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空氣污染物暴露對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響

2020-09-02 06:58周芳崔玉霞劉燁陳恒周浩
關(guān)鍵詞:呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病空氣污染兒童

周芳 崔玉霞 劉燁 陳恒 周浩

[摘要] 目的 了解空氣污染物暴露對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響。 方法 收集貴州省人民醫(yī)院2009年1月—2016年12月兒科常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒臨床資料及貴陽(yáng)市各環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)空氣污染物監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),包括:PM2.5、PM10、一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化硫(SO2)濃度。應(yīng)用典型相關(guān)分析方法分析空氣污染物對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響。 結(jié)果 共10 876例呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒納入研究,其中診斷以支氣管肺炎為主(76.31%),平均住院(9.56±6.05)d。大氣污染物與支氣管肺炎相關(guān)系數(shù)最高(r = 0.33,P < 0.001),其次為支氣管炎(r = 0.21,P < 0.001)和急性扁桃體炎(r = 0.20,P < 0.001)。PM10是影響兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的主要空氣污染物成分,住院前1 d空氣污染對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)影響最大。 結(jié)論 環(huán)境空氣污染物可影響兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的住院患兒數(shù),其中對(duì)支氣管肺炎的住院患兒數(shù)影響最大。PM10是影響兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)最常見(jiàn)的污染物,最大影響效應(yīng)為住院前1 d。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 空氣污染;呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病;兒童;住院人數(shù)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R56? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0058-04

Effect of air pollutant exposure on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases

ZHOU Fang1? ?CUI Yuxia1? ?LIU Ye2? ?CHEN Heng3? ?ZHOU Hao1

1.Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guiyang? ?550002, China; 2.Department of Otolaryngology, Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital, Guizhou Province, Guiyang? ?550002, China; 3.College of Medical, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province, Guiyang? ?550025, China

[Abstract] Objective To understand the impact of air pollutant exposure on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases. Methods The clinical data of pediatric hospitalized children for common respiratory diseases from January 2009 to December 2016 in Guizhou Provincial People′s Hospital and air pollutant monitoring data at various environmental monitoring points in Guiyang City including: PM2.5, PM10, nitric oxide (NO) and the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were collected. A typical correlation analysis method was used to analyze the impact of air pollutants on the number of children hospitalized for common respiratory diseases. Results A total of 10 876 hospitalized children with respiratory diseases were included in the study, and the diagnosis was mainly bronchopneumonia (76.31%), with an average hospital stay (9.56±6.05) d. The correlation coefficient between air pollutants and bronchial pneumonia was the highest (r = 0.33, P < 0.001), followed by bronchitis (r = 0.21, P < 0.001) and acute tonsillitis (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). PM10 was the main air pollutant component that affected the number of children for common respiratory diseases. Air pollution one day before hospitalization had the greatest impact on the number of children for common respiratory diseases. Conclusion Ambient air pollutants can affect the number of children hospitalizations for common respiratory diseases, of which the number of hospitalizations for bronchopneumonia is the greatest. Among them, PM10 is the most common pollutant that affects the number of children hospitalizations for common respiratory diseases, and the largest effect is one day before hospitalization.

本研究通過(guò)典型相關(guān)分析,大氣污染物對(duì)支氣管肺炎住院患兒數(shù)影響最大,其次為支氣管炎和急性扁桃體炎。提示大氣污染物可影響兒童呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù),且對(duì)不同呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病患兒數(shù)的影響存在差異。根據(jù)各種大氣污染物的理化特性和兒童呼吸系統(tǒng)的生理特點(diǎn),使下呼吸道及肺泡更容易受到大氣污染物的影響和侵害,這可能是與空氣污染對(duì)兒童支氣管肺炎的住院患兒數(shù)影響最大有關(guān)[11-13]。因此,減少兒童與大氣污染物的接觸有助于降低兒童支氣管炎及肺炎等下呼吸道疾病的發(fā)病率。

大氣污染物與呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病患兒數(shù)的權(quán)重分布發(fā)現(xiàn),不同大氣污染物成分對(duì)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響存在差異。這可能與污染物具有不同的理化性質(zhì)相關(guān)。PM2.5和PM10因粒徑小,可隨氣流進(jìn)入下呼吸道,部分可達(dá)到肺泡,多次接觸大氣中的顆粒物會(huì)損害激活保護(hù)性Nrf2組織防御系統(tǒng)的能力[14-15],導(dǎo)致肺氧化損傷和全身炎癥反應(yīng),促使兒童肺功能下降,引發(fā)急慢性支氣管炎、肺炎等呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。環(huán)境中NO通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)氣道甲氧膽堿高反應(yīng)性、抗原特異性IgG1和IgE、炎癥性白細(xì)胞募集等促進(jìn)氣道變應(yīng)性疾病的發(fā)生,其濃度與咳嗽、哮鳴、遺傳性過(guò)敏性呼吸短促等癥狀存在關(guān)聯(lián)[16-17]。而SO2水溶性較強(qiáng),易被上呼吸道和支氣管黏膜的黏液吸收,從而刺激氣管或支氣管收縮,增加氣道阻力。此外,SO2還可與飄塵產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用進(jìn)而被吸附于微粒表面,進(jìn)入呼吸道深部,吸入SO2可導(dǎo)致早期肺反應(yīng),包括組織損傷、急性嗜中性肺炎癥和氣道高反應(yīng)性[11,18-19]。

綜上所述,通過(guò)分析空氣污染物暴露對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),空氣污染對(duì)兒童常見(jiàn)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的影響存在差異,對(duì)支氣管肺炎的影響最大。PM10是導(dǎo)致兒童呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的主要空氣污染物成分,住院前1天的空氣污染是影響呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病住院患兒數(shù)的主要原因。然而,本研究?jī)H包含呼吸系統(tǒng)住院患兒病歷資料,缺少門診資料,導(dǎo)致受空氣質(zhì)量影響較大的支氣管哮喘病例未納入本研究,這將是下一步的研究方向。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2020-03-05)

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