肖偉 余巨明
摘要:缺血性卒中是嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的疾病之一,給社會(huì)和患者家庭帶來了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。卒中后認(rèn)知障礙是腦卒中的常見并發(fā)癥,進(jìn)一步影響患者的生存質(zhì)量和社會(huì)功能。近年來,隨著對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān)因素認(rèn)識(shí)和研究的不斷深入,有望為卒中后認(rèn)知障礙的早期識(shí)別、預(yù)防及治療提供新的策略。本文中僅對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān)可控因素的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:缺血性腦卒中;認(rèn)知障礙;血管性腦損傷
中圖分類號(hào):R743.3;R749.1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.21.011
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)21-0035-04
Abstract:Ischemic stroke is one of the diseases that seriously endanger human health, and it has brought a heavy burden to society and patients' families. Cognitive impairment after stroke is a common complication of stroke, which further affects the patient's quality of life and social function. In recent years, with the continuous deepening of understanding and research on the related factors of post-stroke cognitive impairment, it is expected to provide new strategies for the early identification, prevention and treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment. This article only reviews the research progress on the controllable factors related to cognitive impairment after stroke.
Key words:Ischemic stroke;Cognitive impairment;Vascular brain injury
血管性認(rèn)知障礙(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是腦血管病變及其危險(xiǎn)因素導(dǎo)致的血管性腦損傷,涉及至少一個(gè)認(rèn)知域受損的臨床綜合征。VCI是在腦卒中常見運(yùn)動(dòng)、感覺、語言等障礙的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)患者的再次傷害,進(jìn)一步惡化患者的生活質(zhì)量和社會(huì)功能,其缺血性腦卒中所致認(rèn)知障礙是最常見的。目前卒中后認(rèn)知障礙(PSCI)相關(guān)因素如年齡、病變部位、高血壓、代謝綜合征等已被臨床熟知,尤其是可控因素至關(guān)重要。本文綜述了部分可控因素的研究進(jìn)展,為PSCI一級(jí)預(yù)防提供一定依據(jù)。
1流行病學(xué)
缺血性腦卒中主要包括腦血栓形成、腦栓塞等,占所有腦卒中的70%,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)[1],在全球,腦卒中已躍然成為第三位影響居民健康、壽命的疾病;我國流行病學(xué)研究顯示[2],65歲以上老年人輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(MCI)總體發(fā)病率高達(dá)20.8%,其中血管因素相關(guān)的認(rèn)知障礙占42%。重慶早期的一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示PSCI發(fā)生率為37.1%[3],國外也有同樣的報(bào)道,倫敦一項(xiàng)長達(dá)15年的隨訪性研究顯示中風(fēng)患者3個(gè)月和年度隨訪時(shí)認(rèn)知障礙的總體患病率保持相對(duì)不變,為22%,且隨年齡的增長顯著增加[4],而另一項(xiàng)加拿大的流行病學(xué)研究顯示PSCI平均患病率達(dá)49.5%[5]。我國基于社區(qū)的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示PSCI總體患病率高達(dá)48.91%[6]。目前國內(nèi)外的相關(guān)研究均表明,PSCI患病率顯著增高,人群負(fù)擔(dān)壓力大,早期識(shí)別相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素變的至關(guān)重要。
2房顫
心房顫動(dòng)(AF)是最常見的心律失常類型,隨著年齡增長AF的發(fā)生率不斷增加,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)[7],中國AF總患病率達(dá)0.77%,單獨(dú)AF可以使卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加3~4倍。既往大量研究表明[8-10],AF與認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆之間存在顯著關(guān)聯(lián)。一項(xiàng)在韓國針對(duì)中老年人群AF與正?;颊唠S訪7年的研究中[11],發(fā)現(xiàn)AF組相比正常組老年癡呆癥的發(fā)生率顯著增高,提示AF增加了老年癡呆癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);有報(bào)道[12],AF患者CHADS2評(píng)分增加1分與癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加54%獨(dú)立相關(guān)。但AF與PSCI之間的關(guān)系尚不完全清楚。重慶一項(xiàng)針對(duì)卒中后癡呆(PSD)危險(xiǎn)因素的隊(duì)列研究顯示[13],卒中后癡呆危險(xiǎn)因素多樣,其中AF發(fā)揮著重要作用,為卒中后癡呆的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。研究顯示,卒中后癡呆與卒中的類型或位置、血管因素、載脂蛋白E和血清高半胱氨酸無明顯相關(guān),而與年齡、腎功能受損、AF存在明顯相關(guān)。