胡瞞瞞, 董文旭, 王文巖, Gokul Gaudel, Peter Mosongo, 胡春勝**

華北平原氮肥周年深施對(duì)冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系土壤氨揮發(fā)的影響*

胡瞞瞞1,2, 董文旭1, 王文巖1, Gokul Gaudel1,2, Peter Mosongo1,2, 胡春勝1,2**

(1. 中國科學(xué)院遺傳與發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究所農(nóng)業(yè)資源研究中心/中國科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)水資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/河北省土壤生態(tài)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 石家莊 050022; 2. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué) 北京 100049)

氮肥深施能有效減少土壤氨揮發(fā), 然而目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于小麥-玉米輪作體系氮肥深施缺乏周年系統(tǒng)性研究。本試驗(yàn)于2018年10月—2019年10月在中國科學(xué)院欒城農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)站小麥-玉米輪作農(nóng)田進(jìn)行, 利用動(dòng)態(tài)箱法研究不同深施模式氨揮發(fā)損失率、氨揮發(fā)特征, 旨在探討冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系下土壤氨排放對(duì)氮肥深施的響應(yīng), 為減少農(nóng)業(yè)源氨排放和優(yōu)化農(nóng)田施肥提供理論依據(jù)。試驗(yàn)設(shè)置5個(gè)處理: 不施肥(CK)、常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)、緩釋肥表施(T2)、緩釋肥基追肥分層深施(T3)、緩釋肥一次性分層深施(T4)。結(jié)果表明: 氨揮發(fā)主要發(fā)生在玉米追肥季, 占全年氨揮發(fā)量的84.84%; T1、T2、T3和T4處理的周年氨揮發(fā)累積量分別為22.75 kg?hm?2、6.17 kg?hm?2、2.25 kg?hm?2和0.55 kg?hm?2, 分別占總施肥量的4.86%、1.32%、0.48%和0.13%。與常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)相比, 緩釋肥處理(T2、T3和T4)分別降低72.88%、90.11%和97.32%的氨揮發(fā)損失; 一次性深施處理(T4)能避開土壤氨高揮發(fā)期, 周年氨揮發(fā)累積量與不施肥處理(0.43 kg?hm?2)沒有顯著差異, 且顯著低于表施處理。CK、T1、T2、T3和T4全年產(chǎn)量分別為8.31 t?hm?2、13.20 t?hm?2、12.66 t?hm?2、14.42 t?hm?2和14.22 t?hm?2; 與常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)相比, 緩釋肥深施(T3和T4)均可提高作物產(chǎn)量, 分別增產(chǎn)9.25%和7.75%。而緩釋肥表施(T2)產(chǎn)量略有降低。綜合考慮土壤氨排放和作物產(chǎn)量, 緩釋肥表施(T2)可以顯著降低土壤氨揮發(fā), 但是作物產(chǎn)量不穩(wěn)定; 而氮肥深施(T3、T4)能在保證作物高產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上顯著降低土壤氨排放, 是一種高效、簡便、環(huán)境友好的施肥方式。

氨揮發(fā); 氮肥深施; 單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度; 緩釋肥; 冬小麥-夏玉米輪作

農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)不僅造成肥料大量損失, 而且污染大氣環(huán)境[1-3]。在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域, 高效、簡便、環(huán)境友好的清潔生產(chǎn)模式得到廣泛關(guān)注[4]。目前, 在全球范圍內(nèi), 平均18%的氮肥因氨揮發(fā)而損失[5-6]。而在華北平原高強(qiáng)度農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中過量施肥現(xiàn)象普遍存在[7]。研究表明, 施入土壤中的氮肥會(huì)有1%~47%通過氨揮發(fā)損失[8-10]。因此, 減少農(nóng)業(yè)氨揮發(fā)非常迫切, 而優(yōu)化施肥措施是降低農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一[11]。前人針對(duì)農(nóng)田氨減排進(jìn)行了大量研究, 許多學(xué)者研究證明抑制劑添加[12-14]、氮肥減量[15-17]、表施結(jié)合灌溉[9]等措施都能一定程度上降低氨揮發(fā)。近年來控釋肥發(fā)展非常迅速, 控釋肥既可使養(yǎng)分釋放與作物需求基本同步, 又能降低氮肥損失, 是解決當(dāng)前農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)損失的理想肥料。為進(jìn)一步降低農(nóng)田氨排放、簡化農(nóng)業(yè)管理, 控釋肥深施成為一種有前景的施肥措施[18-19]。早在1995年吳景貴等[20]提出玉米()深施技術(shù), 近年來, 一些學(xué)者在玉米、小麥()和水稻()等作物上對(duì)氮肥深施進(jìn)行嘗試探究[21-23], 結(jié)果表明深施對(duì)降低農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)有明顯作用; Tauchnitz等[24]和Webb等[25]對(duì)歐洲壤土通過注射施肥研究表明, 注射可以提高氮肥利用率, 改善硝酸鹽浸出和溫室氣體揮發(fā)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的有害影響。然而目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于小麥-玉米輪作體系氮肥深施缺乏周年系統(tǒng)性研究。本研究通過田間原位監(jiān)測, 探討氮肥深施條件下小麥-玉米輪作下土壤氨揮發(fā)損失率、氨揮發(fā)特征, 明確氮肥深施減少土壤氨排放的效果, 為冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系的保產(chǎn)減排措施提供數(shù)據(jù)支持和科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況

