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不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小及與各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性研究

2020-09-02 06:58阿孜古力·馬義爾關(guān)歡歡李筱賀
關(guān)鍵詞:生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性腎臟

阿孜古力·馬義爾 關(guān)歡歡 李筱賀

[摘要] 目的 探討不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小及與各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。 方法 選取2018年8月—2019年2月寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院正常單胎妊娠孕婦127例為研究對(duì)象,按照孕齡將其分為24~27周組(19例);28~31周組(22例);32~35周組(44例);36~40周組(42例)。使用超聲儀分別測(cè)量胎兒雙頂徑(BPD)、頭圍(HC)、腹圍(AC)及股骨長(zhǎng)度(FL),雙腎的長(zhǎng)徑和橫徑,分析腎臟大小與胎兒各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 四組兩側(cè)腎臟長(zhǎng)、橫徑比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。腎臟大小與胎齡、BPD、HC、AC及FL呈正相關(guān),且均為線(xiàn)性關(guān)系。 結(jié)論 測(cè)量胎兒腎臟大小可作為判斷胎兒腎臟是否發(fā)育正常的可靠指標(biāo),早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟發(fā)育異常,提高優(yōu)生率;分析胎兒腎臟與各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系,可側(cè)面了解腎臟發(fā)育情況,全面了解胎兒整體發(fā)育情況,判斷胎兒發(fā)育是否不平衡。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲測(cè)量;胎兒;腎臟;生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo);相關(guān)性

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R445.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0100-03

Correlation study on kidney size and various growth indexes in fetuses of different gestational ages

Aziguli Mayier1*? ?GUAN Huanhuan2*? ?LI Xiaohe2

1.Department of Obstetrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan? ?750001, China; 2.Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot? ?010000, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation on kidney size and various growth indexes in fetuses of different gestational ages. Methods A total of 127 normal single pregnancy in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from August 2018 to February 2019 were selected as study objects. According to gestational age, they were divided into 24-27 week group (19 cases), 28-31 weeks group (22 cases), 32-35 weeks group (44 cases), 36-40 weeks group (42 cases). Ultrasonography was used to measure fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femoral length (FL), longitudinal and transverse diameters of both kidneys. The correlation between kidney size and fetal growth indexes were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in longitudinal and transverse diameters of both kidneys among four groups. The kidney size was positively correlated with gestational age, BPD, HC, AC and FL, and all were linearly correlated. Conclusion The measurement of fetal kidney size can be used as a reliable indicator to judge whether fetal kidney develops normally. By analyzing the relationship between fetal kidney and each growth index can understand the development of kidney laterally, understand the overall development of fetus comprehensively, and judge whether fetal development is unbalanced.

[Key words] Ultrasound measurement; Fetus; Kidney; Growth index; Relevance

準(zhǔn)確的胎齡是診斷胎兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育障礙和選擇分娩時(shí)機(jī)的關(guān)鍵,妊娠失敗可能導(dǎo)致醫(yī)源性早產(chǎn)或過(guò)期妊娠,并伴隨著圍生兒的發(fā)病率和死亡率[1]。與傳統(tǒng)的末次月經(jīng)推算法(LMP法)和臨床測(cè)量法比較,超聲測(cè)量孕齡的方法被認(rèn)為是評(píng)估胎齡最準(zhǔn)確的方法[2],其所用的生物測(cè)量參數(shù)包括孕囊體積、孕囊直徑、孕囊大小和頭臀徑(CRL)的測(cè)量,是妊娠早期最常用的測(cè)量方法。妊娠早期結(jié)束時(shí),雙頂徑(BPD)的測(cè)量比CRL更精確,因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)時(shí)期CRL會(huì)出現(xiàn)與胎兒彎曲和伸展相關(guān)的誤差問(wèn)題。BPD和股骨長(zhǎng)度(FL)通常用于中期妊娠孕齡測(cè)量。在較少的情況下,還會(huì)使用諸如經(jīng)小腦直徑、足長(zhǎng)和鎖骨長(zhǎng)度等生物計(jì)量指標(biāo)。晚期妊娠的超聲參數(shù)為BPD、FL、頭圍(HC)和腹圍(AC)等。超聲成像是醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)踐中最常用的橫斷面診斷成像方式,具有成本低、非電離、便攜、可實(shí)時(shí)采集和顯示圖像等特點(diǎn)[3-4]。而產(chǎn)科超聲非常有價(jià)值,通過(guò)優(yōu)化妊娠結(jié)局,在妊娠管理中發(fā)揮核心作用[5-7]。

本研究使用超聲波測(cè)量正常單胎妊娠孕婦的胎兒兩側(cè)腎臟長(zhǎng)、橫徑及BPD、FL、HC、AC,確定不同孕齡分組胎兒腎臟的正常參考值范圍,并與其他傳統(tǒng)生物測(cè)定方法(BPD、HC、FL和AC)的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究,確定各指標(biāo)與不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小的關(guān)系,旨在通過(guò)運(yùn)用較簡(jiǎn)單、方便的傳統(tǒng)胎兒生物測(cè)量方法側(cè)面反映胎兒腎臟發(fā)育情況,為臨床診斷不同孕齡胎兒腎臟是否發(fā)育正常提供參考。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2018年8月—2019年2月寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院正常單胎妊娠孕婦127例為研究對(duì)象,孕齡24~40周(月經(jīng)規(guī)則者孕齡確定以末次月經(jīng)為準(zhǔn),其他以BPD估測(cè)孕齡),并將其分為4組,24~27周組(19例);28~31周組(22例);32~35周組(44例);36~40周組(42例)。

