胡姚佳 朱麗輝 李東雅 孫靜
[摘要] 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)是一種對吸吮-吞咽-呼吸相關(guān)的組織或肌肉群進(jìn)行感官刺激的方法,包括口腔刺激和非營養(yǎng)性吸吮。早產(chǎn)兒因出生胎齡小,生理機(jī)能尚未發(fā)育完全,在原始反射方面存在不足,較易出現(xiàn)口咽部功能障礙,加劇了臨床護(hù)理工作的難度。因此,急需實(shí)施適當(dāng)干預(yù)以期改善早產(chǎn)兒整體發(fā)育?,F(xiàn)系統(tǒng)綜述口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)、生長發(fā)育、神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育等方面的應(yīng)用情況,總結(jié)其在早產(chǎn)兒護(hù)理中的發(fā)展前景,以期為今后的深入研究提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù);早產(chǎn)兒;護(hù)理;口腔刺激
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.72? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0046-04
Study on the application of oral motor intervention in the nursing of premature infants
HU Yaojia1? ?ZHU Lihui2? ?LI Dongya1? ?SUN Jing1
1.School of Nursing, Hu′nan University of Chinese Medicine, Hu′nan Province, Changsha? ?410006, China; 2.Department of Neonatology, Hu′nan Children′s Hospital, Hu′nan Province, Changsha? ?410007, China
[Abstract] Oral motor intervention is a method of sensory stimulation for sucking-swallowing-breathing related tissues or muscles, including oral stimulation and non-nutritional sucking. Due to the small gestational age, the physiological function of premature infants is not fully developed, and there are some deficiencies in the original reflex, it is easy to have the oropharyngeal dysfunction, which aggravates the difficulty of clinical nursing work. Therefore, appropriate interventions are urgently needed to improve the overall development of preterm infants. The application of oral motor intervention in oral feeding, growth and neurobehavioral development of premature infants is reviewed, the development prospect of preterm infant nursing was summarized in order to provide reference for further research.
[Key words] Oral motor intervention; Premature infant; Nursing; Oral stimulation
目前,“早產(chǎn)”是新生兒入住重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)的重要原因[1-2]。早產(chǎn)兒因出生胎齡小,生理機(jī)能尚未發(fā)育完全,易出現(xiàn)原始反射不足、吸吮-吞咽反射不成熟的情況[3],造成神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育遲滯[4]、經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)困難,加劇了臨床護(hù)理工作的難度。因此,急需實(shí)施適當(dāng)干預(yù)以期改善早產(chǎn)兒整體發(fā)育。口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)(oral? motor intervention,OMI)是一種對吸吮-吞咽-呼吸相關(guān)的組織或肌肉群進(jìn)行感官刺激的方法,包括口腔刺激(oral stimulation,OS)和非營養(yǎng)性吸吮(non-nutritional sucking,NNS),是一種感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方法[5-6]??谇贿\(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在改善早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)[7]、預(yù)防胃腸并發(fā)癥[8-9]、促進(jìn)生長發(fā)育[10]、提高早產(chǎn)兒條件反射能力[11]方面具有重要作用。本文旨在對口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒護(hù)理中的應(yīng)用情況作一綜述,以期為國內(nèi)開展相關(guān)研究及實(shí)踐提供參考。
1 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方法及理論基礎(chǔ)
口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)旨在加強(qiáng)早產(chǎn)兒口腔功能性反應(yīng)以促進(jìn)追趕生長,具體為護(hù)理人員根據(jù)干預(yù)方案用手指撫摸刺激早產(chǎn)兒口腔內(nèi)外部,有效控制其嘴唇、臉頰、下頜和舌頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)。該方法理論來源于統(tǒng)合發(fā)展理論[12],新生兒出生后主要接受與環(huán)境之間的互動(dòng),對撫摸、光線等刺激產(chǎn)生特定反應(yīng)后形成一個(gè)互動(dòng)模式。此方法通過有利刺激早產(chǎn)兒面頰、口頸部皮膚黏膜,皮膚將這類觸覺刺激傳入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),促進(jìn)大腦表面神經(jīng)元的興奮,促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒各個(gè)功能的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展。目前該方法已廣泛應(yīng)用于解決早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)困難的難題[13-14],國外諸多醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)也將口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)納入了康復(fù)治療項(xiàng)目之中[15-16]。
2 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的具體應(yīng)用
