張寶玉 尹瑞梨 莫彩艷 趙冬 馬燕 柯靜
[摘要] 目的 觀察大氣細(xì)顆粒物PM2.5對老年雄性大鼠骨密度、骨小梁結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,及對核因子κ受體激活劑Β配體(RANKL)/骨保護(hù)素(OPG)表達(dá)的作用,探討PM2.5對老年大鼠骨代謝的影響。 方法 采用霧霾倉暴露系統(tǒng),按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將20只19月齡老年SD雄性大鼠分為清潔組和PM2.5組,每組10只。將其分別飼養(yǎng)于清潔倉和霧霾倉,每周監(jiān)測體重,12周后,取材留取股骨組織,檢測大鼠骨密度。蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色觀察骨組織形態(tài);提取骨髓中的mRNA,應(yīng)用Real-time PCR檢測RANKL/OPG的表達(dá)情況。 結(jié)果 兩組體重隨著時間的延長呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定的增高,但兩組體重比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。HE結(jié)果顯示,與清潔組比較,PM2.5組松質(zhì)骨部位的骨小梁減少,排列稀疏、部分?jǐn)嗔?。與清潔組比較,PM2.5組骨密度、骨小梁數(shù)量、骨小梁面積和骨小梁面積百分比均明顯下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。Real-time PCR結(jié)果顯示,與清潔組比較,PM2.5組骨髓中的OPG mRNA含量降低,而RANKL mRNA含量增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 長期暴露于PM2.5中有可能通過增加成骨細(xì)胞RANKL表達(dá)并降低OPG表達(dá),增加破骨細(xì)胞活性,進(jìn)而降低骨密度和骨小梁,加重老年大鼠骨質(zhì)疏松。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 骨代謝;PM2.5;大鼠;核因子κ受體激活劑B配體;骨保護(hù)素
[中圖分類號] R2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)05(c)-0004-04
Effects of atmospheric particulate matter PM2.5 on bone metabolism in aged male rats
ZHANG Baoyu*? ?YIN Ruili*? ?MO Caiyan? ?ZHAO Dong? ?MA Yan? ?KE Jing
Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing? ?100149, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of atmospheric fine particulate matter PM2.5 on bone mineral density and trabecular structure of aged male rats, and the effect of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression of function, and to explore PM2.5 effect on bone metabolism of aged rats. Methods A total of 20 male SD rats aged 19 months were divided into the cleaning group and the PM2.5 group according to the random number table method using a haze warehouse exposure system, with 10 rats in each group. They were kept in a clean warehouse and a haze warehouse respectively, and their weight was monitored weekly. After 12 weeks, femoral tissue was collected and bone mineral density of rats was detected. Bone morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The mRNA in bone marrow was extracted and the expression of RANKL/OPG was detected by Real-time PCR. Results The body weight of the two groups increased steadily with the extension of time, but there was no signifant difference in body weight between the two groups (P > 0.05). HE results showed that compared with the cleaning group, the bone trabeculae in the cancellous bone of the PM2.5 group were reduced, arranged sparsely and partially fractured. Compared with the clean group, bone mineral density, trabecular number, trabecular area and percentage of trabecular area in the PM2.5 group all decreased significantly, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Real-time PCR results showed that compared with the clean group, OPG mRNA content in the PM2.5 group was decreased, while RANKL mRNA content was increased, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Long-term exposure to PM2.5 may increase osteoclast activity by increasing the expression of osteoblasts RANKL and decreasing the expression of OPG, thereby reducing bone mineral density and bone trabeculae and aggravating osteoporosis in aged rats.
