陳翠嫻
對話是故事角色在故事中相互之間的談話或自言自語的內(nèi)心獨白。對話描寫是故事敘述中的一種重要手段,在讀后續(xù)寫中運用適當?shù)膶υ捗鑼?,能揭示人物的性格和個性,打破單調(diào),能夠鋪墊出合理的續(xù)寫情節(jié),從而推動情節(jié)向前發(fā)展。
一、對話提示詞
1. 對話提示詞,如said Winston、he said、he added等(注意,主語是名詞時通常放在動詞后;主語是代詞時,放在動詞前)。提示詞的位置可以放在引用的對話前、中、后三個位置,它與對話內(nèi)容部分構(gòu)成一個整體,不需要大寫。如:
“When you were a young man we were all living in the treetops,”said the barman, with a glance at the other customers.
2. 為了避免單調(diào),除了常見的say, ask, answer, yell, call, cry外,對話提示詞中還可用其他動詞:
think(想);declare(表明,宣稱);admit(承認);detail(詳細解釋道);emphasize(強調(diào));remember(回想起,記得);recall(回想起,記起);comfort(安慰);begin(開始講話);add(補充說,繼續(xù)說);hesitate(猶豫);continue(繼續(xù));repeat(重說);scream(尖叫,大聲叫); exclaim(驚叫,呼喊);scold(責備);laugh(發(fā)笑);chuckle(低聲輕笑);sneer(嘲笑,譏諷);shout(大聲說,怒罵);reply(回答);sob(啜泣);demand(要求);command(命令);suggest(建議);persist(堅持);remark(說起,評論);agree(同意);beg(懇求,哀求);announce(宣布);explain(解釋);sigh(嘆息);correct(糾正); whisper(耳語;小聲說);grunt(咕噥);mumble(口齒不清地說);stammer(結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說);stutter(結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說);groan(發(fā)牢騷);grumble(嘟噥;發(fā)牢騷);mutter(嘀咕;發(fā)牢騷);complain(抱怨);murmur(喃喃細語);moan(呻吟,抱怨);gabble(急促而含混不清地說);gasp(氣喘吁吁地說);snarl(不耐煩地說);snap(厲聲說,怒氣沖沖地說);bellow(怒吼);growl(怒吼)等。
二、對話中的標點符號
1. 對話中的逗號要放在引號里面。對話提示詞與引用的話語構(gòu)成一個完整的句子,引號的結(jié)尾常用逗號。如:
“And now I must go,”she said as soon as he had mastered his instructions.
注意:如果對話提示詞在一個完整對話中間,其后需用逗號,且后半句話的開頭首字母用小寫。如:
“Dont be late for supper,”Uncle Paul cried,“and keep to the track so that you dont get lost!”
2. 引號內(nèi)可使用感嘆號或問號。如:
“Whatever is he saying?”said a voice, very near, distinct and shrill through the warbling of the Super-Wurlitzer.
“These women!”he said, as the machine rose into the air.
三、展示對話的5個有效方法
對話一般由引用部分、標點符號、對話提示語和其他成分構(gòu)成。對話提示語后如適當增加其他成分,能夠生動傳神地展示對話。以下是生動傳神地展示對話的5個有效方法,例句選自自喬治·奧威爾的《1984》和阿道司·赫胥黎的《美麗新世界》英語原版小說中的對話:
1. 增加副詞
在對話提示詞后增加副詞,加強描繪說話人的語氣情感,使對話更形象化。
[例1]“You must have seen great changes since you were a young man,”said Winston tentatively.
[例2]“In the place where there is no darkness?”he said hesitantly.
2. 并列動詞
在對話中增加動作描寫,能渲染故事氣氛,增添畫面感。
[例3]“Seven minutes behind time,”he added, and shook his head.
[例4]“Perhaps we had better go on,”said Miss Keate, and moved towards the door.
3. 增加介詞短語
在對話提示詞后增加介詞短語,能夠更詳細地表現(xiàn)出說話者的神態(tài)、語調(diào)、聲音等具體情況。
[例5]“You all remember,”said the Controller, in his strong deep voice ...
[例6]“The Ministry of Plentys certainly done a good job this year,”he said with a knowing shake of his head.
4. 增加分詞短語
在對話中增加分詞或分詞短語表示伴隨狀況,不僅能夠增添畫面感,而且能夠使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復雜,表達更加豐富。
[例7]“What are you giving them?”asked Mr. Foster, making his tone very professional.(分詞短語)
[例8]“Yes,”said Mustapha Mond, nodding his head,“you may well shudder.”(分詞短語)
5. 增加狀語從句
在對話中增加從句,使得續(xù)寫的語法結(jié)構(gòu)更加復雜,同時,更細節(jié)化地表達說話人說話時的具體情況。
[例9]“At last,”she thought exultantly as she stepped out of the cab.(從句)
[例10]“In the place where there is no darkness,”he said, as though he had recognized the allusion.(從句)
學會在續(xù)寫的對話中正確使用標點符號,在對話提示詞中靈活運用不同的動詞,掌握展示對話的5種方法,從而達到提高自身語言表達的準確性和生動性。在讀后續(xù)寫中展示對話,能夠豐富續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容和語言,增強語篇的連貫性,有利于推動合理的續(xù)寫情節(jié)。
責任編輯 蔣小青