2.1 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用
口腔刺激在完善早產(chǎn)兒吞咽、吸吮功能方面具有促進(jìn)作用,能加快早產(chǎn)兒由鼻胃管飼養(yǎng)向經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變的進(jìn)程。目前,如何提高早產(chǎn)兒口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)能力已引發(fā)國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。張嵐等[17]經(jīng)過多次口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)證據(jù)檢索、質(zhì)量評價(jià)后發(fā)現(xiàn),口腔刺激能有效改善早產(chǎn)兒口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、縮短喂養(yǎng)進(jìn)程、提升喂養(yǎng)效率、強(qiáng)化喂養(yǎng)效果、改善存活質(zhì)量,這一研究結(jié)果與韓國學(xué)者[7]關(guān)于口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)制的看法基本吻合。此外,非營養(yǎng)性吸吮對縮短早產(chǎn)兒住院時(shí)長、加速其喂養(yǎng)進(jìn)程、促進(jìn)其喂養(yǎng)方式的過渡等多個(gè)方面影響顯著。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)[18]顯示,干預(yù)組與對照組比較,住院時(shí)間明顯縮短(P = 0.03)、體重上升顯著(F = 74.437,P < 0.001,η = 0.727)。口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)應(yīng)用于胎齡26~29周早產(chǎn)兒同樣能促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒口腔生理穩(wěn)定、加快喂養(yǎng)康復(fù)進(jìn)程,從而減輕家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[20],入組胎齡或糾正胎齡≥31周是早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合面部穴位刺激法能一定程度地縮短管飼喂養(yǎng)時(shí)間,幫助早產(chǎn)兒提早進(jìn)入經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)階段,減少住院天數(shù)。以上研究結(jié)論與Foster等[21]對非營養(yǎng)性吸吮提高早產(chǎn)兒生理穩(wěn)定性和營養(yǎng)的探討結(jié)果不謀而合。因此,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變至關(guān)重要。
2.2 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)行為中的應(yīng)用
口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的重點(diǎn)是控制嘴唇、臉頰、下頜和舌頭的運(yùn)動(dòng),通過5 min的干預(yù),激活肌肉收縮性能,加強(qiáng)口腔肌群抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng),從而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)反射行為的發(fā)育[22]。早產(chǎn)兒長期受到NICU燈光、噪聲、頻繁護(hù)理操作等的不良刺激,對其中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)生長發(fā)育產(chǎn)生不良影響[23]??谇贿\(yùn)動(dòng)通過吸吮安撫早產(chǎn)兒在NICU受到的多種刺激,有利于促進(jìn)口腔功能發(fā)育,獲得安全感,減少了早產(chǎn)帶來的壓力,形成規(guī)律的睡眠,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)育[24]。由早產(chǎn)造成的口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙與遠(yuǎn)期神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育具有相關(guān)性[25],研究者從早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)向神經(jīng)行為的探索,旨在改善早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育。蔡煒等[26]的研究證實(shí),口咽部肌肉群的功能鍛煉,能幫助早產(chǎn)兒迅速做出定向反射,探知口腔肌肉活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,加強(qiáng)口腔進(jìn)食摸索,從而促使其腦神經(jīng)功能活動(dòng)。吳平等[27]通過文獻(xiàn)回顧發(fā)現(xiàn),對早產(chǎn)兒吸吮-吞咽-呼吸相關(guān)組織或肌肉給予主動(dòng)刺激,可提高口腔肌肉收縮強(qiáng)度和定向反射能力。
非營養(yǎng)性吸吮鍛煉能幫助提升小兒對護(hù)士手指的適應(yīng)性,強(qiáng)化小兒吸吮反射,提高其對類乳頭的條件反射能力,改善神經(jīng)行為發(fā)育狀況。泰國一項(xiàng)干預(yù)研究[28]指出,早產(chǎn)兒在29周和33~34周神經(jīng)可塑性較強(qiáng),在此階段實(shí)施口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)可持續(xù)增強(qiáng)早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)刺激,促進(jìn)腦功能恢復(fù)。Li等[29]進(jìn)行前瞻性研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),胎齡<36周早產(chǎn)兒的口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)反射與早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)情況有關(guān),這也側(cè)面證實(shí)了口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對改善早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)反射遲滯的有效性。Mewes等[30]也發(fā)現(xiàn)口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)能促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào),從而提高其口服喂養(yǎng)能力和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。由此可見,關(guān)注口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在神經(jīng)行為中的應(yīng)用效果將為早產(chǎn)兒遠(yuǎn)期神經(jīng)保護(hù)策略提供依據(jù)。
2.3 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒行為發(fā)育中的應(yīng)用
