張浩怡 張鶴鳴
[摘要]目前,抑郁癥已成為全球不可忽視的一類嚴(yán)重危害人類身心健康的精神類疾病。臨床上常用的抗抑郁藥多由化學(xué)合成,普遍存在副作用大、起效緩慢、療效差等問(wèn)題。傳統(tǒng)中藥在治療抑郁癥等精神類疾病上具有獨(dú)特的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此為開發(fā)尋找具有療效好、副作用小的抗抑郁藥提供了可能。本文基于近期不同的抗抑郁中藥研究,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中抗抑郁中藥的作用機(jī)理,針對(duì)單味及復(fù)方中藥的抗抑郁機(jī)理進(jìn)行梳理概括,為中藥在抑郁癥臨床治療及基礎(chǔ)研究提供一定的參考依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]抑郁癥;中藥;機(jī)制;抗抑郁
[中圖分類號(hào)] R277.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)6(c)-0025-05
Research progress of Chinese medicine treating depression
ZHANG Hao-yi? ?ZHANG He-ming▲
Institute of Brain Science and Rehabilitation Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510000, China
[Abstract] At present, depression has become a kind of mental illness that can not be ignored, which seriously endangers human physical and mental health. Antidepressant has been widely used in the clinic which are mostly chemically synthesized, with disadvantages of large side effects, slow onset, and poor efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique experience in treating depression and other psychiatric diseases, so it is possible to develop antidepressants with good efficacy and small side effects. Based on recent researches on different antidepressant Chinese medicine, this paper focuses on the mechanism of antidepressant Chinese medicine both in clinical and animal experiments, summarizes the antidepressant mechanism of single and compound Chinese medicine, so as to provide the necessary theoretical basis for Chinese medicine in clinical treatment and basic research.
[Key words] Depression; Chinese medicine; Mechanism; Antidepressant
抑郁癥是一類嚴(yán)重危害人類身心健康的精神類疾病,其臨床表現(xiàn)以情緒低落為主要特征,首先表現(xiàn)出心情低落、快感缺失到后期的痛不欲生、悲痛欲絕、甚至最后發(fā)展到絕望厭世,出現(xiàn)自殺傾向或行為。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)測(cè)到2020年抑郁癥將成為世界上第二大的疾病[1]。臨床上開發(fā)的多種抗抑郁藥物大多治療效果不理想且普通存在治療周期長(zhǎng)、副作用大、藥物依賴性強(qiáng)等不足。因此尋找和開發(fā)具有高效、副作用小的抗抑郁藥物成為抑郁癥治療的關(guān)鍵。中醫(yī)藥在抑郁癥上有獨(dú)特的治療優(yōu)勢(shì),主要表現(xiàn)在中藥治療抑郁癥方面有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及大量的臨床研究,同時(shí)獲得了一定獨(dú)特的療效及降低了藥物的副作用,如減輕患者對(duì)于藥物依賴性。目前中藥在抑郁癥治療多從單味中藥及活性成分或者古代經(jīng)典方及加減入手[2]。本文基于近期不同的抗抑郁中藥研究,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中抗抑郁中藥的作用機(jī)理,針對(duì)于單味及復(fù)方中藥的抗抑郁機(jī)理進(jìn)行梳理概括,為中藥在抑郁癥臨床治療及基礎(chǔ)研究中提供一定的參考依據(jù)。
1單味中藥及活性成分
1.1理氣藥
