王化清
遺漏介詞是學習英語時容易發(fā)生的錯誤,為了避免大家在運用英語知識時遺漏介詞,特介紹三種防范對策。
一、仔細分析句子,弄清句子結構
1. 注意帶“邏輯賓語”的動詞需加適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
他住哪一房間?
誤:Which room does he live?
析:此句與where does he live不同,where是疑問副詞,作狀語;而which room相當于一個名詞,且又作live的“邏輯賓語”,有“住在房間里”之意,故live后須加介詞in。
正:Which room does he live in?
2. 當間接賓語(人)置于直接賓語(物)后時,需要加適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
母親給兒子做了一件新外套。
誤:Mother made a new coat her son.
析:間接賓語在直接賓語前不用加介詞,而當間接賓語位于直接賓語之后時,有的動詞要求用介詞to,這些動詞有give, show, bring, take, send, lend, leave, pass, tell, write, return, throw, teach等;而有的動詞則要求用介詞for,這些動詞有buy, get, make, do, play, sell, keep, carry, call, save, order, cook, sing, find等。
正:Mother made a new coat for her son.= Mother made her son a new coat.
3.帶有疑問代詞/ 疑問副詞的不定式,有時作定語修飾前面的中心詞(一般是名詞),需要一個適當?shù)慕樵~。例如:
格林先生給了我們一些如何學好外語的指點。
誤:Mr. Green gave us some advice how to learn a foreign language well.
析:疑問副詞how與不定式to learn連用,構成不定式短語作定語修飾中心詞advice,根據句意與結構須加介詞on。
正:Mr. Green gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language well.
二、認真識別不及物動詞,須加介詞(或副詞)才能帶賓語
1.識辨“too ...to”結構中的“邏輯賓語”,例如:
那片森林太寬了,那些孩子走不過去。
誤:The forest is too wide for the children to walk.
析:在“too...to”結構中,當動詞不定式與句子的主語有邏輯上的“動賓關系”時,若動詞不定式是不及物動詞,則須用“不及物動詞+介詞”的結構。walk是不及物動詞,后面應加介詞through。
正:The forest is too wide for the children to walk through.
2.注意一些短語動詞用于被動語態(tài)中,不要遺漏介詞。例如:
從來沒有人像那樣跟你說過話嗎?
誤:Have you never been spoken like that?
析:speak在此處是不及物動詞,構成短語動詞才能用于被動語態(tài),不可遺漏介詞to。
正:Have you never been spoken to like that?
3.由不及物動詞構成的習慣用語較多,這里的介詞不可遺漏。例如:
不要擔心你的母親,她看上去氣色挺好。
誤:Don’ t worry your mother. She looks fine.
正:Don’ t worry about your mother. She looks fine.
三、行為動詞接不定式/動名詞作賓語時,應考慮加上適當?shù)慕樵~
在那時愛迪生的母親需要立即做手術。
誤1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating at once.
誤2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated at once.
析:need的賓語用動名詞的主動式和不定式的被動式一樣,均有被動意義。若need的賓語是由不及物動詞(如operate等)的動名詞/不定式充當,則須加上適當?shù)慕樵~。
正1:At that time Edison’ s mother needed operating on at once.
正2:At that time Edison’ s mother needed to be operated on at once.
小練習:單項選擇。
1. Children get gifts Christmas and their birthdays.
A. on; on ? B. at; on ? C. in; in ? D. in; on
2. —There is nothing tomorrow afternoon, is there?
—No. We can have a game of table tennis.
A. on ? ? B. in ? C. out ? D. up
3. A lot of students in our school were born March, 1981.
A. in ? B. at ? C. on ? D. since
4. The train is starting five minutes.
A. in ? B. at ? C. for ? ? D. still
5. Mike does his exercises seven the evening.
A. on; to ? B. at; in ? ? C. by; of ? D. at; on
Keys:AACAB