唐永飛,趙永滿,2,王吉奎,2,王 征
夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)脫膜裝置設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)
唐永飛1,趙永滿1,2※,王吉奎1,2,王 征1
(1.石河子大學(xué)機(jī)械電氣工程學(xué)院,石河子 832003;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部西北農(nóng)業(yè)裝備重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,石河子 832003)
針對現(xiàn)有殘膜回收機(jī)脫膜困難的問題,該研究設(shè)計(jì)了一種夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)脫膜裝置,主要由刮板總成、曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)和膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)等組成,可一次性完成脫膜、膜雜分離和輸膜作業(yè)。為增加夾指隨夾指鏈轉(zhuǎn)過上收膜輪的過程中與刮板接觸的次數(shù),將刮板總成中的刮板設(shè)為雙層,并通過作業(yè)過程分析對其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì);使用ADAMS軟件對刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡進(jìn)行仿真分析,并根據(jù)仿真結(jié)果對曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿件長度及安裝角進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì);通過對殘膜受力情況的分析,確定了曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的安裝位置;通過運(yùn)動學(xué)分析獲得了夾指不被漏刮時(shí)上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度比的最大值;為實(shí)現(xiàn)輸膜與膜雜分離,設(shè)計(jì)了往復(fù)擺動式膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu),并通過作業(yè)機(jī)理分析及性能試驗(yàn)對相關(guān)部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)機(jī)具作業(yè)速度為4.5 km/h、刮板寬度為100 mm、曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與上收膜輪中心間的水平安裝距離為290 mm、豎直安裝距離為200 mm、上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度比為0.5、輸膜篩相鄰棒條間的安裝距離為50 mm時(shí),殘膜回收率為93.12%,脫膜率為98.2%,含雜率為16.08%,能夠滿足殘膜回收機(jī)田間作業(yè)要求。研究成果可為相關(guān)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考。
農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;設(shè)計(jì);殘膜回收;脫膜裝置;曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)
地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)具有增加地表積溫、保證農(nóng)田土壤墑情、抑制雜草生長等多種作用,可有效改善作物生長環(huán)境,顯著提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[1-4]。但由于使用后的地膜無法得到有效回收,且在自然條件下極難自行降解,致使土壤中廢舊地膜的殘留量逐年增加,對作物的生長發(fā)育造成了嚴(yán)重影響[5-9]。因此,回收農(nóng)田土壤中的殘留地膜已成為目前亟需解決的問題之一。
殘膜回收方法主要有人工回收與機(jī)械回收,人工回收作業(yè)效率低、用工成本高,且組織困難;而機(jī)械回收作業(yè)效率高、成本低,是目前治理殘膜污染問題的重要手段之一[10-13]。為解決殘膜污染問題,國內(nèi)學(xué)者已研制出多種類型的殘膜回收機(jī),這些殘膜回收機(jī)主要由起膜裝置、收膜裝置和脫膜裝置等作業(yè)部件組成[14-18]。因殘膜具有質(zhì)地柔軟、靜電吸附性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),一旦作業(yè)過程中脫膜環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題,便會引發(fā)殘膜纏繞,影響整機(jī)作業(yè)效果,因此脫膜裝置的設(shè)計(jì)是殘膜回收機(jī)研制的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一?,F(xiàn)有殘膜回收機(jī)的脫膜裝置主要采用氣力脫膜、伸縮桿齒脫膜和刮板脫膜等結(jié)構(gòu)[19-24]。