1.2 儀器和方法

采用GE 730型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,探頭型號(hào)C5-1,頻率1.0~5.0 MHz,常規(guī)測(cè)量胎兒BPD、FL及HC、AC。

胎腎測(cè)量:超聲探頭通過(guò)胎兒背部正中矢狀面向左右探查,在緊靠胎兒脊柱的腰椎旁可清楚地見(jiàn)到橢圓形腎臟,形似蠶豆,此時(shí)所測(cè)的胎兒腎臟上下兩極間的最大距離為腎臟的長(zhǎng)徑,然后將探頭旋轉(zhuǎn)90°,與長(zhǎng)徑垂直的最寬腎臟左右徑就是腎臟橫徑[8-9],見(jiàn)圖1。測(cè)量3次,取其平均值作為測(cè)量值。若發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟發(fā)育異常者需兩周復(fù)查1次,直至出生,出生后定期隨訪觀察,如若確定為致死性畸形應(yīng)及時(shí)終止妊娠。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);胎兒左側(cè)腎臟長(zhǎng)徑與橫徑作為因變量,胎齡、BPD、FL及HC、AC為自變量進(jìn)行直線(xiàn)相關(guān)處理,采用回歸分析方法。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 四組腎臟長(zhǎng)徑和橫徑值范圍

四組腎臟長(zhǎng)、橫徑比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。不同孕齡腎臟長(zhǎng)、橫徑參考范圍見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 腎臟大小與胎齡、BPD、HC及AC、FL相關(guān)性結(jié)果

腎臟大小與胎齡、BPD、HC、AC及FL呈正相關(guān),且均為線(xiàn)性相關(guān)關(guān)系。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討論

目前應(yīng)用廣泛的超聲波檢查對(duì)于觀察胎兒腎臟生長(zhǎng)情況,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟發(fā)育異常,確定不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小的正常范圍等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。評(píng)估胎兒腎臟發(fā)育是否正常,首先必須有正常胎兒腎臟大小的參考值范圍[10-11]。胎兒腎臟大小對(duì)于發(fā)現(xiàn)與診斷泌尿系統(tǒng)異常是很有參考價(jià)值的,胎兒泌尿系統(tǒng)發(fā)育畸形時(shí),腎臟的大小可以較直觀地表現(xiàn),例如腎臟發(fā)育不良時(shí)常表現(xiàn)為腎臟縮小甚至消失,而腎肥大、多囊腎、腎積水時(shí)則表現(xiàn)為腎臟增大[12]。Osho等[13]研究顯示,與傳統(tǒng)生物特征參數(shù)比較,在妊娠晚期胎兒腎臟參數(shù)與胎齡的相關(guān)性更高,即胎兒腎臟的大小可以更準(zhǔn)確地確定晚期妊娠中的胎齡。本研究應(yīng)用超聲測(cè)量正常單胎妊娠孕婦的胎兒腎臟長(zhǎng)徑和橫徑,計(jì)算不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小的正常參考值范圍,為臨床醫(yī)師提供可靠的超聲測(cè)量參數(shù)。與Edevbie等[1]、Osho等[13]測(cè)量的胎腎長(zhǎng)、橫徑比較,本研究結(jié)果均偏大,考慮可能因素為目前國(guó)內(nèi)妊娠孕婦普遍攝入營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩,胎兒生長(zhǎng)較快引起,但不排除本研究數(shù)據(jù)收集例數(shù)存在不足而引起的誤差所致。