[Key words] Bone metabolism; PM2.5; Rats; Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; Osteoprotegerin
骨質(zhì)疏松癥是老年人常見病,以骨量減少、骨微細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,導(dǎo)致骨脆性增加和骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高為特征的代謝性骨疾病[1-2]。骨質(zhì)疏松癥及其相關(guān)性骨折導(dǎo)致絕經(jīng)后婦女和老年男子肢體功能喪失、生活質(zhì)量下降,嚴(yán)重者甚至導(dǎo)致死亡[3-4]。2018年中國骨質(zhì)疏松癥流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示[5]:我國50歲以上人群骨質(zhì)疏松患病率達(dá)到19.2%,50歲以上女性患病率為32.1%。骨質(zhì)疏松癥多數(shù)是由于骨形成和骨吸收過程出現(xiàn)動態(tài)失衡引起,隨著年齡的增長、性激素水平的降低,成骨細(xì)胞活性逐漸降低,使得破骨細(xì)胞活性相對增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致骨吸收大于骨形成,造成骨量減少[6-7]。除了傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素,我們需要探討新的危險(xiǎn)因素來預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生。
隨著工業(yè)化和城市化的快速發(fā)展,空氣污染已經(jīng)成為一個嚴(yán)重問題,各種空氣污染物威脅著人類健康??諝鈩恿W(xué)直徑2.5 μm的細(xì)顆粒物稱為PM2.5,其是影響人類健康的最重要因素[8]。PM2.5暴露會增加心臟病和腦卒中、肺癌、慢性肺病和呼吸道感染等死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。韓國對40~59歲男性工人進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn)骨密度與煙霧的暴露呈負(fù)相關(guān)[9]。有研究顯示PM2.5濃度高的地區(qū),骨折住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[10-11],PM2.5暴露與骨質(zhì)疏松和骨量減少相關(guān)[12]。PM2.5易附帶有毒、有害物質(zhì)比如多環(huán)芳烴類化合物,這些有毒物質(zhì)可隨呼吸通過肺泡進(jìn)入毛細(xì)血管,再進(jìn)入整個血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),引發(fā)炎癥和氧化損傷反應(yīng),進(jìn)而可能影響骨健康,尤其是老年人[13]。PM2.5對于骨健康影響的具體機(jī)制還有待于探討。本研究將老年雄性大鼠分別暴露于霧霾倉和清潔倉中,檢測大鼠股骨骨髓RANKL/OPG mRNA的表達(dá),從基因分子和形態(tài)學(xué)水平探究PM2.5對骨代謝的影響機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
實(shí)驗(yàn)動物為20只清潔級老年雄性SD大鼠,19月齡,體重為(500±10)g。SD大鼠均購自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動物技術(shù)有限公司,實(shí)驗(yàn)動物生產(chǎn)許可證號為SCXK(京)2016-0006,編號為1100112011004775,本動物實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)通過首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)動物倫理委員會審查。醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境設(shè)施為首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院中美神經(jīng)生物研究所。引物合成購自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒iScriptTM Reverse Transcription Supermix(生產(chǎn)批號:1708 840)和iTaqTM universal SYBR?誖 Green supermix(生產(chǎn)批號:64226900)購自美國BIO-RAD公司;
1.2 動物實(shí)驗(yàn)及分組
20只大鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分成PM2.5組和清潔組,每組10只。PM2.5組暴露于霧霾倉中,而清潔組暴露于清潔倉中。暴露時間為2018年8月16日~2018年11月8日。霧霾倉使用的是一個“真實(shí)”的PM2.5暴露系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)是由Sioutas開發(fā)的“多用途氣溶膠濃度濃縮系統(tǒng)”(VACES)改進(jìn)[14],并經(jīng)過Chen和Nadziejko的修改而來的[15]。由于富集系統(tǒng)比較昂貴且北京顆粒物污染嚴(yán)重,因此,該系統(tǒng)沒有設(shè)置濃縮裝置,而是模擬“真實(shí)環(huán)境”的PM2.5暴露系統(tǒng),模擬大氣環(huán)境中顆粒物與污染氣體的協(xié)同作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)中的清潔倉則是將高效顆??諝膺^濾器放置在進(jìn)氣閥位置,以去除過濾后的氣流中的所有PM2.5。大鼠在暴露期間自由進(jìn)食和飲水,并在溫度(22±2)℃和相對濕度40%~60%的條件下進(jìn)行12 h/12 h的光暗循環(huán)。
1.3 實(shí)時熒光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)
提取骨髓細(xì)胞中總RNA,根據(jù)BIO-RAD試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)操作,將總RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,每個基因的反應(yīng)體系按照試劑盒的說明書進(jìn)行Real-time PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)操作。以β-actin為內(nèi)參基因,根據(jù)△Ct值,按照公式2-△△Ct表示目的基因的相對表達(dá)量。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄體系為4 μL的5×Traniscript Supermix,14 μL的Nuclease-free water和2 μL RNA。Real-time PCR反應(yīng)體系為10 μL SYBR Green supermix,0.4 μL 10 μmol/L引物,1 μL雙蒸水和8.2 μL cDNA。擴(kuò)增條件為:94℃10 min,94℃ 30 s,55℃ 30 s,72℃ 1 min,35個循環(huán),72℃ 5min。