氣力脫膜裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、效率高,但極易引發(fā)二次纏繞;伸縮桿齒脫膜裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、制造成本較高,且作業(yè)過程中桿齒易形變,影響脫膜效果;刮板脫膜裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡單可靠,應(yīng)用前景較好。但現(xiàn)有刮板脫膜裝置大多采用滾筒式結(jié)構(gòu),作業(yè)時(shí)刮板做回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動,脫下的殘膜在刮板產(chǎn)生的氣流作用力及靜電吸附力作用下很容易二次纏繞在脫膜裝置上。
課題組前期設(shè)計(jì)了一種夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī),該機(jī)采用夾持原理進(jìn)行收膜,作業(yè)時(shí)對殘膜的完整性與力學(xué)性能要求較低,且具有作業(yè)速度快、所需農(nóng)機(jī)動力小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[25-26]。針對該機(jī)的脫膜環(huán)節(jié),本文在對傳統(tǒng)滾筒式刮板脫膜裝置進(jìn)行技術(shù)改進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)了一種由曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動的脫膜裝置,預(yù)期可實(shí)現(xiàn)脫膜、輸膜與膜雜分離作業(yè),具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、脫膜效果好、不易二次纏繞等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。通過理論分析與試驗(yàn)研究確定脫膜裝置的合理結(jié)構(gòu)與作業(yè)參數(shù),以期為提高機(jī)械化殘膜回收技術(shù)水平提供參考。
夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)主要由機(jī)架、秸稈粉碎裝置、秸稈輸送裝置、收膜裝置、脫膜裝置、集膜箱和傳動系統(tǒng)組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖1所示。
1.機(jī)架 2.秸稈粉碎裝置 3.夾指 4.夾指鏈 5.地輪 6.集膜箱 7.脫膜裝置 8.上收膜輪 9.傳動系統(tǒng) 10.秸稈輸送裝置 11.變速箱
作業(yè)時(shí),殘膜回收機(jī)在拖拉機(jī)的牽引下沿棉行前進(jìn),拖拉機(jī)動力輸出軸通過變速箱將動力傳遞至秸稈粉碎裝置,地輪通過傳動系統(tǒng)將動力傳輸至收膜裝置、脫膜裝置和秸稈輸送裝置,秸稈粉碎裝置將棉行表面的棉桿粉碎,并通過秸稈輸送裝置將粉碎后的棉桿、鈴殼等混合物拋灑至機(jī)具后方。隨后,收膜裝置中的夾指及夾指鏈將地表的殘膜夾起并向上輸送。當(dāng)殘膜被夾持輸送至上收膜輪處時(shí),夾指在轉(zhuǎn)過上收膜輪的過程中逐漸張開,部分殘膜在重力作用下自行脫落。隨著脫膜裝置的往復(fù)運(yùn)動,刮板與夾指及夾指鏈接觸,將未脫落的殘膜刮落并推送至集膜箱上方。夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)具體收膜過程參見文獻(xiàn)[25-26]。
根據(jù)新疆地區(qū)棉花種植模式及殘膜回收機(jī)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 25412-2010[27],夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如表1所示。
表1 夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)
脫膜裝置是殘膜回收機(jī)的重要組成部分之一,針對傳統(tǒng)滾筒式刮板脫膜裝置作業(yè)過程中脫下的殘膜易在刮板產(chǎn)生的氣流作用力及靜電吸附力作用下二次纏繞脫膜裝置的問題,本文從改變刮板運(yùn)動狀態(tài)的角度出發(fā),設(shè)計(jì)一種由曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動的脫膜裝置,主要由刮板總成、曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)和膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖2所示。
1.機(jī)架 2.傳動鏈輪 3.傳動軸 4.軸承座 5.曲柄軸 6.刮板總成 7.曲柄軸軸套 8.曲柄 9.連桿 10.搖桿 11.膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu) 12.擋膜簾
其中,曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的曲柄通過傳動軸上的軸承座對稱安裝在機(jī)架兩側(cè),兩曲柄內(nèi)側(cè)連接有曲柄軸,曲柄軸外安裝有曲柄軸軸套,連桿焊接在曲柄軸軸套上,通過曲柄軸軸套與曲柄軸鉸接,搖桿鉸接在機(jī)架與連桿之間,傳動鏈輪位于兩側(cè)傳動軸端部。刮板總成安裝在曲柄軸軸套上,膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)通過擋膜簾聯(lián)接曲柄軸軸套。