另外,本研究分析了不同孕齡胎兒腎臟大小與胎兒各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,其與胎齡、BPD、HC、AC及FL呈正相關(guān),且相關(guān)程度相近,經(jīng)過(guò)比較發(fā)現(xiàn)不同孕齡胎兒腎臟的長(zhǎng)徑與各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性比橫徑略大,Seilanian等[14]認(rèn)為判斷胎齡最準(zhǔn)確的參數(shù)是胎兒腎臟的大小;Ugur等[15]認(rèn)為胎兒腎臟大小可用于確定分娩日期,尤其是當(dāng)末次月經(jīng)時(shí)間不明確時(shí);Konje等[16]調(diào)查了懷孕24~38周胎兒的腎臟大小,發(fā)現(xiàn)其比其他胎兒生物特征參數(shù)如BPD、FL、HC和AC具有更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)值;查閱文獻(xiàn)還發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒腎臟生長(zhǎng)是恒定的,在整個(gè)懷孕期間每2周增加約1.7 mm,且生長(zhǎng)障礙時(shí)不會(huì)改變,這使得在復(fù)雜妊娠中其比其他參數(shù)更可靠[17]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均顯示胎兒腎臟大小和胎齡之間有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,即在其他常規(guī)參數(shù)中加入胎兒腎臟大小可以更好地預(yù)測(cè)孕齡。而準(zhǔn)確的胎齡估計(jì)在實(shí)施某些測(cè)試(羊膜穿刺術(shù),絨毛取樣)和應(yīng)用某些形式的胎兒治療時(shí)也是至關(guān)重要的[14]。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,腎臟大小與各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)均呈較高程度正相關(guān),遂本研究認(rèn)為通過(guò)采集簡(jiǎn)單方便的各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo),可以側(cè)面反映胎兒腎臟的生長(zhǎng)情況,可作為臨床上判斷腎臟發(fā)育是否異常的一個(gè)切入點(diǎn),如若必要可采取進(jìn)一步檢查手段。盡管腎臟長(zhǎng)徑是最流行胎兒腎臟的測(cè)量方法,但是在宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限的胎兒中,其似乎不是一個(gè)很好的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)。因此,探索新的腎臟的實(shí)質(zhì)和腎臟的灌注的超聲技術(shù),可能為胎兒腎臟的發(fā)育和腎功能提供更有意義的信息[18-19]。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]? Edevbie JP,Akhigbe AO. Ultrasound measurement of fetal kidney length in normal pregnancy and correlation with gestational age [J]. Niger J Clin Pract,2018,21(8):960-966.

[2]? Nwagha UI,Ugwu OV,Nwagha TU,et al. The influence of parity on the gestational age at booking among pregnant women in Enugu,South East Nigeria [J]. Niger J Physiol Sci,2008,23(1/2):67-70.

[3]? Brattain LJ,Telfer BA,Dhyani M,et al. Machine learning for medical ultrasound:status,methods,and future opportunities [J]. Abdom Radiol(NY),2018,43(4):786-799.

[4]? Huang Q,Zhang F,Li X. Machine Learning in Ultrasound Computer-Aided Diagnostic Systems:A Survey [J]. Biomed Res Int,2018,2018:5137904.

[5]? ?魡hman A,Edvardsson K,F(xiàn)agerli TA,et al. A much valued tool that also brings ethical dilemmas-a qualitative study of Norwegian midwives′experiences and views on the role of obstetric ultrasound [J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth,2019,19(1):33.

[6]? Warska A,Maliszewska A,Wnuk A,et al. Current knowledge on the use of ultrasound measurements of fetal soft tissues for the assessment of pregnancy development [J]. J Ultrason,2018,18(72):50-55.

[7]? Abonyi EO,Eze CU,Agwuna KK,et al. Sonographic estimation of gestational age from 20 to 40 weeks by fetal kidney lengths′measurements among pregnant women in Port-harcourt,Nigeria [J]. BMC Med Imaging,2019,19(1):72.

[8]? 解左平,金社紅,沈曉燕,等.超聲測(cè)量不同孕周胎兒腎臟大小及其臨床意義[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2007(15):2127-2129.

[9]? 徐英姿,唐海林,馮澤陽(yáng),等.超聲定量正常胎兒腎臟大小的Z評(píng)分研究[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)超聲雜志:電子版,2017, 14(6):458-461.

[10]? 張永泉,陳琪瑋.B超檢測(cè)胎兒腎臟發(fā)育情況的研究[J].中國(guó)優(yōu)生與遺傳雜志,2005(6):92-128.

[11]? 王軍梅.胎兒腎臟的超聲測(cè)量及其在判斷胎兒腎積水預(yù)后中的價(jià)值[D].杭州:浙江大學(xué),2013.

[12]? 李勝利,鄧學(xué)東.產(chǎn)前超聲檢查指南(2012)[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)超聲雜志:電子版,2012,9(7):574-580.

[13]? Osho ES,Ibitoye BO,Adetiloye VA,et al. Ultrasonic determination of gestational age by assessment of fetal kidney size in the third trimester in southwest Nigeria [J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2019,144(3):271-276.

[14]? Seilanian Toosi F,Rezaie-Delui H. Evaluation of the normal fetal kidney length and its correlation with gestational age [J]. Acta medica Iranica,2013,51(5):303-306.

[15]? Ugur MG,Mustafa A,Ozcan HC,et al. Fetal kidney length as a useful adjunct parameter for better determination of gestational age [J]. Saudi Med J,2016,37(5):533-537.

[16]? Konje JC,Abrams KR,Bell SC,et al. Determination of gestational age after the 24th week of gestation from fetal kidney length measurements [J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2002,19(6):592-597.

[17]? Witzani L,Brugger PC,H?觟rmann M,et al. Normal renal development investigated with fetal MRI [J]. Eur J Radiol,2006,57(2):294-302.

[18]? Brennan S,Watson D,Rudd D,et al. Evaluation of fetal kidney growth using ultrasound:A systematic review [J]. Eur J Radiol,2017,96:55-64.

[19]? Brennan S,Schneider M,Watson D,et al. The renal parenchyma—evaluation of a novel ultrasound measurement to assess fetal renal development:protocol for an observational longitudinal study [J]. BMJ Open,2017,7(12):e019369.

(收稿日期:2019-11-28)

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