試驗(yàn)地位于中國科學(xué)院欒城農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)站, 海拔50.1 m, 屬于半濕潤半干旱季風(fēng)氣候區(qū), 年平均氣溫12.3 ℃, 全年降雨集中在夏季, 年均降水量480.7 mm。供試土壤為潮褐土, 肥力較高, 土壤理化性質(zhì)如下: 土壤容重1.33 g?cm?3, 土壤pH 8.0, 有機(jī)質(zhì)含量15 g?kg?1, 土壤全氮1.01 g?kg?1, 速效磷9.3 mg?kg?1, 速效鉀95.6 mg?kg?1。耕作制度為冬小麥-夏玉米輪作。小麥底肥和追肥期間平均氣溫分別為17 ℃和21 ℃左右, 玉米底肥和追肥期間平均氣溫分別為33 ℃和36 ℃左右。

1.2 試驗(yàn)處理

試驗(yàn)于2018—2019年冬小麥-夏玉米季進(jìn)行, 進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)作物生長季底肥和追肥共計(jì)4次氨揮發(fā)測定。試驗(yàn)采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì), 設(shè)置5個(gè)處理, 分別為: 對(duì)照(CK)、常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)、緩釋肥表施(T2)、緩釋肥基追肥分層深施(T3)、緩釋肥一次性分層深施(T4)。T1和T2采用均勻撒施; T3和T4的氮肥采用先進(jìn)的施肥機(jī)按照1∶1的比例分5~10 cm和15~20 cm兩個(gè)層次深施; 一次性深施(T4)指把整個(gè)生育期的肥料在播種時(shí)分層深施, 后期不再追肥; 表施和分層深施處理施肥量與相應(yīng)的農(nóng)戶常規(guī)施肥量相同。小麥播種前灌溉, 然后施肥播種; 追肥時(shí)間為返青期, 施肥后灌溉。玉米先施底肥播種, 后灌溉; 追肥時(shí)期為大喇叭口期前, 施肥后灌溉。本研究以不施肥(CK)和農(nóng)民傳統(tǒng)的氮素管理方式(常規(guī)肥料表施, T1)作為對(duì)照, 3種優(yōu)化施肥方式作為研究處理。冬小麥于2018年10月14日機(jī)器播種, 行距為15 cm, 播種量為90 kg?hm?2; 夏玉米于2019年6月16日機(jī)器播種, 行距60 cm, 株距35 cm。每個(gè)小區(qū)面積25 m2, 每個(gè)處理4次重復(fù), 所有處理均不額外增施磷鉀肥。各處理施肥方式及施肥量如表1所示。供試緩釋尿素是脲酶抑制劑尿素, 河南心連心化肥有限公司生產(chǎn); 供試緩釋復(fù)合肥為腐殖酸類復(fù)合肥。供試冬小麥品種為‘欒麥7號(hào)’, 夏玉米品種為‘鄭丹958’。

表1 不同處理的冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系施肥方式及施肥量

1.3 氨氣的捕獲方法

采用動(dòng)態(tài)箱法收集氨氣。動(dòng)態(tài)箱長30 cm, 寬20 cm, 高10 cm, 由有機(jī)玻璃制成, 由抽氣管、動(dòng)態(tài)箱、抽氣泵、連接管、吸收裝置等幾部分組成。抽氣管高度大概2 m, 以避免抽取高濃度的冠層空氣, 吸收裝置采用硼酸吸收法。動(dòng)態(tài)箱上方有兩個(gè)孔, 大孔是進(jìn)氣口, 小孔是出氣口。其工作原理為抽氣泵通過抽氣管將空氣從動(dòng)態(tài)箱一側(cè)的進(jìn)氣口吸入動(dòng)態(tài)箱中, 經(jīng)過密封的地表, 然后從動(dòng)態(tài)箱出氣口流出, 流出的混合氣體進(jìn)入經(jīng)乳膠管連接的硼酸吸收液, 最終被硼酸吸收, 吸收過的廢氣通過硼酸吸收瓶的出氣孔排出, 如此兩個(gè)小時(shí)為一個(gè)周期進(jìn)行測定[26]。