1.1.1柴胡? 柴胡在臨床上常用于治療難治性抑郁癥,其有效成分為柴胡皂苷,無(wú)明顯不良反應(yīng),并且具有口服易吸收等特點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)代藥理研究已證實(shí)柴胡總皂苷可以縮短小鼠懸尾和強(qiáng)迫游泳的不動(dòng)時(shí)間,揭示柴胡總皂苷具有抗抑郁作用。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)柴胡總皂苷抗抑郁作用可能與其增加小鼠海馬突觸蛋白表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)激活A(yù)MPA受體和隨后的mTOR信號(hào)通路有關(guān)[3]。柴胡皂苷A是柴胡的主要成分之一,其給藥能夠增加CUMS大鼠蔗糖偏好,降低新穎性抑制喂養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)的攝食潛伏期,縮短強(qiáng)迫游泳試驗(yàn)的不動(dòng)時(shí)間;對(duì)于CUMS大鼠HPA軸和神經(jīng)炎癥有調(diào)節(jié)作用,促進(jìn)海馬BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)傳遞。這些結(jié)果提示柴胡皂苷A對(duì)大鼠具有抗抑郁作用,其作用可能與海馬神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)炎癥和神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)有關(guān)[4]。柴胡皂苷-D是柴胡另外一種主要成分,可以緩解CUMS大鼠的抑郁樣行為,其機(jī)理涉及到調(diào)節(jié)海馬LPA1/RhoA/ROCK2信號(hào)通路,抑制神經(jīng)元凋亡[5]或通過(guò)調(diào)整HPA軸功能與增加海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生及神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)功能[6]有關(guān)。
1.1.2枳殼? 現(xiàn)代研究發(fā)現(xiàn)枳殼的水提物能夠顯著縮短小鼠在強(qiáng)迫游泳和懸吊實(shí)驗(yàn)中的不動(dòng)時(shí)間,體外實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了枳殼水提物及其四種主要成分如橙皮苷等對(duì)皮質(zhì)酮誘導(dǎo)PC12細(xì)胞神經(jīng)毒性具有保護(hù)作用,這些結(jié)果提示枳殼水提物具有一定的抗抑郁作用[7]。橙皮苷是枳殼的有效成分之一,現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)橙皮苷能夠調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)和體外HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB信號(hào)通路和BDNF/TrkB通路來(lái)降低炎癥細(xì)胞因子水平起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,從而改善CUMS小鼠的抑郁樣行為[8]。
1.1.3香附? 王君明等[9]證實(shí)香附活性醇提取物具有抗抑郁作用,能夠縮短小鼠懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)和強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)中的不動(dòng)時(shí)間。在“行為絕望”動(dòng)物模型,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)香附醇提物乙酸乙酯萃取部位和正丁醇萃取部位能夠顯著縮短小鼠強(qiáng)迫游泳和懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)的不動(dòng)時(shí)間,增加大腦單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺(5-HT)和多巴胺(DA)的含量,提示香附醇提物具有改善小鼠抑郁樣行為的作用[10]。香附抗抑郁的網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),香附的抗抑郁作用主要通過(guò)參與黏著斑信號(hào)通路、神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子信號(hào)通路、促性腺激素釋放信號(hào)通路來(lái)改善神經(jīng)元生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,減少神經(jīng)元損傷和調(diào)控中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、ErbB和趨化因子等信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路參與炎性反應(yīng)及免疫反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)從而發(fā)揮抗抑郁效應(yīng)[11]。
1.2補(bǔ)益藥