我國的研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)在老年社區(qū)人群中MRI檢查存在腦梗死的AF患者中,認(rèn)知功能下降呈明顯的升高,提出抗凝治療預(yù)防PSCI發(fā)生的可能性;Chander RJ等[15]對(duì)445例卒中前無認(rèn)知障礙的缺血性卒中患者的基線資料對(duì)比分析發(fā)現(xiàn)76.3%的有AF患者卒中后3~6個(gè)月存在認(rèn)知障礙,而無AF患者僅42.7%在卒中后3~6個(gè)月出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙,認(rèn)為AF是PSCI的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素。Mizrahi EH等[16]開展的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AF與認(rèn)知障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān),AF是PSCI的一個(gè)重要預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Gaynor E等[17]對(duì)256例缺血性卒中患者認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行了長達(dá)5年的隨訪觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)AF進(jìn)一步加重了患者卒中后的認(rèn)知功能,并與患者5年死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在相關(guān)。Deniz C等[18]開展的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)患者卒中后認(rèn)知域評(píng)分較低與AF存在相關(guān)。
目前針對(duì)AF導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,可能參與的機(jī)制包括腦灌注不足、血管炎癥、腦小血管疾病、腦萎縮等[19]。目前PSCI的治療多以預(yù)防為主,研究表明,使用維生素K拮抗劑或直接口服抗凝治療可能會(huì)降低癡呆癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20, 21],因此對(duì)于缺血性腦卒中患者應(yīng)早期進(jìn)行AF篩查和管理,并及時(shí)給予抗凝治療尤為重要,可能有助于降低PSCI的發(fā)生率。盡管目前針對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙與AF的研究報(bào)道不多,但均提到了AF與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙存在顯著相關(guān),但其具體的機(jī)制目前尚不完全清楚,臨床缺乏強(qiáng)有力的干預(yù)治療證據(jù)。
3阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)指成人每晚7 h的睡眠期間,呼吸暫停次數(shù)達(dá)30次以上,每次達(dá)10 s以上或睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)≥5次/h,同時(shí)伴有血氧飽和度下降。其臨床特征主要包括睡眠期打鼾,短暫性呼吸暫停,白天過度嗜睡、疲勞、注意力不集中等。研究表明[22],OSAHS是缺血性腦卒中的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,腦卒中患者睡眠呼吸障礙(SDB)患病率高(>50%),SDB同樣增加了普通人群缺血性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并影響了短期和長期的中風(fēng)恢復(fù)和預(yù)后[23]。最新的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)305例缺血性卒中患者睡眠呼吸暫停(AHI≥5次/h)與神經(jīng)功能惡化的關(guān)系研究顯示[24],有254例(83.3%)患睡眠呼吸暫停,其中81例(26.6%)為重度SA(AHI≥5次/h),其嚴(yán)重程度與卒中后神經(jīng)功能惡化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。目前OSAHS與缺血性卒中的機(jī)制尚不清楚, OSAHS可能通過化學(xué)、炎癥機(jī)制以及血管危險(xiǎn)因素(高血壓、糖尿病等)直接或間接增加卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。
Menon D等[26]研究顯示,OSA對(duì)腦卒中患者的神功功能恢復(fù)有不利影響,在OSA組有著更高的mRS和NIHSS評(píng)分,其OSA與缺血性卒中后認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)系更是我們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。Zhang Y等[27]對(duì)44例腦卒中患者的多導(dǎo)睡眠圖研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中重度OSA對(duì)患者的時(shí)間和事件的記憶有著顯著的損害。Li j等[28]也對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙與OSA的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,隨訪86例缺血性腦卒中患者發(fā)現(xiàn)PSCI組OSA患病率(80%)明顯高于無PSCI組(50%),同時(shí)Logistic回歸分析顯示較短的總睡眠時(shí)間和夜間缺氧程度可能是PSCI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其可能的原因是低氧血癥引起的睡眠期中斷導(dǎo)致腦卒中患者的認(rèn)知損害[27]。因此正確早期的治療OSA有可能提高腦卒中患者的認(rèn)知功能和生活質(zhì)量,減緩血管性癡呆的發(fā)生。盡管目前國內(nèi)外研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙與睡眠呼吸暫停存在相關(guān)性,但研究樣本量均較少,缺乏高質(zhì)量的文獻(xiàn),需進(jìn)一步研究其可能的發(fā)生機(jī)制,為臨床干預(yù)提供強(qiáng)有力的依據(jù)。
4頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)包括了血管內(nèi)膜增厚至管腔狹窄的整個(gè)過程,頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化即全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化在頸動(dòng)脈的表現(xiàn)。研究表明[29, 30],頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化與認(rèn)知功能障礙相關(guān)。
目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于頸動(dòng)脈硬化對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙影響的研究相對(duì)較少,Talelli P等[31]收集了171名腦卒中患者一年的隨訪數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)普通頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(CCA-IMT)與中風(fēng)一年后認(rèn)知障礙顯著相關(guān)。Lee Y H等[32]的一項(xiàng)研究也同樣表明CCA-IMT與首次缺血性卒中后3個(gè)月PSCI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān)。Yue W等[33]的一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)1826例缺血性腦卒中患者進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集,并完成頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)與簡易精神智能量表(MMSE)測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)有513名(28.09%)患者存在認(rèn)知障礙,同樣該研究結(jié)果顯示IMT≥1.50 mm的參與者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。Wang A等[34]開展的一項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)認(rèn)知障礙與頸動(dòng)脈斑塊間關(guān)系研究,共收集3116例缺血性腦卒中患者頸部血管彩超數(shù)據(jù),其中826例(26.5%)存在認(rèn)知障礙,該研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在頸動(dòng)脈斑塊數(shù)量(≥2個(gè))和斑塊穩(wěn)定性(低回聲斑塊)腦卒中患者更容易出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙。Yue W等[35]的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)缺血性腦卒中患者頸動(dòng)脈狹窄與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間關(guān)系的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)與沒有頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者相比,頸動(dòng)脈高度狹窄的卒中患者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高。Li XF等[36]也探討了頸動(dòng)脈狹窄與PSCI的相關(guān)性,共收集了365例數(shù)據(jù),隨訪一年后有136人(37.2%)出現(xiàn)PSCI,他們的研究結(jié)果同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈重度狹窄與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙呈正相關(guān)。預(yù)防卒中后認(rèn)知功能下降(PODCAST)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),強(qiáng)化降脂治療與卒中后6個(gè)月認(rèn)知功能更好相關(guān)[37]。因此對(duì)于伴有頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的腦卒中患者,應(yīng)盡早的使用他汀類藥物,將有可能預(yù)防PSCI的發(fā)生。這些研究提示,頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化在其發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中均影響著腦卒中患者的認(rèn)知功能,目前針對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化與PSCI的研究并未涉及進(jìn)一步的干預(yù)治療與后續(xù)隨訪,研究大多為觀察性研究,國內(nèi)外缺乏高質(zhì)量研究證據(jù)。
5腎功能受損
腎功能(renal function)是指腎臟排泄體內(nèi)代謝廢物,維持機(jī)體鈉、鉀、鈣等電解質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定及酸堿平衡的功能,肌酐清除率(CCI)是評(píng)估腎功能的良好指標(biāo),CCI<60 ml/min可以判斷為腎功能受損。研究表明,腎功能異常與患者記憶功能下降相關(guān),發(fā)生輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(MCI)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[38],其腎功能受損與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系目前仍在進(jìn)一步探索。Barba R等[39]率先報(bào)道了腎功能受損與卒中后癡呆間的關(guān)系,認(rèn)為腎功能受損是卒中后癡呆的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Auriel E等[40]的一項(xiàng)觀察性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腎功能受損(CCI<60 ml/min)與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙進(jìn)展相關(guān),認(rèn)為腎功能受損可作為腦卒中患者2年后認(rèn)知障礙的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Ben Assayag E等[41]也做了類似的研究,其對(duì)507例缺血性腦卒中患者隨訪2年后的認(rèn)知評(píng)定發(fā)現(xiàn)腎功能受損(CCI<60 ml/min)與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙存在獨(dú)立的關(guān)聯(lián)。腎臟和腦小血管均具有高流低阻的特點(diǎn),有解剖和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的相似性,腎功能異常與腎、腦的微血管病獨(dú)立相關(guān),從而導(dǎo)致患者的認(rèn)知障礙[42],在腎功能受損患者中,認(rèn)知功能障礙和腦小血管病的進(jìn)展是平行的[38]。因此,重視腦卒中患者的腎功能監(jiān)測,盡早識(shí)別腎功能受損可能有效的預(yù)測PSCI的發(fā)生。目前針對(duì)腎功能受損與卒中認(rèn)知障礙的研究較少,其均針對(duì)肌酐清除率進(jìn)行研究,缺乏卒中亞型的分析,國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究甚缺。
