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輕度認知障礙危險因素研究進展

2020-07-04 02:56:30張麗娜張俊青侯繼文郭宗君
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(醫(yī)學(xué)版) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:認知功能障礙危險因素綜述

張麗娜 張俊青 侯繼文 郭宗君

[摘要] 輕度認知障礙(MCI)是癡呆的早期階段,指記憶力或其他認知功能進行性減退,但不影響日常生活能力,且未達到癡呆的診斷標準。近年來,越來越多的研究表明,MCI與諸多因素相關(guān),如生活方式、系統(tǒng)性疾病、慢性炎癥、腸道微生態(tài)及遺傳因素等。本文對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究進展進行綜述,旨在識別有罹患認知障礙風(fēng)險者,以實施早期干預(yù)和治療。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 認知功能障礙;危險因素;綜述

[中圖分類號] R741;R181.13

[文獻標志碼] A

[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)03-0331-06

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.114

[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標識碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200610.1355.002.html;2020-06-11 11:21

RESEARCH ADVANCES IN RISK FACTORS FOR MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

ZHANG Lina, ZHANG Junqing, HOU Jiwen, GUO Zongjun

(Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)

[ABSTRACT]

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early stage of dementia and refers to the progressive deterioration of memory or other cognitive functions which does not affect the activities of daily living and does not meet the diagnostic criteria for dementia. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that MCI is associated with many factors, such as lifestyle, systemic diseases, chronic inflammation, intestinal microecology, and genetic factors. This article reviews the relevant research advances, aiming to identify the people at a risk of cognitive impairment and implement early intervention and treatment.

[KEY WORDS]cognitive dysfunction; risk factors; review

隨著人口老齡化進程的加快,老年癡呆人數(shù)急劇增多,不但嚴重危害老年人身體健康,也給家庭和社會增加了沉重的經(jīng)濟和精神負擔(dān)。輕度認知障礙(MCI)是癡呆前期的重要一環(huán)。目前,有關(guān)MCI的發(fā)病機制尚不十分清楚,但是越來越多的證據(jù)表明,其發(fā)生、發(fā)展是遺傳和環(huán)境等多因素相互作用的結(jié)果。本文對MCI的相關(guān)影響因素進行綜述,旨在為MCI的診斷和防治提供依據(jù)。

1 MCI概述

美國神經(jīng)病學(xué)學(xué)會(AAN)在2018年對MCI指南進行了更新,將MCI定義為:個體在日常生活工具活動能力受損程度最小的情況下表現(xiàn)出的認知損害[1]。《中國癡呆與認知障礙診治指南》對MCI的診斷標準如下:①病人或知情者報告,或有經(jīng)驗的臨床醫(yī)師發(fā)現(xiàn)認知的損害;②存在一個或多個認知功能域損害的客觀證據(jù)(來自認知測驗);③復(fù)雜的工具性日常能力可以有輕微損害,但保持獨立的日常生活能力;④尚未達到癡呆的診斷標準。

2 MCI的危險因素

研究表明,MCI與諸多因素相關(guān),如生活方式、慢病因素、慢性炎癥、腸道微生態(tài)及遺傳因素等[2-84]。

2.1 生活方式對MCI的影響

2.1.1 肥胖及飲食方式 HORIE等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),65歲以下的肥胖與癡呆事件呈正相關(guān),65歲及以上人群則相反。而LEE等[3]探討飲食習(xí)慣和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)與癡呆關(guān)系的全國性調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,與正常BMI者(18 kg/m2

2.1.2 受教育程度和壓力 高等教育是預(yù)防癡呆癥的一個保護性因素,這可能與健康意識的增強導(dǎo)致他們更早地進行咨詢有關(guān)[6]。而另一項研究結(jié)果卻顯示,MCI病人的高職業(yè)成就是MCI進展至癡呆的獨立危險因素[7],這可能與高職業(yè)成就承受更大的壓力有關(guān),這與相關(guān)研究壓力使MCI事件風(fēng)險增加的結(jié)論一致[8-9]。

2.1.3 吸煙和飲酒 吸煙是認知障礙的高危因素,吸煙可導(dǎo)致基底前腦的膽堿能輸入?yún)^(qū)域萎縮,增加癡呆的風(fēng)險[10]。法國一項全國性回顧性隊列研究結(jié)果顯示,乙醇是癡呆的危險因素,特別是早發(fā)癡呆[11]。