1.2.1人參? 現(xiàn)代研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人參的多種成分均具有一定的抗抑郁效果。有報(bào)道稱人參總皂甙可以通過(guò)激活海馬GSK-3β-CREB信號(hào)通路和改變可塑性蛋白的含量來(lái)改善皮質(zhì)酮誘導(dǎo)小鼠的抑郁樣癥狀[12]。Wang等[13-15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人參皂苷Rb1在CUMS模型老鼠的抗抑郁效果可能與海馬CA3和前額葉皮質(zhì)中單胺類受體[5-HT能、去甲腎上腺素(NE)能和多巴胺能]和氨基酸能受體[谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能]有關(guān),另外還與海馬和前額葉皮質(zhì)的BDNF-TrkB-CREB信號(hào)通路的激活有關(guān)。人參皂苷Rg1是人參抗抑郁作用研究較多的一種成分之一,其抗抑郁機(jī)制涉及到多個(gè)腦區(qū),包括海馬、前額葉皮質(zhì)、杏仁核等腦區(qū),與HPA軸、HPG軸、神經(jīng)發(fā)生、神經(jīng)可塑性、單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)(5-HT、NE等),神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)[16-20]。此外,Rh2、R-PHQ和S-PHQ等人參成分也表現(xiàn)出抗抑郁作用,其機(jī)理與BDNF/TrkB和Sirt1/NF-κB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)[21]。
1.2.2紅景天? 在對(duì)重度抑郁癥患者臨床治療上,紅景天盡管在療效上不如舍曲林,但其比舍曲林的副作用少,耐受性強(qiáng),表明紅景天有益于輕中度抑郁癥的治療[22]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紅景天的主要成分紅景天苷可以降低嗅球切除大鼠的前額葉皮層中的白介素-1β(IL-1β)和白介素-6(IL-6)水平,抑制NF-κB的激活,恢復(fù)額葉前皮質(zhì)異常的單胺類系統(tǒng),從而發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[23]。此外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紅景天苷不僅可減少海馬腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和IL-1β水平,增加海馬糖皮質(zhì)激素受體(GR)和腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)的表達(dá),還能減少下丘腦促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素(CRH)的表達(dá),顯著降低血清中皮質(zhì)酮水平[24]。
1.2.3巴戟天? 現(xiàn)代臨床研究已證實(shí)巴戟天寡糖膠囊能有效緩解輕、中度抑郁癥的臨床病情。劉志慧[25]在關(guān)于巴戟天寡糖膠囊治療腎陽(yáng)虧虛型輕中度抑郁癥的臨床研究中,對(duì)97例腎陽(yáng)虧虛型輕中度抑郁癥患者采用巴戟天寡糖膠囊治療,證實(shí)了巴戟天寡糖膠囊對(duì)于抑郁患者治療的安全性和有效性。在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,巴戟天的有效成分巴戟天寡糖能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)CUMS大鼠的糖水偏好度下降和強(qiáng)迫不動(dòng)時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)等抑郁樣行為,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其抗抑郁作用機(jī)制可能是通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)大鼠內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層的BDNF-GSK-3β-β-catenin通路來(lái)提高大鼠抗壓能力[26]。
1.3其他藥物
臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅理氣藥和補(bǔ)益藥有一定的抗抑郁作用,在其他類藥物上也陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗抑郁作用。如貫葉金絲桃與選擇性5-HT再攝取抑制劑(SSRI)抗抑郁藥物相比,貫葉金絲桃在治療輕中度的抑郁癥患者上,表現(xiàn)出更好的療效,具有更高的安全性[27]。解表藥中有關(guān)紫蘇的藥理研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紫蘇揮發(fā)油能夠改善CUMS小鼠的抑郁樣行為,可能與其增加5-HT及代謝產(chǎn)物5-HTAA的濃度,降低IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的水平有關(guān)[28]。遠(yuǎn)志作為養(yǎng)心安神藥的一種,發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)志的水提物可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)抑郁癥關(guān)鍵腦回路中谷氨酸能突觸來(lái)發(fā)揮快速抗抑郁作用[29]。平肝熄風(fēng)中的天麻被報(bào)道具有一定的抗抑郁作用,其抗抑郁主要是通過(guò)5-HT及DA等單胺神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)[30]和神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)[31]。活血化瘀藥川芎的有效成分川芎嗪藥理研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可改善小鼠的抑郁樣行為,恢復(fù)慢性社會(huì)失敗應(yīng)激CSDS誘導(dǎo)的BDNF信號(hào)通路的減少和海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生[26]。