機(jī)組作業(yè)時(shí),傳動系統(tǒng)通過兩側(cè)傳動鏈輪帶動刮板總成隨曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動,同時(shí)曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)通過擋膜簾帶動膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)往復(fù)擺動。在曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動下,刮板總成在上收膜輪處向下平移,與夾指及夾指鏈接觸并發(fā)生相對運(yùn)動,而后再回抽復(fù)位,在此過程中,粘附在夾指與夾指鏈間的殘膜被刮落至膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu),在膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)的作用下,殘膜表面的土壤和秸稈等雜質(zhì)掉落,含有少量雜質(zhì)的殘膜被推送至集膜箱上方,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)脫膜、輸膜與膜雜分離作業(yè)。
作業(yè)時(shí),刮板總成固定安裝在曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的前端,在曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動下往復(fù)運(yùn)動,當(dāng)刮板運(yùn)動至上收膜輪處時(shí),從夾指后側(cè)將粘附在夾指與夾指鏈間的殘膜刮落。與滾筒式刮板脫膜裝置相比,在轉(zhuǎn)速相同的條件下,由曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動的刮板與夾指及夾指鏈接觸的頻率降低,這會對脫膜效果產(chǎn)生影響,僅提高曲柄轉(zhuǎn)速以增加接觸頻率又會產(chǎn)生殘膜撕裂、機(jī)具振動等問題,因此從增加刮板層數(shù)的角度對刮板總成進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。隨著刮板層數(shù)的增加,單個(gè)夾指隨夾指鏈轉(zhuǎn)過上收膜輪的過程中受刮板作用的次數(shù)增加,強(qiáng)化脫膜效果,但刮板層數(shù)過多會導(dǎo)致殘膜與刮板分離困難,且整機(jī)動力消耗增加。綜合考慮后將刮板設(shè)為雙層排列結(jié)構(gòu),其結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖3所示。
刮板總成主要由安裝架、刮板和加強(qiáng)筋等組成。刮板有2層,每層18片,由撓性與耐磨性較好的普通平帶制成,均布于安裝架上下兩側(cè),上下層刮板間的安裝間隙1為50 mm,刮板軸向安裝距離1為120 mm。相鄰刮板間預(yù)留有安裝間隙,作業(yè)過程中分別與夾指及夾指鏈相對,安裝間隙1的大小對脫膜效果有直接影響,1過小時(shí),夾指及夾指鏈通過性降低,導(dǎo)致整機(jī)動力消耗增加,刮板磨損加快,此外還會夾帶殘膜;1過大時(shí),刮板無法有效接觸到夾指及夾指鏈,影響脫膜效果。綜合考慮脫膜效果及通過性,相鄰刮板間的安裝間隙1取20 mm,則可計(jì)算出刮板寬度2為100 mm。刮板的長度對脫膜效果也有一定影響,由于脫膜時(shí)夾指繞上收膜輪做回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動,當(dāng)刮板長度過小時(shí),無法從夾指根部開始脫膜。夾指末端回轉(zhuǎn)半徑約為180 mm,上收膜輪半徑為50 mm,因此刮板長度應(yīng)不小于130 mm[25-26]。此外作業(yè)過程中受空氣作用力與慣性力影響,刮板會發(fā)生形變,刮板過長,會導(dǎo)致刮板脫膜過程中的形變增大,影響脫膜性能。前期樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)表明,刮板長度1取150 mm時(shí)可以順利作用至夾指根部,且作業(yè)過程中刮板形變較小。加強(qiáng)筋固定在安裝架上,由直徑6 mm的45 #圓鋼制成,長度2為100 mm,可有效延長刮板使用壽命,減小刮板與夾指及夾指鏈接觸時(shí)的形變,保證脫膜效果。
1.刮板 2.加強(qiáng)筋 3.安裝架
1.Scraper 2.Stiffener 3.Mounting frame
注:1為刮板軸向安裝距離,mm;2為刮板寬度,mm;1為相鄰刮板間的安裝間隙,mm;1為刮板長度,mm;2為加強(qiáng)筋長度,mm;1為上下層刮板間的安裝間隙,mm。
Note:1is the axial mounting distance of scraper, mm;2is the width of scraper, mm;1is the mounting clearance between adjacent scraper, mm;1is the length of scraper, mm;2is the length of stiffener, mm;1is the mounting clearance between upper and lower layer scrapers, mm.
