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詩風(fēng)瓷韻上林湖

2020-07-20 00:31黃嵐
文化交流 2020年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:越窯慈溪青瓷

黃嵐

看到這些精美制作,總會(huì)深深感嘆,古代的匠人們不知道是怎樣將一點(diǎn)黃泥和成泥坯,加上釉料,又歷經(jīng)了幾道工序、嘗試了多少次失敗,才凝煉成這薄如蝶翼青瑩如玉的碟。

每個(gè)地方都有自己的名片,比如天安門之于北京,西湖之于杭州,天一閣之于寧波。那么慈溪呢?就是上林湖。從滸山沿國道向東南約15公里,便到了上林湖。去上林湖看什么?我的一首《憶江南》道出了秘密:“慈溪好,最喜在春時(shí)。栲栳山中飛白瀑,上林湖畔賞青瓷。怎不惹相思。”對(duì),上林湖的青瓷白瀑,是慈溪最佳的山水名片。

上林湖位于浙江省慈溪市橋頭鎮(zhèn)轄內(nèi),四面環(huán)山,湖岸線曲折多姿,水色澄清,宛如碧玉鑲嵌其中。

上林湖的美,在于她的綠。泛舟湖上,湖面倒映著滿山的翠綠,船漿劃動(dòng),清澈的湖水緩緩流動(dòng),在陽光下像綢緞一般滑落,熠熠閃爍。湖的南岸就是慈溪的名山——栲栳山。栲栳山林木蔥蘢,幽徑曲折,層層疊疊的綠投射到上林湖面,便漾起無邊無際的瑩綠,清澈的水倒映著滿山的綠,讓人置身于一個(gè)安靜的清幽世界,忘記了塵世與俗惱,連心也變得澄澈起來。

透過碧清的水面,可以看到近岸邊的水底有層疊的瓷的碎片,這些瓷片或臥或立或斜插在湖泥里,有時(shí)一面白色朝上,有時(shí)一面青色朝上,和著湖底的水草,又向湖面折射出一種青綠色,讓人疑心這水原本就有這深深淺淺的綠色。我曾作《南歌子·上林青瓷》以記之:“問訊青瓷底,追根翠岸東。湖波澹蕩綠蔥蘢,隨系輕舟出入史煙中?!?/p>

是的,上林湖湖畔,這四周山腳下有漢代至宋代古窯址100多處。這是我國最早燒制青瓷的窯址之一,所制秘色瓷,呈現(xiàn)一種天青色,一種很自然很柔美的青色,也是一種生命的顏色,又比張揚(yáng)的綠色來得謙和,真是種恰到好處的顏色。

曾欣賞到一幅對(duì)聯(lián),是李亮偉教授為賀慈溪詩詞學(xué)會(huì)成立所作:“煮海爐煙炊岸白,燒瓷窯火上林青?!狈浅S写认厣?。上聯(lián)用“煮?!眱勺謱懗龃认丝亢3院5奶厣?,產(chǎn)鹽是傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)之一,如今還存有“一灶”“二灶”等地名,均反映了鹽民煮海造鹽之生活狀態(tài),煮海之爐煙,將海岸炊白了,非常形象。下聯(lián)說了慈溪的另一個(gè)特色——青瓷。此處“上林”不作地名名詞解,而作動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),“上到林梢”與上聯(lián)的“炊岸”相對(duì)。而“青”字則包含了三層意思,青瓷、爐火純青、林木青青,有青春之感。燒瓷的窯火包含“爐火純青”之意,既應(yīng)上聯(lián),也暗指寫詩詞能達(dá)到爐火純青之意。我說這個(gè)對(duì)聯(lián)作得好,就在于“上林青”這三個(gè)字,簡(jiǎn)直是神來之筆,將青瓷文化天衣無縫地融入到慈溪文化中,讓我一看到上林湖就想到個(gè)“青”字來。

我一直在想,為什么這越窯的瓷叫青瓷、瓷的顏色是青的呢?為什么不是景德鎮(zhèn)瓷器的藍(lán)、不是邢臺(tái)瓷器的白?那做瓷的胚泥本是這黃色的湖泥,在烈火的考驗(yàn)下,為何竟能涅槃成這光潔美麗的瓷?