2中藥復(fù)方治療抑郁癥
由于單味中藥在臨床上治療抑郁癥中表現(xiàn)出的療效不明顯,用藥量大,同時(shí)還存在藥物本身的不良反應(yīng)等諸多因素,因此在臨床上使用單味中藥治療疾病的運(yùn)用案例較少,多用中藥復(fù)方治療抑郁癥。一方面中藥復(fù)方能很好地體現(xiàn)中醫(yī)的整體觀和辨證論治的思想;另外一方面中藥復(fù)方用藥量少且能夠兼顧一些次要癥狀,更好地發(fā)揮中藥的治療特色。
2.1中藥復(fù)方
2.1.1四逆散? 臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)四逆散聯(lián)合米氮平片治療抑郁癥效果顯著,安全性高[32]。現(xiàn)代藥理研究證實(shí)了四逆散具有抗抑郁效果。周靜洋等[33]觀察到四逆散給藥能縮短抑郁模型小鼠在強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)中的不動(dòng)時(shí)間和降低γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)在血清中的含量,阻斷炎性因子誘導(dǎo)雙加氧酶(IDO)激活途徑,降低IDO的含量及活性,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)TRP-KYN代謝產(chǎn)生抗抑郁效果。在研究四逆散對(duì)早年應(yīng)激大鼠的抗抑郁影響中發(fā)現(xiàn)四逆散干預(yù)能夠緩解母嬰分離應(yīng)激所致大鼠的體重增長(zhǎng)降低,糖水偏愛(ài)率下降,以及強(qiáng)迫游泳中不動(dòng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的抑郁樣行為;同時(shí)證實(shí)四逆散給藥能通過(guò)5-HT1A受體CREB/BDNF途徑改善母嬰分離誘導(dǎo)大鼠的抑郁樣行為[34]。
2.1.2柴胡疏肝散? 柴胡疏肝散具有疏肝解郁、行氣止痛之功效,為疏肝理氣代表名方。在關(guān)于柴胡疏肝散治療抑郁癥臨床效果的Meta分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)單獨(dú)使用該方治療抑郁癥效果明顯優(yōu)于抗抑郁藥,驗(yàn)證了該方在治療抑郁癥上的有效性和安全性[35]。藥理學(xué)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)其能夠抑制抑郁模型大鼠海馬中c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)的表達(dá),改善大鼠的抑郁樣癥狀[36]。除此之外,其抗抑郁機(jī)制可能涉及到能量代謝、色氨酸代謝以及肝臟解毒功能[37],近期有報(bào)道稱柴胡疏肝散能夠下調(diào)海馬中miR-124的表達(dá)和釋放MAPK14和Gria3信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)海馬突觸的形成從而改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁樣行為[38]。
2.1.3逍遙散? 逍遙散在臨床及動(dòng)物研究中均已證實(shí)了其具有明顯的抗抑郁效果。在動(dòng)物研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)逍遙散在多個(gè)腦區(qū)及多個(gè)作用環(huán)節(jié)中起到抗抑郁作用。有研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)逍遙散可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)CUMS小鼠下丘腦apelin-apj系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮其抗抑郁效果[39]。逍遙散在慢性束縛應(yīng)激大鼠產(chǎn)生的抗抑郁作用可能與海馬中色氨酸代謝通路的改變有關(guān)[40]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)改良版逍遙散能夠通過(guò)改善海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生和糾正慢性應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)小鼠的BOLD-fMRI信號(hào),發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[41]。