圖3 刮板總成結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖
Fig.3 Structure diagram of scraper assembly
由于曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)復(fù)雜的運(yùn)動,且具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、加工方便、從動件運(yùn)動規(guī)律可調(diào)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因此選用曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)作為脫膜裝置的驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)。其結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖4所示,其中為曲柄,為連桿,為搖桿,為機(jī)架,為連桿的延長部分,代表刮板。作業(yè)時(shí),曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)在傳動系統(tǒng)帶動下往復(fù)運(yùn)動,從而使得部分的刮板在特殊的運(yùn)動軌跡下與運(yùn)動至上收膜輪處的夾指及夾指鏈接觸,將殘膜刮落。曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)與作業(yè)參數(shù)對脫膜效果有直接影響,本文對其進(jìn)行具體分析。
1.夾指 2.夾指鏈 3.上收膜輪 4.刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡 5.刮板 6.曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)
1.Clamping finger 2.Clamping finger-chain 3.Upper film collecting wheel 4.Motion trajectory of scraper endpoint 5.Scraper 6.Crank-rocker mechanism
注:為曲柄的回轉(zhuǎn)中心;為曲柄與連桿的鉸接點(diǎn);為連桿與搖桿的鉸接點(diǎn);為搖桿與機(jī)架的鉸接點(diǎn);為刮板的末端;1為刮板的長度,mm;1為曲柄的長度,mm;2為連桿的長度,mm;3為搖桿的長度,mm;4為機(jī)架的長度,mm;1為曲柄的角速度,rad·s-1;2為上收膜輪的角速度,rad·s-1;為曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的安裝角,(°);與111分別為曲柄與機(jī)架共線時(shí)各桿的位置;1與2分別為曲柄與機(jī)架共線時(shí)的傳動角,(°)。
Note:is the rotation center of crank;is the hinge point of crankand connecting rod;is the hinge point of connecting rodand rocker;is the hinge point of rockerand frame;is the endpoint of scraper;1is the length of scraper, mm;1is the length of crank, mm;2is the length of connecting rod, mm;3is the length of rocker, mm;4is the length of frame, mm;1is the angular speed of crank, rad·s-1;2is the angular speed of upper film collecting wheel, rad·s-1;is the mounting angle of crank-rocker mechanism, (°);and111are the positions of each rod respectively when crankand frameare collinear;1and2are the transmission angles when crankand frameare collinear, (°).
圖4 曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of crank-rocker mechanism
2.2.1 桿長與安裝角確定
以圖4中曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心點(diǎn)為原點(diǎn),曲柄同軸正方向重合時(shí)的位置作為位移和時(shí)間的起始相位,則刮板端點(diǎn)在任意時(shí)刻的位置可表示為[28]
其中
對于式(2),當(dāng)0≤(1+)<π時(shí)為正值,當(dāng)π≤(1+)<2π時(shí)為負(fù)值。
與滾筒式刮板脫膜裝置相比,由曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動的刮板與夾指及夾指鏈接觸的頻率較低,因此為保證脫膜效果,需要刮板在單個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)周期內(nèi)盡可能多地與夾指及夾指鏈重合,且重合過程中夾指呈張開狀態(tài),由圖4中夾指及夾指鏈的分布情況可知,脫膜過程中刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡相對于軸正方向需有一定前傾,且軌跡曲線應(yīng)整體平滑。由式(1)~(5)可知,刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡的形狀主要與曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的各桿件長度及安裝角有關(guān)。
受機(jī)架空間結(jié)構(gòu)和脫膜裝置的安裝位置的限制[29-30],初步確定曲柄長度1=170 mm,連桿長度2=370 mm,搖桿長度3=290 mm。根據(jù)曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)中曲柄存在的條件,圖4中各桿件長度應(yīng)滿足
此外,為保證驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)的傳力性能,還應(yīng)滿足[31]
將1、2與3的值代入式(6)~(7)后計(jì)算可得機(jī)架長度4的取值范圍為250~446.2 mm。
將圖4中搖桿與機(jī)架鉸接點(diǎn)的位置設(shè)為變量,使用ADAMS軟件仿真得出點(diǎn)在不同位置時(shí)刮板末端相對于機(jī)架的運(yùn)動軌跡,并依此分析機(jī)架長度4及安裝角對刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡及脫膜效果的影響,確定其取值。經(jīng)過大量試驗(yàn)對比,選取5組較具代表性的刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡,如圖5所示,表2為各軌跡曲線對應(yīng)的曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。