走走停停,我欣賞著上林湖的美。

上林湖的美,在于她的詩。山水因詩而留名,詩詞因山水而輕靈俊美,兩者相輔相成,相得益彰。上林湖在歷史上曾隸屬余姚,直到1954年始隸屬慈溪。瀕臨海邊,海濤輕拍著山腳,風(fēng)浪的侵襲讓人們不得安生。最早筑堤以捍海潮的是宋代余姚縣令謝景初,他初建大古塘,從云柯至上林長(zhǎng)二萬八千尺(我推算大約為8.68公里),即東段海堤。謝景初(1020~1084年),字師厚,號(hào)今是翁,今浙江富陽人。他在任內(nèi)政績(jī)顯著,在吳越一帶被稱為“四賢”之一。當(dāng)然說這些,還是抽象了點(diǎn),讓人對(duì)他還是不甚了解。他有個(gè)女婿比較有名,就是江西詩派的詩人黃庭堅(jiān)。謝縣令有一詩《尋余姚上林湖》寫得極為清麗,一開頭就交待出游起因,“山水有奇秀,何必耳目親。茲地世未知,仙游良可珍?!彼犝f上林湖一帶山水奇秀,某天就探訪過來?!捌胶渲?,翠巘圍四垠。青松千萬植,落瀑如懸巾。佛廟聳殿塔,裝點(diǎn)紛圖新。清溪與斷崖,水石聲磷磷?!笨此拿枋觯坪踹@上林湖的秀美景色不曾改變,我們現(xiàn)在也能觀賞到詩中所繪風(fēng)光:平湖其中,翠巖四周,青松落瀑,水石磷磷(意為水中石頭突立的樣子)。而當(dāng)時(shí)能登峰頂以觀滄海,則與現(xiàn)今有很大不同了。曾經(jīng)的大塘堤,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)向北圍到了十二塘,讓人油然而生一種滄海桑田之感。

來上林湖,必定要登一登栲栳山。宋代的另一位詩人高翥的《上林山行》就是描寫從湖邊向山上行走的風(fēng)景:“落盡桐花春已休,過墻新筍籜初抽。山行步步黃泥滑,小立溪橋聽雨鳩?!备唪悖?170~1241年),字九萬,號(hào)菊磵(古同“澗”,有水稱澗,無水稱磵),南宋時(shí)余姚人,是江湖詩派中的重要人物,有“江湖游士”之稱。高翥不屑考取功名,以布衣終身。晚年貧困潦倒,無一椽半畝,在上林湖畔搭了個(gè)簡(jiǎn)陋的草屋,小僅容身,自署“信天巢”。從詩意來看,這一次詩人是在晚春時(shí)節(jié)到上林湖,竹筍因雨初抽新長(zhǎng),黃泥卻因雨而更加濕滑,行至溪上小橋,詩人稍歇一歇,站在小橋上看一看四周的風(fēng)景,聽到雨聲中的鳩鳥聲聲喚春,好一幅愜意的春游圖呀。

通往栲栳山的山道上,隨時(shí)會(huì)看到慈溪的特產(chǎn)——楊梅樹。特別到了紅果掛枝的時(shí)候,更讓人回味。我在10年前和家人去上林湖,登攀栲栳山時(shí),卻是去早了,沒品嘗到天下最好吃的楊梅,卻看到竹筍新抽,看到這生命之歌的綻放,特別令人愉悅。時(shí)艷陽高照,微風(fēng)徐徐,栲栳山路的一邊是蒼翠的山林,一邊是溪流,我也不知道這溪名是什么。我們一直走到瀑布飛湍處,看到山溪中的水石突立,突然想到“磷磷”這個(gè)詞的奇妙來。女兒和侄子兩個(gè)小孩子互相比爬山,人前人后跑得歡快。我有一首小詩《登栲栳山》記錄這次登山:“春陽和煦草花盈,小女嬌呼雀躍行。山路蜿蜒飛瀑白,林深更見畫天成。”

上林湖的美,更在于她的瓷。越窯是我國古代最著名的青瓷窯系,自東漢至北宋末存在了上千年,而越窯青瓷的主產(chǎn)地之一就在慈溪的栲栳山下上林湖一帶。此處是我國越窯青瓷發(fā)祥地和著名產(chǎn)地之一,現(xiàn)有上林湖越窯國家考古遺址公園和博物館可供參觀游覽。說到青瓷,我們往往會(huì)想到晚唐詩人陸龜蒙的《秘色越器》這首詩來:“九秋風(fēng)露越窯開,奪得千峰翠色來。如向中宵盛沉靡,共稽中散斗遺杯?!鄙搅珠g的清晨,透過秋風(fēng)清露,可見成千上萬出窯后的秘色瓷堆放在山坡上,如千峰疊嶂,其色似青如黛,完全蓋過了這千峰萬山之蒼翠本色。特別是那些敞口朝上堆放的瓷器,盛載了一些清露,如同嵇康這位中散大夫斗酒后留下的還殘存有濁酒的杯子。這些瓷器承載著雨過天青的顏色,胎骨如薄片,均勻的施釉技術(shù),使得釉色青翠瑩潤(rùn),光彩照人,令人愛不釋手。