6影像學(xué)、生物學(xué)指標(biāo)
生物標(biāo)記物是指可以標(biāo)記器官、組織、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)或功能改變的生化指標(biāo),不僅可從分子水平探討發(fā)病機(jī)制,且在評(píng)價(jià)早期、低水平的損害方面有著獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢。近些年來,尋找和發(fā)現(xiàn)PSCI有價(jià)值的影像學(xué)、生物標(biāo)志物已經(jīng)成為目前研究的一個(gè)重要熱點(diǎn)。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[43],腦整體萎縮和顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)萎縮是卒中后認(rèn)知障礙最為一致的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Chaudhari TS等[44]的一項(xiàng)前瞻性觀察研究認(rèn)為年齡相關(guān)的腦白質(zhì)改變可獨(dú)立預(yù)測卒中后認(rèn)知障礙,卒中后神經(jīng)功能損害嚴(yán)重程度、認(rèn)知功能恢復(fù)水平均與腦白質(zhì)改變程度有關(guān)。Zhu C等[45]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿三甲胺-N-氧化物可獨(dú)立預(yù)測患者的認(rèn)知障礙,升高的三甲胺-N-氧化物水平與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙的嚴(yán)重程度正相關(guān)。Chi NF等[46]的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿淀粉樣蛋白β42、tau水平能顯著的預(yù)測缺血性卒中患者3個(gè)月的認(rèn)知功能。Meng F等[47]研究得出低血紅蛋白(Hb)水平與卒中后認(rèn)知障礙有關(guān)的結(jié)論。雖目前已有多樣的生物標(biāo)記物被報(bào)道與PSCI相關(guān),但因其多樣性,缺乏高質(zhì)量證據(jù),其確切價(jià)值有待更多的研究去評(píng)估。
7總結(jié)及展望
認(rèn)知功能障礙是缺血性腦卒中的常見并發(fā)癥,其的發(fā)生進(jìn)一步增加疾病負(fù)擔(dān),并嚴(yán)重影響患者的社會(huì)功能和生存質(zhì)量。目前國內(nèi)外對(duì)卒中后認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行了一定的研究和探索。發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、腎功能受損等相關(guān)可控危險(xiǎn)因素在卒中后認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要作用,及時(shí)識(shí)別相關(guān)因素對(duì)PSCI的預(yù)防具有重要意義。但總體研究單一,缺乏進(jìn)一步的干預(yù)治療及相關(guān)機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步研究卒中后認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素及相關(guān)干預(yù)治療和機(jī)制具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。相信對(duì)PSCI關(guān)注增多,有望發(fā)現(xiàn)更多或更相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素,并進(jìn)而開辟新的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Chang AY,Skirbekk VF,Tyrovolas S,et al.Measuring population ageing:an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J].Lancet Public Health,2019,4(3):e159-e167.
[2]Jia J,Zhou A,Wei C,et al.The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese[J].Alzheimers Dement,2014,10(4):439-447.
[3]Zhou DH,Wang JY,Li J,et al.Frequency and risk factors of vascular cognitive impairment three months after ischemic stroke in china:the Chongqing stroke study[J].Neuroepidemiology,2005,24(1-2):87-95.
[4]Douiri A,Rudd AG,Wolfe CD.Prevalence of poststroke cognitive impairment:South London Stroke Register 1995-2010[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):138-145.
[5]Barbay M,Taillia H,Nédélec-Ciceri C,et al.Prevalence of Poststroke Neurocognitive Disorders Using National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network,VASCOG Criteria(Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders),and Optimized Criteria of Cognitive Deficit[J].Stroke,2018,49(5):1141-1147.