表施處理動(dòng)態(tài)箱放置在作物行間; 深施處理動(dòng)態(tài)箱放置在施肥帶上, 通過轉(zhuǎn)換計(jì)算得出單位面積氨揮發(fā)通量。根據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗(yàn), 每天上午9:00—11:00時(shí)測定值可基本代表全天氨揮發(fā)通量平均值[27], 本試驗(yàn)在下午14:00—16:00增加一次測定, 取平均值代表全天氨揮發(fā)通量。氨揮發(fā)檢測周期持續(xù)至施肥區(qū)氨揮發(fā)通量與對(duì)照區(qū)無差別為止, 一般7~10 d, 視現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測情況而定。

1.4 測定項(xiàng)目和方法

1.4.1 土壤氨揮發(fā)測定

根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)箱法原理, 即僅考慮流入和流出采樣箱的氣體NH3濃度以及采樣箱底面積計(jì)算氨揮發(fā)通量[28], 計(jì)算公式為:

=×0.021×0.014÷0.06×104×12÷103(1)

式中:為氨揮發(fā)通量, 單位為kg(N)?hm-2?d-1;為滴定用硫酸的體積, mL; 0.021為滴定用硫酸的當(dāng)量濃度; 0.014為氮原子的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量, kg?mol-1; 0.06為動(dòng)態(tài)箱的截面積, m2; 104為面積轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù); 12為24 h與日氨揮發(fā)收集時(shí)間2 h的比值; 103為質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)。

氨揮發(fā)累積揮發(fā)量為取樣時(shí)間內(nèi)氨揮發(fā)通量對(duì)時(shí)間的積累, 計(jì)算公式為:

12+F(2)

式中:為氨揮發(fā)測定期間內(nèi)累積揮發(fā)量, 單位為kg(N)?hm-2;F為第天的氨揮發(fā)通量, 單位為kg(N)?hm-2?d-1。

1.4.2 單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度

根據(jù)鄔剛等[29]的研究單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度計(jì)算公式為:

=/(3)

式中:為單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度(以N計(jì), 下同), kg(N)?t-1;為單位面積氨揮發(fā)總量, kg(N)?hm-2;為單位面積作物產(chǎn)量, t?hm-2。

1.4.3 表層土壤樣品采集與測定

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì), 采用SPSS 20.0軟件中Duncan法進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析(=0.05), 采用OringinPro 2018軟件繪制圖表。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 氨揮發(fā)通量揮發(fā)特征

小麥-玉米輪作體系不同施肥時(shí)期各施肥處理土壤氨揮發(fā)通量如圖1所示。在各測定時(shí)期, CK處理氨揮發(fā)通量均保持較低且相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。小麥底肥季各施肥處理氨揮發(fā)通量變化趨勢基本相同, 都在施肥后的第3 d達(dá)揮發(fā)峰值, 隨后逐漸降低。其中, T1處理的NH3揮發(fā)峰值最高, 為0.55 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1; T2其次, 峰值為0.35 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1。與T1相比, T3和T4均能降低NH3揮發(fā), 其峰值分別為0.19 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1和0.20 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1。小麥追肥季氨揮發(fā)通量明顯低于小麥底肥時(shí)期。追肥季T1處理首先達(dá)揮發(fā)高峰, 且峰值高于另外兩個(gè)緩釋肥處理(T2和T3)。T2和T3處理氨揮發(fā)通量變化比較一致, 均在施肥后的第4 d達(dá)揮發(fā)高峰, 分別為0.11 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1和0.17 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1。追肥第6 d T1處理出現(xiàn)第2個(gè)揮發(fā)高峰, 而T2、T3幾乎沒有氨揮發(fā)。