注:x為刮板末端水平方向位移,mm;y為刮板末端豎直方向位移,mm。
對圖5中軌跡1、軌跡2與軌跡4分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),在安裝角不變的情況下,隨著機(jī)架長度4的增加,軌跡中需與夾指及夾指鏈接觸部分的形狀變化不明顯,但軌跡整體逐漸由不規(guī)則的“凸輪”狀轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檩^圓滑的“橢圓”狀,曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動過程中的穩(wěn)定性得到改善,綜合考慮,確定機(jī)架長度4=445 mm。
對軌跡3、軌跡4與軌跡5分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),在機(jī)架長度4一定的情況下,隨著安裝角的減小,軌跡曲線整體呈逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)的變化趨勢,致使軌跡曲線中與夾指及夾指鏈接觸的部分相對于軸正方向的前傾程度不斷減小,降低了刮板運(yùn)動過程中與夾指及夾指鏈之間的重合度。此外在仿真過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),除刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡的形狀外,安裝角對刮板在脫膜過程中的姿態(tài)也有直接影響。在其他條件一定的情況下,安裝角越大,刮板運(yùn)動至脫膜位置時(shí)與豎直方向的夾角越小,這會導(dǎo)致刮板與夾指及夾指鏈的接觸時(shí)的形變增大,影響脫膜效果。綜合考慮后,確定安裝角=45°。
表2 各軌跡曲線對應(yīng)的曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)位置與參數(shù)
2.2.2 曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)安裝位置確定
曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)與上收膜輪相對位置關(guān)系如圖6所示,作業(yè)時(shí)刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡與上收膜輪外圓相切,使得刮板可在不與上收膜輪干涉的情況下盡可能多地與夾指及夾指鏈重合。
注:O1為上收膜輪中心;為刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡與上收膜輪的切點(diǎn);Fn為夾指鏈對殘膜的支持力,N;Fp為刮板對殘膜的作用力,N;Ff為殘膜所受摩擦力,N;Fa為殘膜所受的粘附力,N;G為殘膜的重力,N;β為刮板對殘膜的作用力與豎直向下方向的夾角,(°);r為上收膜輪半徑,mm;d2為曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與上收膜輪中心間的水平安裝距離,mm;h2為曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與上收膜輪中心間的豎直安裝距離,mm。
其中
式中為殘膜與夾指鏈之間的摩擦系數(shù)。
將式(10)~(11)代入式(9)可得
2.2.3 曲柄角速度確定
由圖6可知,作業(yè)過程中曲柄與上收膜輪回轉(zhuǎn)方向相同,因此為避免脫膜過程中出現(xiàn)單夾指與夾指鏈間的殘膜被刮板漏刮的情況,刮板復(fù)位過程中夾指鏈沿上收膜輪轉(zhuǎn)過的長度應(yīng)小于等于夾指在夾指鏈上的安裝間距,即
將安裝間距?=180 mm,上收膜輪半徑=50 mm代入式(13),計(jì)算可得2/1≤0.57。分析可知,上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度的比值越小,刮板復(fù)位過程中夾指鏈轉(zhuǎn)過上收膜輪的距離越短,脫膜效果越好,但比值過小,會導(dǎo)致機(jī)具正常作業(yè)時(shí)的穩(wěn)定性降低。綜合考慮后,取2/1=0.5。為保證機(jī)具作業(yè)效率及運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定性,經(jīng)過多次試驗(yàn)論證,得到機(jī)具作業(yè)最大作業(yè)速度為4.5 km/h,因此取機(jī)具作業(yè)速度=1.25 m/s,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[25-26]取=2,計(jì)算可得上收膜輪角速度2=12.5 rad/s,則曲柄角速度1=25 rad/s。
機(jī)具作業(yè)過程中,脫下后的殘膜受氣流作用力的影響很難準(zhǔn)確落入機(jī)架下方的集膜箱中,此外回收后殘膜中的土壤和秸稈含量較高。針對該問題,本文設(shè)計(jì)了一種膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu),主要由擋膜簾、輸膜篩、擺桿和復(fù)位彈簧組成,其結(jié)構(gòu)如圖7a所示。擋膜簾由長度為1 900 mm、寬度為600mm的滌綸纖維帆布制成,其長邊的一側(cè)聯(lián)接曲柄軸軸套,另一側(cè)聯(lián)接輸膜篩篩架,作用是防止脫膜過程中殘膜在刮板產(chǎn)生的氣流作用力及靜電吸附力作用下纏繞脫膜裝置。輸膜篩通過擺桿鉸接在機(jī)架上,回位彈簧聯(lián)接輸膜篩與機(jī)架,作業(yè)時(shí)輸膜篩在擋膜簾帶動下往復(fù)擺動,進(jìn)行輸膜與膜雜分離作業(yè)。
由于殘膜與雜質(zhì)外形尺寸相差較大,因此輸膜篩在擺動過程中可通過其端部將殘膜向前推送至集膜箱上方,而土壤和秸稈穿過輸膜篩篩面掉落至地表,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)輸膜與膜雜分離。這就要求輸膜篩端部對殘膜有一定支撐度,且擺動過程中易與殘膜分離,不會纏繞與回帶殘膜,經(jīng)前期對比試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)棒條狀篩面相對符合要求,因此輸膜篩選用棒條結(jié)構(gòu),如圖7b所示。
1.擋膜簾 2.擺桿 3.復(fù)位彈簧 4.機(jī)架 5.雜質(zhì) 6.輸膜篩 7.殘膜 8.篩架 9.篩面
1.Curtain of separating film 2.Swing rod 3.Reset spring 4.Frame 5.Impurities 6.Film transport sieve 7.Residual film 8.Sieve frame 9.Sieve surface