2.1.4 睡眠和聽力障礙 有關(guān)老年睡眠問題與MCI的相關(guān)研究近年來增多。其中快動眼睡眠行為障礙(RBD)是一個重要因素,JOZWIAK等[12]研究顯示,患有RBD的帕金森?。≒D)病人MCI診斷率是沒有RBD的PD病人的3倍。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停也可能是發(fā)生MCI的危險因素[13]。不久前發(fā)表的一項薈萃分析也得出結(jié)論,年齡相關(guān)的聽力損失是認知衰退的風(fēng)險因素[14]。

2.1.5 久坐和緩慢步態(tài) 久坐行為也與較差的認知表現(xiàn)有關(guān)[15],VANCAMPFORT等[16]就久坐行為與MCI的關(guān)系開展了一項橫跨6個國家、納入34 129名參與者的調(diào)查研究,結(jié)果表明,久坐不動的生活方式可能是MCI的可調(diào)節(jié)危險因素。DOI等[17]還發(fā)現(xiàn),緩慢步態(tài)會增加MCI向癡呆進展的風(fēng)險。

2.1.6 性別及其他生活因素 DAVEY[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),MCI和癡呆在女性中比在男性中更常見。最近的一項薈萃分析也得出相似結(jié)論[19]。諸多學(xué)者研究表明,高齡、受教育程度低、患糖尿病、患高血壓、患高脂血癥及吸煙史等生活因素對MCI的患病率具有明顯的影響[20-21]。

2.2 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變

老年人常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)慢性病變?nèi)缒X微血管病變及PD與MCI相關(guān)性研究較為多見。

2.2.1 腦微血管疾病 腦灌注不足與認知能力加速下降和癡呆風(fēng)險增加有明確關(guān)聯(lián)[22],腦微血管病變會引起慢性腦低灌注并加速神經(jīng)退行性變化[23],這可能是微血管損傷導(dǎo)致認知障礙的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。有學(xué)者將研究擴展至外周動脈,結(jié)果顯示動脈硬化是癡呆的危險因素。原因可能為:一方面動脈硬化將主動脈壓向遠端血管傳遞,損害大腦和腎臟的微血管結(jié)構(gòu)[24];另一方面動脈硬化可能降低區(qū)域腦血流量[25],繼而損傷腦組織及神經(jīng)細胞。

2.2.2 PD PD也是伴隨衰老出現(xiàn)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,已有研究證明PD病人多數(shù)伴有認知功能障礙。一項針對PD病人的隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),10%的PD病人患有癡呆癥,另有57%的PD病人表現(xiàn)出認知障礙[26-27]。BUCKLEY等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),主觀認知衰退(SCD)也可能與MCI的風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)。梅奧診所最近一項研究也顯示SCD與MCI相關(guān)聯(lián)[29]。

2.2.3 PD伴MCI 大多數(shù)PD伴有MCI,最新研究表明,高學(xué)歷是PD伴MCI的保護因素,衰老、嚴重的運動癥狀和高半胱氨酸血癥是PD伴MCI的危險因素[30]。PD伴MCI與年齡增加、男性性別和較低的教育程度有關(guān)[31],運動疾病的嚴重程度、運動僵化的表型[32]和代謝綜合征(MS)的并發(fā)癥[33]似乎也與PD的認知能力下降有關(guān)。相反,在中年進行更高水平的體育鍛煉,包括力量、有氧運動和平衡訓(xùn)練,與PD的風(fēng)險降低有關(guān)[34]。缺乏運動和MS也被認為是PD的可能致病機制[35]。

2.3 精神疾病

抑郁與認知障礙的聯(lián)系一直以來都是認知風(fēng)險因素的研究熱點。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁和MCI擁有共同的病理生理機制,包括伴有異常腫瘤壞死因子-α信號傳導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)炎癥,以及腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)的損傷等。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了抑郁與MCI和癡呆風(fēng)險相關(guān)的結(jié)論[36]。抑郁與前額區(qū)進行性萎縮的相關(guān)性可能是促使MCI轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘V呆的另一關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)[37]。許多患有MCI的人同時患有焦慮癥,有研究結(jié)果表明,焦慮與認知障礙和癡呆風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)[38]。譫妄與認知功能下降也存在密切聯(lián)系,一項薈萃分析回顧了9項已發(fā)表的研究,其中有5項研究結(jié)果顯示譫妄與認知功能下降相關(guān)[39]。

