (Roxb.) D. J. Middleton & Mich. Mller](蔡磊等,2020)、斑葉漢克苣苔 [H. pumila (D. Don) A. Dietr.]、克氏短筒苣苔(Boeica clarkei Hareesh, L. Wu, A. Joe & M. Sabu)(該新物種發(fā)表時(shí)標(biāo)本采集地點(diǎn)也是被錯(cuò)誤寫為“偽阿邦”,實(shí)則也是中國境內(nèi))、盾基冷水花(Pilea insolens Wedd.)、蔭生冷水花(P. umbrosa Blume)、菜蕨 [Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.]以及華南毛蕨 [Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw.]等植物。
分布:? Anderson & Middleton(2013)認(rèn)為在《中國植物志》和Flora of China修訂過程中,研究者錯(cuò)誤地將產(chǎn)自中國廣東、廣西、海南和香港的小花線柱苣苔標(biāo)本鑒定為線柱苣苔或冠萼線柱苣苔(主要憑證標(biāo)本見下文)。同時(shí),雖然目前沒有查閱到采自我國臺(tái)灣省的小花線柱苣苔的標(biāo)本,但他們推測該種在臺(tái)灣省也應(yīng)有分布。所以,該物種在中國的分布為西藏自治區(qū)(墨脫縣)、廣東省、廣西壯族自治區(qū)、海南省和香港特別行政區(qū)。本種在世界上的分布范圍很大,從西部的印度尼科巴群島開始,東至巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞,北至中國華南和西南,南至印度尼西亞,其已知分布地見圖1。
其他憑證標(biāo)本:中國 廣東 viii 1887, C. Ford 109 (K? [2]). 廣西 Bose, Bako Shan, 27 ix 1928, RC Ching 7702 (NY, US); Fangcheng District, Kung Ping Shan, 10 ix 1936-18 ix 1936, WT Tsang 26854 (A, E, K). 海南 Bo-ting, 11 x 1936, SK Lau 27967 (A); Dung Ka, 25 ix 1932, NK Chun & CL Tso 43946 (A, NY, US); Lam Ko District, Top of Lin Fa Shan, 2 viii 1927, W.T. Tsang 287 (A, K, NY, UC, US); Lingshui Xian, Tongteiling, 16 x 1956, L. Teng 2617 (AAU); Po-ting, 21 v 1935, F.C. How 72532 (GH); Ya Xian, 10 x 1933, C. Wang 34570 (A, NY); Yaichow, 18 iii 1933,? FC How 70372 (NY). 香港 Wah Shan Kuek, 23 viii 1970-24 viii 1970, SY Hu 10939 (A)。
中國植物志原記載我國線柱苣苔屬有6種,分別是毛線柱苣苔(Rhynchotechum vestitum Wallich ex C. B. Clarke)、異色線柱苣苔(臺(tái)灣省稱為同蕊草) [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt]、橢圓線柱苣苔 [R. ellipticum (Wallich ex Dietrich) A. de Candolle]、冠萼線柱苣苔(臺(tái)灣省稱為蓬萊同蕊草或臺(tái)灣線柱苣苔)、長梗線柱苣苔(R. longipes W. T. Wang)和線柱苣苔 [R. obovatum (Griff.) B. L. Burtt](王文采,1990)。之后的Flora of China記載有5種1變種,在種以下的等級(jí)上新增加了產(chǎn)自我國臺(tái)灣省的羽裂異色線柱苣苔(臺(tái)灣省稱為羽裂線柱苣苔) [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt var. incisum (Ohwi) Walker]。該變種最初發(fā)表為(Isanthera discolor Maxim. var. incisa Ohwi)(1938),隨后E. Walker將其歸并入線柱苣苔屬,原記載僅產(chǎn)于日本沖繩島(Walker, 1976),之后發(fā)現(xiàn)中國臺(tái)灣省也有分布(Li & Hsieh, 1997)。此外,F(xiàn)OC認(rèn)為線柱苣苔應(yīng)當(dāng)歸并入橢圓線柱苣苔(Wang et al., 1998),并同時(shí)將橢圓線柱苣苔的中文名廢棄,僅根據(jù)合并將“線柱苣苔”這一中文名予以保留。這一修訂處理也同樣被隨后的苦苣苔科植物專著所接受(李振宇和王印政,2005)。然而,這兩個(gè)曾經(jīng)被合并的物種線柱苣苔和橢圓線柱苣苔在最新的修訂中又因?yàn)榛ㄐ虻闹绞健⑤嗥腿~片形狀重新被分開(Anderson & Middleton, 2013)。Wang? JC & Wang CC (2000)根據(jù)形態(tài)學(xué)、種皮微型態(tài)以及染色體數(shù)目,對(duì)臺(tái)灣省線柱苣苔屬植物進(jìn)行修訂,文中認(rèn)為羽裂異色線柱苣苔這一變種除葉片形態(tài)外與異色線柱苣苔并無其他差異,所以劃為其一變型 [R. discolor (Maxim.) B. L. Burtt f. incisum (Ohwi) Hatus. ex J. C. Wang],最新的分類修訂又取消了這一變型(Anderson & Middleton, 2013),將其并入異色線柱苣苔,同文還發(fā)表了短梗線柱苣苔(R. brevipedunculatum J. C. Wang)。之后通過ITS和trn S-G分子系統(tǒng)發(fā)育方面的研究結(jié)果也證實(shí)了該物種的成立(Goro et al., 2014)。所以,連同本文的新記錄,目前我國已知并正式記錄的苦苣苔科線柱苣苔屬共有8種,分布自西藏東南部,經(jīng)云南、四川南部、貴州南部、廣西、廣東、福建南部至臺(tái)灣,其中兩個(gè)特有種——僅記錄臺(tái)灣省分布的短梗線柱苣苔和僅記錄在廣西壯族自治區(qū)南部分布的長梗線柱苣苔。小花線柱苣苔形態(tài)上與冠萼線柱苣苔相似,可以通過花序梗較短、花序亞簇生以及在花序下部缺乏腺毛來區(qū)別,并且與同樣產(chǎn)西藏墨脫的橢圓線柱苣苔形態(tài)上接近,但它具有花冠筒較短、白色,花柱較小,并可以通過雄蕊光滑無毛,子房具有短柔毛來區(qū)別二者。
中國產(chǎn)線柱苣苔屬植物檢索表
1. 花序梗較短,花序在葉腋處簇生 2
2. 花冠筒外部光滑無毛,萼片白色至淡綠色毛線柱苣苔
2. 花冠筒外部被毛,萼片淡紅色 3
3. 雄蕊有毛,子房光滑無毛橢圓線柱苣苔
3. 雄蕊光滑無毛,子房被微柔毛小花線柱苣苔
1. 花序梗較長,或花序梗短但花序無分枝 4
4. 葉片互生 5
5. 花序梗極短,僅約1 cm,并且花序無分枝短梗線柱苣苔
5. 花序梗極短,長度一般位2~10 cm,花序有分枝異色線柱苣苔
4. 葉片對(duì)生或輪生 6
6. 花藥具腺毛線柱苣苔
6. 花藥無毛 7
7. 植株矮小,高度約5 cm,葉子長圓形,萼片線形,綠色長梗線柱苣苔
7. 植株高5~60 cm,葉橢圓形倒卵形,萼片三角形,紅紫色冠萼線柱苣苔
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( 責(zé)任編輯 周翠鳴 )