注:2為擺桿與機(jī)架的鉸接點(diǎn);3為曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與鉸接點(diǎn)間的水平距離,mm;3為曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與鉸接點(diǎn)間的豎直距離,mm;3為擺桿長度,mm;為擺桿擺角,(°)。
Note:2is the hinge point of swing rod and frame;3is the horizontal distance between rotation center of crank and hinge point, mm;3is the vertical distance between rotation center of crank and hinge point, mm;3is the length of swing rod, mm;is the swing angular of swing rod, (°).
圖7 膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)及輸膜篩示意圖
Fig.7 Schematic diagram of film-impurity separation mechanism and film transport sieve
輸膜篩篩面中的棒條由直徑5 mm的45 #圓鋼切割制成,通過焊接均勻固定在篩架上,篩面總長為1 900 mm。相鄰棒條間的安裝距離與棒條長度對輸膜與膜雜分離效果有直接影響,相鄰棒條間的安裝距離越大,土壤和秸稈越不容易壅堵在篩面上,但安裝距離過大,會導(dǎo)致輸膜篩端部對殘膜的支撐效果降低,弱化輸膜效果。棒條長度越長,殘膜相對于土壤和秸稈被向前推送的距離越長,膜雜分離效果越好,但長度過長會導(dǎo)致長條狀殘膜進(jìn)入相鄰棒條間空隙后難以與輸膜篩分離,影響輸膜效果。前期樣機(jī)田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,輸膜篩相鄰棒條間的安裝距離為50 mm,棒條長度為200 mm時(shí),輸膜與膜雜分離效果較好。
擺角的大小對輸膜與膜雜分離效果也有影響,擺角過小時(shí),輸膜篩擺動過程中與殘膜分離不徹底,導(dǎo)致殘膜堆積在輸膜篩篩面上,影響輸膜與膜雜分離效果,而擺角過大時(shí),會降低整機(jī)作業(yè)性能,加快擋膜簾與復(fù)位彈簧損耗。前期樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)表明,當(dāng)3=200 mm,3=300 mm,3=170 mm時(shí),輸膜與膜雜分離效果較好,由圖7a中的幾何關(guān)系可計(jì)算出此時(shí)擺角的值約為40°。
為檢驗(yàn)夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)脫膜裝置的實(shí)際作業(yè)性能,2019年10月在新疆兵團(tuán)農(nóng)六師新湖農(nóng)場22連收獲后的棉田中進(jìn)行田間作業(yè)性能試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)裝置安裝在夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)的機(jī)架后側(cè),如圖8所示。試驗(yàn)棉田為黏性土壤,平均含水率為17%(0~50 mm),平均土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度為2.7 kPa,地面整體情況良好,土地平整。田間地膜幅寬為2050 mm,厚度為0.008 mm,覆膜時(shí)間約為180 d,膜下滴灌帶已回收,地膜表面有少量破損,且留有覆土及作物莖葉,地表秸稈余留高度為800~900 mm。試驗(yàn)選用約翰迪爾904型輪式拖拉機(jī)作為動力單元,此外配有皮尺(0~100 m)、電子臺秤(型號:TCS-100,量程100 kg,精度1 g)、土壤水分速測儀(型號:MS-10,精度0.1%)等設(shè)備。考慮作業(yè)質(zhì)量與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,機(jī)組作業(yè)速度設(shè)定為4.5 km/h。
1.脫膜裝置 2.秸稈輸送裝置 3.收膜裝置 4.拖拉機(jī)
良好的收膜、脫膜與清雜效果是保證殘膜回收機(jī)連續(xù)作業(yè)的必要條件,因此結(jié)合實(shí)際情況,試驗(yàn)過程中選取殘膜回收率、脫膜率及含雜率作為夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)的性能評價(jià)指標(biāo)。試驗(yàn)田內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取1個(gè)膜幅進(jìn)行5次重復(fù)驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),單次試驗(yàn)的測試區(qū)長度為100 m。每次試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后分別對集膜箱內(nèi)的膜雜混合物與纏繞在收膜裝置上的殘膜進(jìn)行收集與處理。各指標(biāo)的計(jì)算如下[32-34]
式中1為殘膜回收率,%;2為脫膜率,%;3為含雜率,%;0為100 m長的同等型號新地膜的質(zhì)量,g;1為集膜箱內(nèi)膜雜混合物的總質(zhì)量,g;2為集膜箱內(nèi)殘膜的質(zhì)量,g;3為纏繞在收膜裝置上的殘膜質(zhì)量,g。
夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表3所示。
表3 田間試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
由表3可以看出,當(dāng)機(jī)具作業(yè)速度為4.5 km/h、刮板寬度為100 mm、曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與上收膜輪中心間的水平安裝距離為290 mm,豎直安裝距離為200 mm、上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度比為0.5、輸膜篩相鄰棒條間的安裝距離為50 mm時(shí),夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)的平均殘膜回收率為93.12%,脫膜率為98.2%,含雜率為16.08%,能夠滿足殘膜回收機(jī)田間作業(yè)性能要求。機(jī)具連續(xù)進(jìn)行過程中狀況良好,刮板在曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動下可順利將粘附在夾指與夾指鏈間的殘膜刮落,未出現(xiàn)殘膜二次纏繞的現(xiàn)象,膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu)可將脫下的殘膜順利推送至集膜箱上方,并在此過程中完成膜雜分離,減少了集膜箱內(nèi)土壤和秸稈的質(zhì)量,各部件功能與作業(yè)效果達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)的預(yù)期。