2.4 心臟病變

心血管疾病也是認知障礙和阿爾茨海默病(AD)發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要危險因素。老年人的心血管疾病,例如心房顫動(AF)、心力衰竭、動脈硬化性心臟病等與MCI的發(fā)生和進展密不可分。

2.4.1 AF AF病人認知障礙相關(guān)因素近來備受關(guān)注。一項包含6 432名參與者的研究結(jié)果表明,AF病人的MCI 患病率高于無AF病人[40]。黎計明等[41]研究表明,AF是認知功能下降的獨立危險因素。另一項前瞻性研究結(jié)果有助于確定心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的變化是在淀粉樣蛋白沉積之前發(fā)生還是同時發(fā)生的[42]。也有學(xué)者研究證明,低心臟指數(shù)與較低靜息顳葉腦血流量相關(guān)[43],這為腦血流量與認知障礙相關(guān)性提供了有力證據(jù)。

2.4.2 心力衰竭 心力衰竭與認知功能衰退也有密切關(guān)聯(lián)。WITT等[44]研究顯示,心力衰竭病人的癡呆和MCI患病率高于沒有心力衰竭者。ALONSO等[45]研究結(jié)果顯示,在沒有明顯心力衰竭的觀察者中,較高的N末端B型利鈉肽原(NT-proBNP)水平與MCI相關(guān)。

2.4.3 動脈硬化性心臟病 動脈硬化會引起腦血管病變,老年人主動脈硬化降低其腦血流量,增高腦血管反應(yīng)性[25],導(dǎo)致腦組織供血供氧不足,使神經(jīng)細胞發(fā)生不可逆損傷及退行性病變。近期研究表明,中年人的心血管風(fēng)險與老年時較低的灰質(zhì)灌注顯著相關(guān),這有力地說明了心血管健康狀況低下是癡呆癥的危險因素[46]。

2.5 其他慢性疾病因素

2.5.1 MS MS包括肥胖、葡萄糖耐受不良、高血壓和血脂異常等。越來越多的研究結(jié)果表明,MS會增加認知功能障礙的風(fēng)險,并且與認知功能障礙的嚴重程度顯著相關(guān)[47-49],不僅如此,2型糖尿病病人的平衡功能和工作記憶功能也同時受損[50]。據(jù)文獻報道,低糖血癥可能導(dǎo)致部分糖尿病病人癡呆癥的高風(fēng)險[51]。

2.5.2 腎臟代謝 目前諸多學(xué)者對腎臟代謝與認知障礙和癡呆進行關(guān)聯(lián)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)腎功能受損時,肌酐和尿素氮水平、腎小球濾過率(eGFR)及尿蛋白/肌酐比率等與認知障礙相關(guān)[52-56]。有研究表明,腎功能受損的嚴重程度與認知功能受損有關(guān)[54],eGFR越小,發(fā)生認知障礙的風(fēng)險越高[55]。

2.5.3 血漿同型半胱氨酸、葉酸、維生素水平 有研究顯示,低水平的葉酸和維生素B以及升高的同型半胱氨酸水平與老年人的MCI和AD顯著相關(guān)[56-57]。最近一項為期6年的研究表明,較高的蛋氨酸與半胱氨酸之比可能對降低腦萎縮率和癡呆風(fēng)險具有重要意義[58]。

2.5.4 腦與甲狀腺代謝指標 據(jù)報道,AD病人的腦脊液和血漿中凝聚素水平升高,對此做進一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MCI病人血漿凝聚素水平升高會增加進展為AD的風(fēng)險[59]。有研究結(jié)果表明,甲狀腺功能與皮質(zhì)下缺血性血管病誘導(dǎo)的認知障礙有關(guān)[60]。在此之前已發(fā)現(xiàn),較低的血清促甲狀腺激素水平與AD風(fēng)險相關(guān)[61],血清游離三碘甲狀腺素水平與AD風(fēng)險呈線性負相關(guān)[62]。

2.5.5 ω-3脂肪酸與其他營養(yǎng)因子 有研究結(jié)果顯示,ω-3脂肪酸指數(shù)與MCI的患病率呈負相關(guān)[63]。最近有研究結(jié)果也表明,ω-3脂肪酸、維生素、葉酸等可以降低MCI轉(zhuǎn)化為AD的風(fēng)險[64]。