玉米底肥季T1處理氨揮發(fā)通量極大, 在施肥后第2 d首先達(dá)揮發(fā)高峰, 為1.01 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1; 另外3個(gè)緩釋肥處理氨揮發(fā)通量比較低[均低于0.30 kg(N)?hm?2?d?1]。追肥季T1處理在施肥后第3 d達(dá)揮發(fā)高峰, 而緩釋肥處理(T2、T3和T4)在整個(gè)施肥階段氨揮發(fā)通量均較低。

圖1 不同施肥處理下冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系不同施肥時(shí)期氨揮發(fā)通量變化(a、b、c、d分別為小麥底肥、小麥追肥、玉米底肥、玉米追肥氨揮發(fā)通量變化情況; CK、T1、T2、T3、T4含義見表1)

2.2 氨揮發(fā)累積量特征

表2為不同施肥模式周年氨揮發(fā)累積量。從生長季看, 小麥底肥季T1處理的累積揮發(fā)量最高, 為1.05 kg(N)?hm?2, 占施氮量的0.97%; 與T1處理相比, T2處理減排效果不顯著; 而T3和T4能顯著降低氨揮發(fā), 氨減排率分別為58.76%、78.35%。追肥季T1處理的氨累積揮發(fā)量最高, 為1.00 kg(N)?hm?2, 占施氮量的0.83%; 控釋肥表施(T2和T3)與T1處理相比氨揮發(fā)分別減少67.00%和39.00%, 差異均達(dá)顯著水平(<0.05); 而緩釋肥表施(T2)與緩釋肥分層深施(T3)之間減排效果沒有明顯差異。

玉米季底肥T1處理累積揮發(fā)量最高, 為1.41 kg(N)?hm?2, 占施氮量的1.17%; 其次是T2, 累計(jì)揮發(fā)量達(dá)0.68 kg(N)?hm?2; 深施處理(T3和T4)累積揮發(fā)量極低, 占施氮量的0.15%左右, 減排85.00%以上; 與T1相比, T2、T3、T4減排效果顯著。追肥季T1處理累積揮發(fā)量極高; T2處理顯著降低, 占施氮量的3.44%; 而T3處理氨揮發(fā)損失量極低, 與T1相比氨揮發(fā)減排93.00%以上。

總體來看, 常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)周年氨揮發(fā)損失量最高, 占施氮量的4.86%; 玉米追肥季是農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)潛力最大的時(shí)期, 該時(shí)期揮發(fā)量占周年氨揮發(fā)量的84.84%; 緩釋肥表施(T2)周年氨揮發(fā)損失量其次, 占施氮量的1.31%左右; 而緩釋肥深施(T3、T4)周年氨揮發(fā)損失量極低, 分別占施氮量的0.48%、0.16%。

表2 不同施肥處理冬小麥-夏玉米氨揮發(fā)總累積量及損失率

同行不同小寫字母表示處理間在<0.05水平差異顯著。CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含義見表1。Different small letters in the same row indicate significant differences among treatments at<0.05 level. The meanings of CK, T1, T2, T3and T4are shown in the table 1.

2.3 不同施肥模式表層土壤銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮和pH變化

氮肥深施能夠顯著降低表層土壤中銨態(tài)氮含量。T3和T4在小麥底肥季(圖2a, b, c)和玉米底肥季(圖2g, h, i)施肥深度在5 cm以下, 表層土壤的銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮和pH幾乎沒有變化。小麥底肥季T1、T2處理施肥后銨態(tài)氮含量在氨揮發(fā)通量達(dá)峰值的次日(施肥后4 d)達(dá)到峰值(圖2a)。而小麥追肥季, T3處理采用液體肥注射深施隨后灌溉, 可能由于灌溉水沖刷的作用在0~5 cm深度土層檢測到表層土壤銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮和pH發(fā)生明顯變化(圖2d, e, f); 圖2d和圖2e表明, 緩釋尿素注射深施時(shí), 前期表層土銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮含量較低, 后期快速升高, 但是由于抑制劑的作用, 銨態(tài)氮主要轉(zhuǎn)化為硝態(tài)氮, 故氨揮發(fā)通量較低。

玉米底肥季T1處理肥料分解速率較快, 表層土壤銨態(tài)氮含量在施肥第2 d達(dá)峰值; 而T2處理表層土壤銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮含量較低(圖2g, h)。追肥季表施處理變化趨勢一致, 均在施肥第3 d達(dá)分解高峰; 而T3處理與CK相比表層土壤銨態(tài)氮含量略有提高, 可能由于蒸騰作用深層土壤中的銨態(tài)氮隨土壤水向上流動(dòng)(圖2j)?？傮w看小麥季銨態(tài)氮含量略大于相應(yīng)的硝態(tài)氮含量, 玉米季硝態(tài)氮含量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于相應(yīng)的銨態(tài)氮含量。