[6]Qu Yj,Zhuo L,Li N,et al.Prevalence of post-stroke cognitive impairment in china:a community-based,cross-sectional study[J].PLoS One,2015,10(4):e0122864.
[7]周自強(qiáng),胡大一,陳捷,等.中國心房顫動(dòng)現(xiàn)狀的流行病學(xué)研究[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2004,43(7):491-494.
[8]de Bruijn RF,Heeringa J,Wolters FJ,et al.Association Between Atrial Fibrillation and Dementia in the General Population[J].JAMA Neurol,2015,72(11):1288-1294.
[9]Ott A,Breteler MM,de Bruyne MC,et al.Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study.The Rotterdam Study[J].Stroke,1997,28(2):316-321.
[10]Aldrugh S,Sardana M,Henninger N,et al.Atrial fibrillation,cognition and dementia:A review[J].Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2017,28(8):958-965.
[11]Kim D,Yang PS,Yu HT,et al.Risk of dementia in stroke-free patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation:data from a population-based cohort[J].Eur Heart J,2019,40(28):2313-2323.
[12]Chou RH,Chiu CC,Huang CC,et al.Prediction of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter using CHADS2 score[J].Chin Med Assoc,2016,79(9):470-476.
[13]Zhou D,Wang JY,Li J,et al.Study on frequency and predictors of dementia after ischemic stroke:the Chongqing stroke study[J].Neurol,2004,251(4):421-427.
[14]Chen LY,Lopez FL,Gottesman RF,et al.Atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline-the role of subclinical cerebral infarcts:the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J].Stroke,2014,45(9):2568-2574.
[15]Chander RJ,Lim L,Handa S,et al.Atrial Fibrillation is Independently Associated with Cognitive Impairment after Ischemic Stroke[J].Alzheimers Dis,2017,60(3):867-875.
[16]Mizrahi EH,Waitzman A,Arad M,et al.Atrial fibrillation predicts cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic stroke[J].Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen,2011,26(8):623-626.
[17]Gaynor E,Rohde D,Large M,et al.Cognitive Impairment,Vulnerability,and Mortality Post Ischemic Stroke:A Five-Year Follow-Up of the Action on Secondary Prevention Interventions and Rehabilitation in Stroke(ASPIRE-S)Cohort[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2018,27(9):2466-2473.
[18]Deniz C,Celik Y,Ozdemir GT,et al.Evaluation and follow-up of cognitive functions in patients with minor stroke and transient ischemic attack[J].Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat,2016(12):2039-2048.
[19]Aldrugh S,Sardana M,Henninger N,et al.Atrial fibrillation,cognition and dementia:A review[J].Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2017,28(8):958-965.
[20]Jacobs V,May HT,Bair TL,et al.Long-Term Population-Based Cerebral Ischemic Event and Cognitive Outcomes of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared With Warfarin Among Long-term Anticoagulated Patients for Atrial Fibrillation[J].Am J Cardiol,2016,118(2):210-214.
[21]Bunch TJ,May HT,Bair TL,et al.Atrial Fibrillation Patients Treated With Long-Term Warfarin Anticoagulation Have Higher Rates of All Dementia Types Compared With Patients Receiving Long-Term Warfarin for Other Indications[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(7):e003932.
[22]King S,Cuellar N.Obstructive Sleep Apnea as an Independent Stroke Risk Factor:A Review of the Evidence,Stroke Prevention Guidelines,and Implications for Neuroscience Nursing Practice[J].J Neurosci Nurs,2016,48(3):133-142.
[23]Hermann DM,Bassetti CL.Role of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-wake disturbances for stroke and stroke recovery[J].Neurology,2016,87(13):1407-1416.
[24]Yoon CW,Park HK,Bae EK,et al.Sleep Apnea and Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2020,29(2):104510.
[25]Ramos AR,Seixas A,Dib SI.Obstructive sleep apnea and stroke:links to health disparities[J].Sleep Health,2015,1(4):244-248.
[26]Menon D,Sukumaran S,Varma R,et al.Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on neurological recovery after ischemic stroke:A prospective study[J].Acta Neurol.Scand,2017,136(5):419-426.