這上林湖的青瓷器有豐富的表現(xiàn)形式,有瓶、罐、壺、碗、洗、缽、盞等器物,而器物上的花紋又分為弦紋、印花紋、網(wǎng)格紋、連珠紋、羽毛紋、水波紋等等,器物高低不同,肩部細(xì)節(jié)如何,底部有腳與否,都會(huì)有一個(gè)不同凡響的名字。每一件器具都是一件無價(jià)的珍寶,在歷史的長(zhǎng)河中熠熠生光。如我欣賞到的一件東漢時(shí)的五聯(lián)瓶,釉色青亮,造型別致,瓶身分三節(jié),上節(jié)瓶口處由五個(gè)小瓶眾星捧月般圍著一個(gè)形似瓶子的瓶口,這就是“五聯(lián)瓶”的直觀意思吧!中節(jié)瓶肩部的小鳥和下節(jié)肩部的長(zhǎng)尾小獸,雖是瓷制,堪比實(shí)物,精彩如斯!還有一個(gè)北宋的鏤空蝴蝶紋碟,青釉薄胎,碟腹部鏤空刻有蝴蝶紋,一只只蝴蝶造型優(yōu)美,線條柔美,形象逼真,其翩翩起舞之姿態(tài)惟妙惟肖。這碟恐怕不是日常使用之器具,而應(yīng)當(dāng)是一件藝術(shù)品。

看到這些精美制作,總會(huì)深深感嘆古代的匠人,不知道是怎樣將一點(diǎn)黃泥和成泥坯,加上釉料,又歷經(jīng)了幾道工序、嘗試了多少次失敗,才凝煉成這薄如蝶翼青瑩如玉的碟?看一眼上林湖畔的碎瓷堆就知道,要怎樣反復(fù)失敗,才能留下如此藝術(shù)品讓我們品賞。欣作一闋《南歌子》贊曰:“或把山泥和,終將碎片熔。持刀巧手刻唐風(fēng),秘色纏枝溪上綻花紅?!倍屓俗院赖氖?,這些瓷器竟然出自我家鄉(xiāng)人的手筆,慈溪人的勤勞聰慧可見一斑。

最好是在細(xì)雨蒙蒙的春天,攜一二好友,看桃紅柳翠,聽隔湖鷓鴣,賞一湖碧綠。入眸的青瓷碎片,帶著史記的秘密,在這清幽的山間,與我低語。在這一瞬間,我早已與清風(fēng)同醉,與湖山同醉,與天地同醉。

Shanglin Lake in Cixi

By Huang Lan

Shanglin Lake, a call card of Cixi in eastern Zhejiang, is about 15 kilometers south of Cixi Countys capital. Surrounded by hills, the lake is a gateway to serenity and to a splendor that dates back to about 1,000 years ago, as testified by numerous porcelain shards half buried in the lake bottom sloping down from the shores. These porcelain shards are a witness to a time when the hills were home to a cluster of kilns. At present, there are about 100 ancient kiln sites around the lake.

This string of kilns represents one of the earliest celadon makers in Chinas history of the ceramic industry. The ceramic wares produced around Shanglin Lake are generally known as “secret-color porcelain”, which refers to the colors of the glazes on finished products. The secret colors might come from formulas and procedures used in glaze making and firing. In history, some official supervisors were stationed at Shanglin Lake to oversee the production of best-quality porcelain products for imperial houses and government offices.

The kilns are known as? Kiln, a distinct name for the kilns that lasted for about 1,000 years in this part of Zhejiang, which for a long time in history was the land of the Yue state. The kilns around Shanglin Lake started the? Kiln tradition and were among the best producers of celadon in history. By the way, Zhejiang is still known as? in literary writings.? Opera, one of the best known regional opera genres in China, is so named in honor of the ancient state in history. The Shanglin Lake? Kiln site was inscribed onto the third list of national key cultural relics in January 1988.

At the foot of Kaolao Mountain, which is a major scenic attraction of the lake zone, spreads the Shanglin? Kiln Archaeological Park and a museum that showcases the beauty of the secret-color porcelains. On view at the museum are a lot of exhibits highlighting a full range of shapes, colors, and functions of secret-color porcelain objects. These ceramic wonders showcase the passion and artistry of the past celadon craftsmen and remind visitors of the poems about the celadon splendors by ancient and contemporary poets. The shards seen on the shores and in the lake are the remains of the products which were considered as failures and therefore destroyed.

Kaolao Mountain is more than the home to the museum and the park. Waxberry trees are part of the forest in the mountain. These waxberry trees produce the best quality fruit in early summer days. Also in the mountain are bamboo groves and a bubbling stream with grotesque boulders scattered here and there. In early springtime, bamboo shoots can be seen in the bamboo groves.

Shanglin Lake in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) was part of Yuyao. In 1954, five years after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the region became part of Cixi. Yuyao and Cixi are both part of Ningbo, a harbor city in eastern Zhejiang. The lake took form in the Song Dynasty after Xie Jingchu (1020-1084), governor of Yuyao County, had a 9-km dike built there. The county governor may be little known to most people, but his son-in-law Huang Tingjian (1045-1105), a prominent poet and calligrapher of the Song, is better known in the history.

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