早產(chǎn)兒因先天不足大腦總?cè)莘e明顯不如健康足月兒[31],易誘發(fā)腦癱,大腦損傷又影響運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)食行為。針對這一現(xiàn)象,覃洪金等[32]對早產(chǎn)兒家屬實(shí)施家庭口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo),包括口腔刺激和非營養(yǎng)性吸吮兩方面。結(jié)果顯示,口腔按摩刺激對早產(chǎn)兒吸吮行為發(fā)育有積極作用,能激發(fā)其吸吮興趣。極低體重早產(chǎn)兒認(rèn)知、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能在0~19歲時(shí)均低于足月兒,早產(chǎn)兒早期運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育和學(xué)齡期智力、認(rèn)知水平高度相關(guān)[33]。先天條件的優(yōu)勢確實(shí)為足月兒認(rèn)知水平和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),但這并不意味著早產(chǎn)兒無追趕可能,早期干預(yù)不失為縮小差異的最優(yōu)解。多項(xiàng)調(diào)查[34-35]可證實(shí)早期干預(yù)在改善早產(chǎn)兒智力水平、降低腦癱發(fā)生率等方面有作用。王雪茵等[35]對859例早產(chǎn)兒進(jìn)行定期隨訪和早期干預(yù)調(diào)查后得出,早產(chǎn)兒智力、運(yùn)動(dòng)行為發(fā)育與早期干預(yù)呈正相關(guān)(β = 2.331,95%CI:0.146~4.516)。經(jīng)測評發(fā)現(xiàn),矯正胎齡后的早產(chǎn)兒智力和運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育遲緩率分別為2.4%和3.4%,優(yōu)于張梅等[36]的研究結(jié)果。未來,對早產(chǎn)兒智力發(fā)育的評估與干預(yù)還將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)作為便捷有效的護(hù)理干預(yù)來說,也不失為一個(gè)促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒智體發(fā)育的有效手段。
2.4 口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)在早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育中的應(yīng)用
早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育速度為達(dá)到正常新生兒的水平,常通過營養(yǎng)攝入來滿足追趕性生長、基礎(chǔ)代謝的需要[13-14]。喂養(yǎng)困難又是威脅早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育的因素之一,而口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育在促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變的作用顯著。早產(chǎn)兒體重的變化直接反映其生長發(fā)育水平的高低,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育的作用使得學(xué)者多方探索[10]。王燕[37]比較兩組早產(chǎn)兒在入院時(shí)、出生第7天、第14天的體重后發(fā)現(xiàn),因早產(chǎn)兒生后1周常出現(xiàn)生理性體重下降,故入院時(shí)、出生第7天變化無明顯差異,與田旭等[15]的meta分析結(jié)果一致。而經(jīng)口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后兩組出生恢復(fù)體重時(shí)間、體重增長速率差異顯現(xiàn),尤其是生后兩周兩組體重差異顯著,提示口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)與早產(chǎn)兒體重增長的相關(guān)性。
口腔刺激與非營養(yǎng)性吸吮的共同作用還能增加早產(chǎn)兒身長、頭圍的變化幅度。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[38],給予早產(chǎn)兒口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)能夠提高早產(chǎn)兒口腔吸吮能力,促進(jìn)其在體重指數(shù)、身長以及頭圍等方面的顯著增長。早產(chǎn)兒體格增長顯著,主要得益于口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)在早產(chǎn)兒生長發(fā)育總能量攝取方面的幫助,包括蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物和脂質(zhì)等的攝取[39]。不同出生胎齡體重指數(shù)和身長早產(chǎn)兒在糾正后存在明顯差異,而口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)能有效縮小這一差距,具體表現(xiàn)為在早產(chǎn)或低出生體重的配方奶喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒中,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)可以顯著減少早產(chǎn)兒能量攝入時(shí)間[10]。劉樹艷等[40]的研究中,在開始喂養(yǎng)期、完全經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)期兩個(gè)階段觀察組早產(chǎn)兒干預(yù)后體重指數(shù)與對照組差異明顯,口腔刺激和非營養(yǎng)性吸吮提高了早產(chǎn)兒口腔吸吮力、進(jìn)奶量,促進(jìn)其進(jìn)食功能發(fā)育,顯著縮短了經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間,有效說明口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對早產(chǎn)兒體重指數(shù)增長的助力效果。
3 展望
綜上所述,口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對早產(chǎn)兒整體發(fā)育的意義重大,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者在臨床應(yīng)用已取得一定成效??谇贿\(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)能促進(jìn)早產(chǎn)兒經(jīng)口喂養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變,縮小與足月兒的生長發(fā)育差距,還能提高早產(chǎn)兒條件反射能力,促進(jìn)其各個(gè)精細(xì)行為發(fā)育,最終減輕家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)、改善預(yù)后。雖仍有不足,但未來或可成為一項(xiàng)促進(jìn)NICU進(jìn)步發(fā)展的干預(yù)措施。往后的研究可考慮從以下兩方面入手:①將口腔刺激與母親心音刺激等進(jìn)行比較,探討早產(chǎn)兒的最佳干預(yù)模式。②關(guān)注早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)行為的發(fā)展變化,及時(shí)、有效地利用口腔運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-15)