[27]Zhang Y,Wang W,Cai SJ,et al.Obstructive sleep apnea exaggerates cognitive dysfunction in stroke patients[J].Sleep Med,2017(33):183-190.
[28]Li J,You SJ,Xu YN,et al.Cognitive impairment and sleep disturbances after minor ischemic stroke[J].Sleep Breath,2019,23(2):455-462.
[29]Zhong WJ,Cruickshanks KJ,Huang GH,et al.Carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive function in midlife:the Beaver Dam Offspring Study[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,219(1):330-333.
[30]Yang Z,Wang H,Edwards D,et al.Association of blood lipids,atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment after stroke:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Ageing Res Rev,2020(57):100962.
[31]Talelli P,Ellul J,Terzis G,et al.Common carotid artery intima media thickness and post-stroke cognitive impairment[J].Neurol Sci,2004,223(2):129-134.
[32]Lee YH,Yeh SJ.Correlation of common carotid artery intima media thickness,intracranial arterial stenosis and post-stroke cognitive impairment[J].Acta Neurol Taiwan,2007,16(4):207-213.
[33]Yue W,Wang A,Liang H,et al.Association between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Cognitive Impairment in a Chinese Stroke Population:A Cross-sectional Study[J].Sci Rep,2016(6):19556.
[34]Wang A,Liu X,Chen GJ,et al.Association between Carotid Plaque and Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Stroke Population:The SOS-Stroke Study[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):3066.
[35]Yue W,Wang A,Zhu R,et al.Association between Carotid Artery Stenosis and Cognitive Impairment in Stroke Patients:A Cross-Sectional Study[J].PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0146890.
[36]Li XF,Ma XL,Lin J,et al.Severe carotid artery stenosis evaluated by ultrasound is associated with post stroke vascular cognitive impairment[J].Brain Behav,2017,7(1):e00606.
[37]Bath PM,Scutt P,Blackburn DJ,et al.Intensive versus Guideline Blood Pressure and Lipid Lowering in Patients with Previous Stroke:Main Results from the Pilot 'Prevention of Decline in Cognition after Stroke Trial'(PODCAST) Randomised Controlled Trial[J].PLoS One,2017,12(1):e0164608.
[38]Jiménez BJ,Riba LI,Pizarro J,et al.Kidney function changes and their relation with the progression of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive decline[J].Neurol Sci,2020(409):116635.
[39]Barba R,Martínez ES,Rodríguez GE,et al.Poststroke dementia:clinical features and risk factors[J].Stroke,2000,31(7):1494-1501.
[40]Auriel E,Kliper E,Shenhar TS,et al.Impaired renal function is associated with brain atrophy and poststroke cognitive decline[J].Neurology,2016,86(21):1996-2005.
[41] Ben Assayag E,Eldor R,Korczyn AD,et al.Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Renal Function Are Associated With Brain Alterations and Poststroke Cognitive Decline[J].Stroke,2017,48(9):2368-2374.
[42]Georgakis MK,Chatzopoulou,Tsivgoulis G,et al.Albuminuria and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2018,66(3):509-517.
[43]Casolla B,Caparros F,Cordonnier C,et al.Biological and imaging predictors of cognitive impairment after stroke:a systematic review[J].Neurol,2019,266(11):2593-2604.
[44]Chaudhari TS,Verma R,Garg RK,et al.Clinico-radiological predictors of vascular cognitive impairment(VCI)in patients with stroke:a prospective observational study[J].Neurol Sci,2014,340(1-2):150-158.
[45]Zhu C,Li G,Lv Z,et al.Association of plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide levels with post-stroke cognitive impairment:a 1-year longitudinal study[J].Neurol Sci.2020,41(1):57-63.
[46]Chi NF,Chao SP,Huang LK,et al.Plasma Amyloid Beta and Tau Levels Are Predictors of Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment:A Longitudinal Study[J].Front Neurol,2019(10):715.
[47]Meng F,Zhang S,Yu J,et al.Low Hemoglobin Levels at Admission Are Independently Associated with Cognitive Impairment after Ischemic Stroke:a Multicenter,Population-Based Study[J].Transl Stroke Res,2020,1(5):890-899.
收稿日期:2020-06-17;修回日期:2020-08-05
編輯/肖婷婷