小麥/玉米輪作體系表層土壤pH在施肥后肥料分解釋放銨態(tài)氮過程中pH略有升高, 隨后開始降低, 在硝態(tài)氮含量達(dá)到峰值前后達(dá)最低值, 隨著作物對(duì)土壤中各種離子的吸收利用, 土壤pH又逐漸升高。

2.4 作物產(chǎn)量和單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度

不同施肥處理周年作物產(chǎn)量如表3所示。緩釋肥深施增加作物產(chǎn)量。與常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)相比, 小麥季緩釋肥深施處理(T3、T4)分別增產(chǎn)8.61%、9.60%, 玉米季分別增產(chǎn)9.67%、6.57%。采用緩釋肥表施(T2)小麥產(chǎn)量沒有變化而玉米產(chǎn)量略有降低。從全年總產(chǎn)量來看, 整個(gè)小麥-玉米周期均采用緩釋肥分層深施(T3)產(chǎn)量最高, 為14.42 t?hm?2, 與常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)相比增產(chǎn)9.25%, 其次是緩釋肥一次性層深施處理(T4), 增產(chǎn)7.75%。緩釋肥表施(T2)全年產(chǎn)量略有減少, 但未達(dá)顯著水平。單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度(用表示, 下同)指生產(chǎn)單位籽粒產(chǎn)量的氨排放量, 目前用來表示農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)值最高, 為1.72 kg(N)?t?1; 與T1相比, 全年采用緩釋肥表施(T2)顯著降低值, 而釋肥深施(T3、T4)不僅能夠增加產(chǎn)量, 而且值分別降低90.70%、97.67%, 差異達(dá)極顯著水平。

圖2 冬小麥季和夏玉米季施肥后表層土壤、和pH變化情況(圖a、b、c為小麥底肥, d、e、f為小麥追肥, g、h、i為玉米底肥, j、k、l為玉米追肥)

CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含義見表1。The meanings of CK, T1, T2, T3and T4are shown in the table 1.

表3 冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系不同施肥處理氨揮發(fā)總量、總產(chǎn)量及單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度

同列不同小寫字母表示處理間在<0.05水平差異顯著。CK、T1、T2、T3和T4含義見表1。Different small letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at<0.05 level. The meanings of CK, T1, T2, T3and T4are shown in the table 1.

3 討論與結(jié)論

3.1 施肥方式對(duì)氨揮發(fā)的影響

深施主要通過降低表層土壤銨態(tài)氮含量而降低氨揮發(fā)。許多研究表明, 氮肥深施是提高氮肥利用率最有效的途徑[40-41]。本研究緩釋肥基追肥分層深施(T3)周年氨揮發(fā)損失量占施氮量的0.48%, 與常規(guī)肥料表施(T1)相比減排90.11%, 與緩釋肥表施(T2)相比減排63.53%。小麥追肥季T3氨揮發(fā)損失量低于T1但高于相應(yīng)的緩釋肥表施(T2)?？赡芤?yàn)樽⑸涮幚硭玫姆柿鲜且后w肥, 液體肥容易與脲酶發(fā)生反應(yīng)分解成銨態(tài)氮[42], 加之注射深度較淺, 施肥較集中, 灌溉之后表層土流失, 導(dǎo)致更容易揮發(fā)。因此田間實(shí)際注射深施時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加注射深度。玉米追肥季是氨揮發(fā)損失量最大的階段[37,43-45], 該研究通過緩釋肥一次性分層深施(T4)免去玉米追肥, 避開了高氨揮發(fā)期, 相對(duì)于緩釋肥基追肥分層深施(T3)氨揮發(fā)損失率降低6.99%, 減排效果最佳。全年都采用一次性深施處理, 表層土壤幾乎測定不到土壤銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮和pH的變化, 氨揮發(fā)損失量可忽略不計(jì), 這與Rochette等[46]的研究結(jié)果相同。

