林天來(lái) 李才輝 黃玲 廖艷軍 黃秀婷 劉招杰 戴曉東 張洪玲
【摘要】 目的:通過(guò)比較仰臥位機(jī)械通氣(supine position ventilation,SPV)和俯臥位機(jī)械通氣(prone position ventilation,PPV)對(duì)重癥吸入性肺炎患者呼吸功能和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響,進(jìn)一步探究俯臥位機(jī)械通氣對(duì)重癥吸入性肺炎患者的療效,為合理的臨床診療提供更多理論依據(jù)。方法:選取2018年1月-2019年12月就診筆者醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科的174例重癥吸入性肺炎患者作為研究對(duì)象,均實(shí)施機(jī)械通氣治療,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為SPV組(n=91,仰臥位)與PPV組(n=83,俯臥位),對(duì)兩組治療效果進(jìn)行對(duì)比。結(jié)果:治療前兩組FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、PaCO2、SpO2及OI比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后第1、3天PPV組FiO2、PEEP均高于SPV組,而PaO2、SpO2、OI均低于SPV組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組治療后第5、7天FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、SpO2、OI比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后兩組PaCO2比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療前兩組HR、MAP及CVP比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后第1天PPV組HR高于SPV組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),治療后第3、5、7天兩組HR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后兩組MAP、CVP比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:俯臥位機(jī)械通氣能夠迅速改善重癥吸入性肺炎的呼吸功能且對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無(wú)明顯影響,但遠(yuǎn)期療效無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 俯臥位 機(jī)械通氣 重癥 吸入性肺炎
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.27.005 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2020)27-00-03
[Abstract] Objective: By comparing the influences of supine position mechanical ventilation (SPV) and prone position mechanical ventilation (PPV) on the respiratory function and hemodynamics of patients with severe inhalation pneumonia, the efficacy of mechanical ventilation in prone position is further investigated in order to provide more theoretical basis for reasonable clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method: A total of 174 patients with severe aspiration pneumonia in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the authors hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected as the research subjects. They were all treated with mechanical ventilation, according to the random number table method, patients were divided into the SPV group (n=91, supine position) and the PPV group (n=83, prone position), and the therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Result: There were no statistically significant differences in FiO2, PEEP, PaO2, PaCO2, SpO2 and OI between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05), on day 1 and 3 after treatment, FiO2 and PEEP in PPV group were all higher than those in SPV group, while PaO2, SpO2 and OI were all lower than those in SPV group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), there were no statistically significant differences in FiO2, PEEP, PaO2, SpO2 and OI between the two groups on day 5 and 7 after treatment (P>0.05), and there were no statistically significant differences in PaCO2 between the two groups after treatment (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in HR, MAP and CVP between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05), HR in the PPV group was higher than that in the SPV group on day 1 after treatment, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in HR between the two groups on day 3, 5 and 7 after treatment (P>0.05), there were no statistically significant differences in MAP and CVP between the two groups after treatment (P>0.05). Conclusion: The prone position ventilation can quickly improve the respiratory function of severe aspiration pneumonia without significant effect on hemodynamics, but there is no significant advantage in long-term efficacy.
[Key words] Prone position Mechanical ventilation Servious illness Aspiration pneumonia
First-authors address: Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