試驗(yàn)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)機(jī)具作業(yè)速度為4.5 km/h,上收膜輪角速度與曲柄的角速度比為0.5時(shí),機(jī)具作業(yè)效果與整機(jī)狀況良好。當(dāng)機(jī)具作業(yè)速度加快或上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度的比值減小時(shí),機(jī)具作業(yè)效果依然良好,但整機(jī)出現(xiàn)振動現(xiàn)象。這是因?yàn)槊撃ぱb置中曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量分布不平衡,隨著作業(yè)速度的增加,由質(zhì)量不平衡產(chǎn)生的系統(tǒng)慣性力不平衡現(xiàn)象加劇,導(dǎo)致整機(jī)產(chǎn)生振動。因此在今后的研究中還需對曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)中各桿件的質(zhì)量分布情況進(jìn)行優(yōu)化改進(jìn),提高機(jī)具在較高作業(yè)速度下的穩(wěn)定性。受試驗(yàn)環(huán)境與時(shí)間的限制,本次試驗(yàn)只在現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)及作業(yè)參數(shù)下對樣機(jī)進(jìn)行了性能驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn),未深入探究脫膜裝置在不同結(jié)構(gòu)與作業(yè)參數(shù)組合下的作業(yè)效果,因此在后續(xù)的研究中還需進(jìn)行脫膜裝置結(jié)構(gòu)與作業(yè)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化試驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步提高夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)脫膜裝置及整機(jī)的作業(yè)效果。
1)本文針對現(xiàn)有殘膜回收機(jī)脫膜困難的問題,結(jié)合夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)設(shè)計(jì)了一種脫膜裝置,主要包括刮板總成、曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)和膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu),利用曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動刮板以特定的軌跡完成脫膜作業(yè),并使用棒條狀輸膜篩完成輸膜和膜雜分離作業(yè)。
2)為增加夾指隨夾指鏈轉(zhuǎn)過上收膜輪的過程中與刮板接觸的次數(shù),將刮板總成中的刮板設(shè)為雙層,并通過作業(yè)過程分析對其結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì);使用ADAMS軟件對刮板末端運(yùn)動軌跡進(jìn)行仿真分析,并根據(jù)仿真結(jié)果對曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿件長度及安裝角進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì);通過對殘膜受力情況的分析,確定了曲柄搖桿機(jī)構(gòu)的安裝位置;通過運(yùn)動學(xué)分析獲得了夾指不被漏刮時(shí)上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度比的最大值;為實(shí)現(xiàn)輸膜與膜雜分離,設(shè)計(jì)了往復(fù)擺動式膜雜分離機(jī)構(gòu),并通過作業(yè)機(jī)理分析及性能試驗(yàn)對相關(guān)部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
3)田間試驗(yàn)表明,當(dāng)機(jī)具作業(yè)速度為4.5 km/h、刮板寬度為100 mm、曲柄回轉(zhuǎn)中心與上收膜輪中心間的水平安裝距離為290 mm、豎直安裝距離為200 mm、上收膜輪角速度與曲柄角速度比為0.5、輸膜篩相鄰棒條間的安裝距離為50 mm時(shí),殘膜回收率為93.12%,脫膜率為98.2%,含雜率為16.08%,機(jī)具連續(xù)作業(yè)過程中未出現(xiàn)殘膜二次纏繞的問題,能夠滿足殘膜回收機(jī)作業(yè)要求。
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Design and experiment of film removing device for clamping finger-chain type residual film collector
Tang Yongfei1, Zhao Yongman1,2※, Wang Jikui1,2, Wang Zheng1
(1,,832003,;2,,832003,)
Film-mulching cultivation technology could significantly improve the growth condition of crops and increase the economic benefits of agricultural production. However, the residual film in soil is very difficult to degrade, and there is no effective recovery method, resulting in the amount of residual film in farmland soil gradually increased. The residual film currently has a serious impact on the ecological environment of farmland soil. To solve this problem, domestic scholars have devised a variety of residual film collectors. The design of film removing device was one of the key points in the development of the residual film collector. However, the existing residual film collectors mainly adopts the structure of pneumatic, telescopic rod tooth and rotary scraper, which could easily cause secondary winding