3.2 施肥方式對(duì)單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度的影響

資源高效利用和環(huán)境友好的生產(chǎn)模式是糧食生產(chǎn)的方向。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 改善施肥措施不僅可以顯著降低氨揮發(fā)損失還能保證產(chǎn)量。緩釋肥深施(T3、T4)增產(chǎn)效果高于緩釋肥表施(T2)處理。Xia等[47]研究表明深施主要通過促進(jìn)作物后期的生長發(fā)育而提高產(chǎn)量。緩釋肥深施一方面能有效地降低肥料因氨揮發(fā)造成的損失, 另一方面能夠使肥料緩慢釋放, 滿足產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)鍵期對(duì)肥料的需求[41,48-50]。由于深施能極大地降低氨揮發(fā)損失量、提高作物產(chǎn)量, 因此緩釋氮肥深施(T3、T4)比緩釋肥表施(T2)更加顯著地降低單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度。目前勞動(dòng)力短缺已嚴(yán)重制約我國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)[51], 氮肥深施不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化, 而且單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度非常低, 是一種高效、清潔的生產(chǎn)模式。

4 結(jié)論

緩釋肥周年深施能降低90.11%~97.32%的氨排放, 增產(chǎn)7.75%~9.25%, 降低單位產(chǎn)量氨排放強(qiáng)度90.00%以上。土壤氨揮發(fā)主要發(fā)生在玉米追肥期, 通過緩釋肥深施或緩釋肥表施能夠降低94.71%或78.61%的氨揮發(fā)損失; 而通過緩釋肥一次性分層深施能避開土壤氨排放高潛力期。緩釋肥深施作為一種高效、簡便、環(huán)境友好的施肥方式, 可以顯著降低土壤氨揮發(fā)、保證作物產(chǎn)量。

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The effects of deep application of nitrogen fertilization on ammonia volatilization in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain*

HU Manman1,2, DONG Wenxu1, WANG Wenyan1, Gokul Gaudel1,2, Peter Mosongo1,2, HU Chunsheng1,2**

(1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Shijiazhuang 050022, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

The deep application of nitrogen fertilizers can reduce soil ammonia volatilization, but no annual systematic study in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system exists. Nitrogen fertilizer was deeply applied to soil from a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system to determine the effects on ammonia emissions and optimize farmland fertilization. Five treatments were used from October 2018 to October 2019: no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilizer surface-application (T1), slow-release fertilizer surface-application (T2), twice layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T3), and single layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T4). Ammonia volatilization primarily occurred in the corn top-dressing season and accounted for 84.84% of the annual ammonia volatilization. The cumulative amounts of annual ammonia volatiles were 22.75 (T1), 6.17 (T2), 2.25 (T3), and 0.55 kg·hm?2(T4), accounting for 4.86%, 1.32%, 0.48%, and 0.16% of the total fertilizer application, respectively. The slow-release fertilizer treatments reduced the ammonia volatilization loss by 72.88% (T2), 90.11% (T3), and 96.30% (T4) compared to T1. The single deep application treatment (T4) avoided the summertime high soil ammonia volatilization period, and the cumulative annual ammonia emissions were comparable to the unfertilized emissions (0.43 kg·hm?2). The annual yields were 8.31 (CK), 13.20 (T1), 12.66 (T2), 14.42 (T3), 14.22 (T4) t·hm?2; and compared with T1, the slow-release fertilizer deep application increased the crop yield by 9.25% (T3) and 7.75% (T4). The surface application of slow-release fertilizer (T2) slightly decreased the yield but significantly reduced the ammonia volatilization amount. In conclusion, the deep application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer improved crop yield and reduced soil ammonia emissions, and was shown to be a simple, efficient, and environment-friendly fertilization method.

Ammonia volatilization; Nitrogen deep application; Ammonia discharge per unit output; Slow-release fertilizer; Winter wheat-summer maize rotation

S143.1

10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.200290

胡瞞瞞, 董文旭, 王文巖, Gokul Gaudel, Peter Mosongo, 胡春勝. 華北平原氮肥周年深施對(duì)冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系土壤氨揮發(fā)的影響[J]. 中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào)(中英文), 2020, 28(12): 1880-1889

HU M M, DONG W X, WANG W Y, GAUDEL G, MOSONGO P, HU C S. The effects of deep application of nitrogen fertilization on ammonia volatilization in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2020, 28(12): 1880-1889

* 國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018YFC0213300, 2017YFD0800601)和國家自然基金項(xiàng)目(31570442)資助

胡春勝, 主要從事農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳氮水循環(huán)和土壤生態(tài)過程研究。E-mail: cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

胡瞞瞞, 主要研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)氨減排。E-mail: 2572083047@qq.com

2020-04-17

2020-07-29

* This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0213300, 2017YFD0800601), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570442).

, E-mail: cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

Apr. 17, 2020;

Jul. 29, 2020