吸入性肺炎(aspiration pneumonia)是臨床上常見(jiàn)的一種呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,嚴(yán)重者可發(fā)生呼吸衰竭甚至急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),對(duì)患者身心健康造成嚴(yán)重影響[1]。重癥吸入性肺炎患者通常需要進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣治療,而不同機(jī)械通氣方式的治療效果也不盡相同。本研究選取醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的重癥吸入性肺炎患者174例,分別進(jìn)行仰臥位機(jī)械通氣(supine position ventilation,SPV)和俯臥位機(jī)械通氣(prone position ventilation,PPV),通過(guò)比較兩組患者呼吸功能和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo),進(jìn)一步探究PPV對(duì)重癥吸入性肺炎患者的療效,為合理的臨床診療提供更多理論依據(jù),具體如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2018年1月-2019年12月就診于筆者醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科的174例重癥吸入性肺炎患者作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18歲;(2)有導(dǎo)致誤吸的基礎(chǔ)疾病;(3)需進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣治療;(4)呼吸頻率≥30次/min,氧合指數(shù)(oxygenation index,OI)≤250 mm Hg;(5)胸片顯示肺部有浸潤(rùn)性陰影或提示有間質(zhì)性改變。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核、肺部惡性腫瘤、非感染性間質(zhì)性肺病、急性肺水腫、肺動(dòng)脈栓塞、大咳血、肺大皰、未經(jīng)引流的高壓氣胸等;(2)近期有頜面、胸部手術(shù)、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)極不穩(wěn)定、頸胸腰椎骨折、腹內(nèi)壓明顯增高等行俯臥位通氣的相對(duì)禁忌證。均實(shí)施機(jī)械通氣治療,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為SPV組(n=91)與PPV組(n=83)。SPV組男71例(78.02%),女20例(21.98%),年齡36~85歲,平均(60.62±17.35)歲;BMI(23.25±2.31)kg/m2,急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation scoring system,APACHE)Ⅱ評(píng)分(19.82±5.69)分[2]。
PPV組男62例(74.70%),女21例(25.30%),年齡37~86歲,平均(61.69±16.39)歲;BMI(23.53±3.52)kg/m2,APACHEⅡ評(píng)分(21.08±5.23)分。兩組性別、年齡、BMI、APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分等一般資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性?;颊呋蚣覍僮栽溉虢M,能理解和簽署知情同意書,本研究已通過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
(1)所有患者均接受相同常規(guī)治療(鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜、氣管插管接呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣、翻身、拍背、抗感染、霧化吸入等)。(2)SPV組:仰臥位,四肢自由放置于身體兩側(cè),頭偏向一側(cè),呼吸機(jī)參數(shù)[容量控制通氣,潮氣量8~10 ml/kg、吸入氧濃度40%~100%、呼吸頻10~20次/min、吸氣時(shí)間1.0~1.2 s、呼氣末正壓(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)5~15 cm H2O],定期翻身。(3)PPV組:俯臥位(通氣模式與SPV組相同),具體方法如下:①準(zhǔn)備墊枕、約束帶、搶救物品等;②充分鎮(zhèn)靜;③一人于床頭保護(hù)患者頭面部、氣道及管路,兩人分別于患者兩側(cè),先將患者平移至病床一側(cè),然后轉(zhuǎn)為側(cè)臥位,進(jìn)而俯臥位于床上,保護(hù)管路,在胸、髂、腿部墊軟枕,一人于床尾搬動(dòng)下肢并保護(hù)管路;④俯臥位后使患者頭部略向一側(cè),面部用軟墊支撐,雙臀抬起,肘部彎曲放在頭部?jī)蓚?cè);⑤2次/d,持續(xù)時(shí)間據(jù)患者耐受程度及血氧飽和度而定,一般4~6 h。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄并比較治療前及治療后第1、3、5、7天兩組呼吸功能指標(biāo),包括吸入氧濃度(fraction of inspiration O2,F(xiàn)iO2)、PEEP、PaO2、動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓(arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)、脈搏血氧飽和度(saturation of pulse oximetry,SpO2)、OI;血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo),包括心率(heart rate,HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS 24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組不同時(shí)間段呼吸功能指標(biāo)比較
治療前兩組FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、PaCO2、SpO2及OI比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后第1、3天PPV組FiO2、PEEP均高于SPV組,而PaO2、SpO2、OI均低于SPV組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組治療后第5、7天FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、SpO2、OI比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后兩組PaCO2比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組不同時(shí)間段循環(huán)功能指標(biāo)比較
治療前兩組HR、MAP及CVP比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后第1天PPV組HR高于SPV組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),治療后第3、5、7天兩組HR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后兩組MAP、CVP比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