2.1.4開心散? 藥理研究表明,開心散給藥能夠通過(guò)增加應(yīng)激小鼠腦內(nèi)的腎上腺素、DA、5-HT的含量調(diào)節(jié)中樞單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)[42],同時(shí)也能作用于海馬神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子系統(tǒng)[43]來(lái)減輕應(yīng)激大鼠的抑郁癥狀。另外在突觸方面,開心散能夠上調(diào)應(yīng)激大鼠海馬突觸蛋白的表達(dá),促進(jìn)海馬突觸傳遞發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[44]。值得注意的是,開心散還能夠克服抗抑郁西藥耐藥性副作用等問(wèn)題。有報(bào)道稱開心散能降低氟西汀耐藥性抑郁大鼠海馬中TNF-α水平和血清中白介素-2(IL-2)和TNF-α水平,同時(shí)增加海馬和血清中IFN-γ和白介素-10(IL-10)水平,提示開心散能夠調(diào)節(jié)多種炎癥途徑改善氟西汀耐藥性抑郁大鼠的行為[45]。
2.1.5甘麥大棗湯? 臨床上發(fā)現(xiàn)采用甘麥大棗湯治療腦卒中后抑郁癥具有較好的臨床效果,不良反應(yīng)少[46]。在關(guān)于甘麥大棗湯對(duì)抑郁癥治療安全性和有效性的Meta分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)甘麥大棗湯本身具有抗抑郁效果,聯(lián)合抗抑郁藥可進(jìn)一步減少抗抑郁藥的副作用,提高療效[47]。在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)上,使用甘麥大棗湯不僅能降低強(qiáng)迫游泳大鼠腦內(nèi)3,4-二羥基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和DOPAC/DA比例,還可以提高5-HT和DA的濃度,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮抗抑郁效果[48]。
2.2其他復(fù)方
除上述提到的復(fù)方外,其他中藥復(fù)方中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗抑郁作用。如左金丸乙醇提取物能夠顯著提高小鼠海馬紋狀體中NE、5-HT的含量以及紋狀體中DA的含量,進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)緩解抑郁模型小鼠不動(dòng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的抑郁樣行為,發(fā)揮抗抑郁效果[49]。在越鞠丸對(duì)應(yīng)激小鼠長(zhǎng)期抗抑郁研究中,Xue等[50]證實(shí)了越鞠丸具有長(zhǎng)期抗抑郁效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)其抗抑郁作用可能與海馬中的PKA-CREB-BDNF信號(hào)通路激活有關(guān)。
3小結(jié)與展望
無(wú)論是單味藥還是復(fù)方藥,其抗抑郁的機(jī)理均涉及到多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),包括單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)炎癥、神經(jīng)可塑性以及神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)等方面,其中以單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的研究最為常見,尤其是5-HT系統(tǒng)??挂钟羲幍淖饔貌课恢饕呛qR、皮質(zhì)、杏仁核、中縫背核、下丘腦等腦區(qū)和血液。其中大多數(shù)抗抑郁中藥均可在海馬和皮質(zhì)兩個(gè)腦區(qū)起作用。提示無(wú)論是單味中藥還是復(fù)方中藥都是通過(guò)多環(huán)節(jié)、多部位、多靶點(diǎn)效應(yīng)來(lái)發(fā)揮其抗抑郁作用。
綜上所述,中藥對(duì)于抑郁癥治療有良好的效果,可選擇的藥物種類繁多,并且對(duì)藥物的依賴性較低,不良反應(yīng)少,同時(shí)在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)也得到認(rèn)可。但也存在一些問(wèn)題,如中醫(yī)對(duì)于抑郁癥的臨床診斷缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中藥復(fù)方成分復(fù)雜,對(duì)于抗抑郁的具體機(jī)理尚不明確。同時(shí)一些中藥的抗抑郁效果僅在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行過(guò)驗(yàn)證,缺乏一定的臨床研究基礎(chǔ)。盡管中藥在抗抑郁研究中仍存在一定的不足,但其在抑郁癥治療中仍具有廣闊的前景。臨床需要進(jìn)一步加大對(duì)抗抑郁藥物有效成分及復(fù)方的探索,使中醫(yī)藥充分發(fā)揮其在抑郁癥方面的作用,更好地服務(wù)于抑郁癥的患者。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-28? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]張浩怡(1996-),女,華南師范大學(xué)腦科學(xué)與康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)研究院2019級(jí)在讀碩士研究生,專業(yè):微生物與生化藥學(xué),研究方向:藥物應(yīng)用
通訊作者:張鶴鳴,男,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:中藥及新藥研究開發(fā)、生物醫(yī)學(xué)光子學(xué)