2.5.6 微量元素 有研究結(jié)果顯示,在MCI病人中鐵血清水平略微增加,而在AD病人中其水平突然下降[65]。以往認為,癡呆病人的錳水平逐漸升高,鎂水平逐漸降低。然而有研究結(jié)果顯示,錳缺乏可能是AD的危險因素[66],低水平的血清磷與腦β-淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)沉積相關(guān)[67]。有薈萃分析表明,AD病人血清銅水平顯著升高,血清鋅和鐵水平則顯著降低[68]。然而,微量元素與認知障礙的定性及定量聯(lián)系還需要進一步研究。

2.6 慢性炎癥和腸道微生態(tài)

2.6.1 慢性炎癥因子 CESTARI等[69]研究顯示,AD病人血清白細胞介素(IL)-6水平較高。還有研究表明,高水平的IL-10和IL-12與淀粉樣蛋白沉積顯著相關(guān)[70]。也有研究顯示,在進展為AD的MCI病人的腦脊液中Aβ水平顯著降低,而t-Tau、p-Tau和載脂蛋白Eε4(ApoE4)等位基因頻率顯著升高[71]??寡准毎蜃覶GF-β1對Aβ誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)變性發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護作用[72]。

2.6.2 腸道微生態(tài) 近年來,大量研究結(jié)果揭示了腸道微生態(tài)在衰老、認知障礙和AD的發(fā)生和進展中發(fā)揮重要作用。最近的一項臨床試驗結(jié)果表明,AD可能在腸道中開始,并且與腸道微生態(tài)失衡密切相關(guān)[73]。其導(dǎo)致癡呆和AD的腦破壞機制可能包括以下3個方面:始于腸道的微生物組織生態(tài)失調(diào)、局部和全身炎癥的發(fā)展以及腸-腦軸的失調(diào)等[74]。

2.7 遺傳因素

2.7.1 ApoE4 ApoEε4等位基因是AD中已知最強的常見遺傳風(fēng)險因子,諸多研究結(jié)果表明,ApoEε4狀態(tài)可以預(yù)測老年人MCI或AD的進展風(fēng)險,并且這種風(fēng)險隨年齡而變化[75-79]。

除ApoEε4之外,COLLINS還發(fā)現(xiàn)葡糖腦苷脂酶和微管相關(guān)蛋白tau、兒茶酚-O-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶與PD中癡呆的進展也有關(guān)聯(lián)[80]。

另有研究顯示,相對于正常老年人,MCI病人的血漿神經(jīng)元五聚蛋白1(NP1)水平升高[81]。

2.7.2 其他因子 如IL、人白細胞抗原(HLA)、凝聚素等也可能與MCI有關(guān)。在一項研究中,IL-10基因啟動子單倍型攜帶者遺忘型MCI受試者的腦功能迅速下降,表明IL-10基因啟動子單倍型可能是遺忘型MCI發(fā)展的重要風(fēng)險因子[82]。另一項研究也證明,高水平的IL-10和IL-12與淀粉樣蛋白沉積顯著相關(guān)[70]。STEELE等[83]的研究表明,HLA基因的變異增加了AD風(fēng)險。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),凝聚素中的單核苷酸多態(tài)性是MCI向AD進展的潛在標志物[84]。

3 小結(jié)

綜上所述,諸多因素與MCI關(guān)系密切,各因素之間相互交叉、互為因果。MCI是癡呆的高危人群,具有高度進展為AD的風(fēng)險,癡呆與MCI的病因和危險因素基本上是一致的。2018年中國癡呆與認知障礙指南中指出,癡呆的病因包括年齡、性別、遺傳因素、家族史、心腦血管因素、生活因素、MS、教育水平等,還指出癡呆具有家族聚集性,這可能是遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素共同作用的結(jié)果[85]。癡呆的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并控制其可干預(yù)的危險因素,對預(yù)防MCI的發(fā)生、延緩其向癡呆的進展及改善癡呆的預(yù)后意義重大。因此,在尋求更加具體、統(tǒng)一的診斷及治療標準的同時,開展MCI相關(guān)危險因素的防治研究也顯得尤為重要。

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(本文編輯 馬偉平)

[收稿日期]2020-01-07; [修訂日期]2020-05-09

[基金項目]山東省自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(ZR2012HM049)

[第一作者]張麗娜(1993-),女,碩士研究生。

[通信作者]郭宗君(1964-),男,博士,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:guozjj@163.com。

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