吸入性肺炎是指存在以意識(shí)障礙、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、食管功能障礙或食管機(jī)械阻塞、進(jìn)食或嘔吐過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)誤吸為特征的肺炎,其發(fā)病率占肺炎患者的5%~15%[3-4]。在誤吸發(fā)生后,肺部首先會(huì)發(fā)生化學(xué)性損傷,隨即感染、炎癥會(huì)相繼出現(xiàn),從而引發(fā)呼吸衰竭甚至ARDS,其中約1/3的吸入性肺炎患者會(huì)發(fā)生更嚴(yán)重和持續(xù)的ARDS[5]。對(duì)于吸入性肺炎患者,有效控制感染、促進(jìn)排痰、改善呼吸功能是治療的基本治療原則,其中及時(shí)開放氣道和氣道引流是改善氧合的關(guān)鍵。而對(duì)于重癥吸入性肺炎患者,及時(shí)氣管插管、清除氣道分泌物和使用肺部保護(hù)策略進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣是最基本的搶救措施[6]。
既往的研究結(jié)果表明機(jī)械通氣對(duì)治療重癥吸入性肺炎有顯著療效,現(xiàn)階段臨床中常用的機(jī)械通氣模式主要為SPV和PPV,但關(guān)于不同機(jī)械通氣模式的療效差異還沒(méi)有確切的研究結(jié)果[7-9]。本試驗(yàn)中,治療前兩組FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、PaCO2、SPO2及OI等呼吸功能指標(biāo)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后第1、3天PPV組FiO2、PEEP均高于SPV組,而PaO2、SPO2、OI均低于SPV組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后第5、7天兩組FiO2、PEEP、PaO2、SPO2、OI比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療后兩組PaCO2比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。這一結(jié)果表明PPV可通過(guò)改善患者背側(cè)肺通氣,使萎陷的肺泡重新開放,水腫液重新分布,改善通氣/血流比例,最終使肺容積增加,進(jìn)而改善重癥吸入性肺炎患者的呼吸功能[10-11],提示在臨床工作中對(duì)常規(guī)氧療無(wú)效患者采用PPV能夠快速改善其呼吸功能。但是到機(jī)械通氣后第5天和第7天時(shí),兩組間呼吸功能已無(wú)明顯差異,導(dǎo)致這一結(jié)果的原因可能為重癥吸入性肺炎患者呼吸功能受感染、合并癥等諸多因素影響,僅機(jī)械通氣無(wú)法成為呼吸功能的獨(dú)立影響因素,需要在今后的研究中對(duì)重癥吸入性肺炎患者呼吸功能的影響指標(biāo)進(jìn)行多因素分析。此外,經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖顯示俯臥位能夠減輕患者右心擴(kuò)大程度及室間隔運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,降低右心后負(fù)荷[12]。本研究提示兩組機(jī)械通氣后HR、MAP、CVP等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)無(wú)顯著改變,這表明PPV在改善重癥吸入性肺炎患者呼吸功能的同時(shí)對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響不大[13]。
綜上所述,PPV能夠迅速改善重癥吸入性肺炎患者的呼吸功能且對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)無(wú)明顯影響,但遠(yuǎn)期療效無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Son Y G,Shin J,Ryu H G.Pneumonitis and pneumonia after aspiration[J].J Dent Anesth Pain Med,2017,17(1):1-12.
[2]孟新科.急危重癥評(píng)分-評(píng)估、預(yù)測(cè)、處理[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2008:113.
[3] Legriel S,Grigoresco B,Martel P,et al.Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin for Early Aspiration Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients with Coma: A Prospective Study[J].Neurocrit Care,2019,30(2):440-448.
[4] Kaneoka A,Pisegna J M,Inokuchi H,et al.Relationship Between Laryngeal Sensory Deficits, Aspiration, and Pneumonia in Patients with Dysphagia[J].Dysphagia,2018,33(2):192-199.
[5] O'Neill O M,Johnston B T,Coleman H G.Achalasia: a review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and outcomes[J].World J Gastroenterol,2013,19(35):5806-5812.
[6] Neill S,Dean N.Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: a spectrum of infectious/noninfectious diseases affecting the lung[J].Curr Opin Infect Dis,2019,32(2):152-157.
[7] Ott S R,Lode H.Diagnostik und Therapie der Aspirationspneumonie (Diagnosis and therapy of aspiration pneumonia)[J].Dtsch Med Wochenschr,2006,131(12):624-628.
[8]杜航向,陳黎雄,周珊珊.俯臥位機(jī)械通氣對(duì)重癥吸入性肺炎患者氧合及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響[J].中國(guó)初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健,2018,32(5):93-94.
[9]何招輝,陳志,賀慧為,等.纖支鏡吸痰聯(lián)合俯臥位通氣治療重癥吸入性肺炎療效觀察[J].江西醫(yī)藥,2016,51(12):1394-1396.
[10] Fanelli V,Mehta S.Open the lung with high-frequency oscillation ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation? It may not matter![J].Crit Care,2010,14(6):1010.
[11] Faqih N A,Qabba'h S H,Rihani R S,et al.The use of high frequency oscillatory ventilation in a pediatric oncology intensive care unit[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer,2012,58(3):384-389.
[12] Vieillard-Baron A,Charron C,Caille V,et al.Prone positioning unloads the right ventricle in severe ARDS[J].Chest,2007,132(5):1440-1446.
[13] Liu Y,Lan Q,Wang D,et al.Experience of pressure controlled lung recruitment combined with prone position ventilation for the treatment of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue,2017,29(2):177-178.
(收稿日期:2020-07-31) (本文編輯:馬竹君)