of residual film during the film removing process. Thus, a film removing device of clamping finger-chain type for residual film collection was designed in this study. The device was consisted of scraper assembly, crank-rocker mechanism and film-impurity separation mechanism, which could complete the work of film removing, film-impurity separation, and film transport at one time. In order to increase the contact times between the finger and the scraper when the clamping finger-chain moved upward, a double-layer arrangement structure of scraper was adopted in the scraper assembly, and the structural parameters were designed through the analysis of the operation process. The ADAMS software was used to simulate and analyze the motion trajectory of the endpoint of the scraper, and the length of each rod and the mounting angle of the crank-rocker mechanism were designed. Through the force analysis of residual film, the mounting position of the crank-rocker mechanism was determined. Through the kinematics analysis, the maximum value of the angular speed ratio between the upper film collecting wheel and the crank when the fingers were not scratched was obtained. In order to achieve the film-impurity separation and film transport, a film-impurity separation mechanism with reciprocating swing type was designed, and the structural parameters of related components were designed based on the operation mechanism analysis and performance tests. The field experiments results showed that the residual film recovery rate was 93.12%, the film removing rate was 98.2%, and the impurity rate was 16.08%, when the travel speed of the collector was 4.5 km/h, the width of scraper was 100 mm, the horizontal mounting distance between the rotation center of crank and the center of upper film collecting wheel was 290 mm, the vertical mounting distance between the rotation center of crank and the center of upper film collecting wheel was 200 mm, the angular speed ratio between the upper film collecting wheel and the crank was 0.5, and the mounting distance of the bar in film transport sieve was 50 mm, The results indicated that the film removing device could meet the field operation requirements of the residual film collector. The research can provide the basis and reference for the development of relevant residual film collector.
agricultural machinery; design; residual film recovery; film removing device; crank-rocker mechanism
唐永飛,趙永滿,王吉奎,等. 夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C(jī)脫膜裝置設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(13):11-19.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.002 http://www.tcsae.org
Tang Yongfei, Zhao Yongman, Wang Jikui, et al. Design and experiment of film removing device for clamping finger-chain type residual film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(13): 11-19. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.002 http://www.tcsae.org
2020-03-18
2020-06-10
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51765057)
唐永飛,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及理論分析研究。Email:1074437968@qq.com
趙永滿,教授,博士,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化工程研究。Email:zhrym@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.13.002
S223.5
A
1002-6819(2020)-13-0011-09