引物序列:核因子κ受體激活劑Β配體(receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand,RANKL)正向引物5′-ACCAGCATCAAAATCCCAAG-3′,反向引物5′-TTTGAAAGCCCCAAAGTACG-3′;骨保護(hù)素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)引物:正向引物5′-GTTCTTGCACAGCTTCACCA-3′,反向引物5′-AAACAGCCCA-GTGACCATTC-3′;內(nèi)參序列β-actin:正向引物5′-CGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACA-3′,反向引物5′-CG-GACTCATCGTACTCCTGCT-3′。
1.4 形態(tài)學(xué)檢測
將所有大鼠左側(cè)股骨組織小心分離,用10%的多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h,進(jìn)行脫鈣處理,石蠟包埋,病理切片。蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色切片,使用3D HISTECH Pannoramic 250(Hungary)對切片進(jìn)行掃描,Case Viewer軟件(Hungary)進(jìn)行截取視野,用Image-pro plus 6.0(Media Cybernetics,Inc.,Rockville,MD,USA)對骨小梁面積和數(shù)量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。采用雙能X線骨密度儀,分別測量大鼠骨組織中骨密度的含量。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 大鼠暴露期間霧霾倉和天氣預(yù)報(bào)的PM2.5濃度比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)期間,北京市天氣預(yù)報(bào)的霧霾濃度和霧霾倉通過PM2.5粒子檢測系統(tǒng)檢測記錄的結(jié)果相一致。見圖1。
2.2 暴露期間SD大鼠的體重變化
兩組體重隨著時間的延長呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定的增高,但兩組體重比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖2。
2.3 SD大鼠骨組織的形態(tài)學(xué)觀察
與清潔組比較,PM2.5組松質(zhì)骨部位的骨小梁減少,排列稀疏、部分?jǐn)嗔?。見圖3。與清潔組比較,PM2.5組骨密度、骨小梁數(shù)量、骨小梁面積和骨小梁面積百分比均明顯下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。見表1。
2.4 Real-time PCR檢測SD大鼠骨髓中的OPG和RANKL mRNA表達(dá)水平比較
與清潔組比較,PM2.5組骨髓中的OPG mRNA含量降低,而RANKL mRNA含量增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
本研究采用老年SD大鼠進(jìn)行研究,利用全身霧霾暴露系統(tǒng),實(shí)時監(jiān)測空氣中PM2.5,結(jié)果顯示老年大鼠松質(zhì)骨部位的骨小梁減少,排列稀疏、部分?jǐn)嗔?。同時,PM2.5組骨密度、骨小梁數(shù)量、骨小梁面積和骨小梁面積百分比均低于清潔組,提示長期暴露于PM2.5中可以降低骨密度和骨小梁,加重老年大鼠骨質(zhì)疏松。該結(jié)果與臨床研究相符合。Prada等[10]做了兩項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的臨床研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣顆粒物污染與長期骨丟失和骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),特別是老年人以及經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)。Mazzucchelli等[11]探討發(fā)現(xiàn)室外空氣污染與骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折之間存在短期關(guān)聯(lián)。
PM2.5引起骨質(zhì)疏松的作用機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。PM2.5作為霧霾中的主要顆粒,由于粒徑小,相對表面積大,易富集多環(huán)芳烴等特點(diǎn),可以隨著人的呼吸進(jìn)入體內(nèi)導(dǎo)致心血管和呼吸等系統(tǒng)疾病。長期暴露于PM2.5引起的氧化性損害和炎性反應(yīng),可能影響骨骼健康[10]。本研究檢測了大鼠骨髓組織中RANKL mRNA、OPG mRNA的表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示,與清潔組比較,PM2.5組骨髓中的OPG mRNA含量降低,而RANKL mRNA含量增高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。提示長期暴露于PM2.5中可增加RANKL表達(dá)并降低OPG表達(dá)。成骨細(xì)胞表達(dá)并釋放RANKL,與破骨前體細(xì)胞膜上RANK結(jié)合,啟動破骨細(xì)胞生成基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,最終誘導(dǎo)成熟的破骨細(xì)胞形成。成骨細(xì)胞分泌的OPG以二聚體形式,競爭性地與三聚體RANKL結(jié)合,使其失去結(jié)合RANK的活性,從而使破骨細(xì)胞的生成受到抑制[16-18]。本研究PM2.5組OPG含量降低而RANKL含量增高,會誘導(dǎo)更多的成熟破骨細(xì)胞。PM2.5可能通過影響RANKL/RANK/OPG信號通路,影響骨代謝,引起骨量減少甚至導(dǎo)致骨質(zhì)疏松癥。
隨著人群的老化,骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的全球患病率正在逐漸增加[19-20]。為了減少骨質(zhì)疏松及骨質(zhì)疏松骨折的發(fā)生,需要有效預(yù)防措施,除了控制傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素,如增加運(yùn)動量、減少煙酒攝入、減少可能影響骨代謝藥物等??刂瓶諝馕廴?,可能成為預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松及其相關(guān)骨折的一項(xiàng)新措施。
本研究的不足之處包括霧霾倉系統(tǒng)沒有濃縮裝置且不能控制PM2.5的濃度,但是可以模擬“真實(shí)環(huán)境”的PM2.5暴露系統(tǒng),更可以反映真實(shí)世界的情況。其次,沒有檢測大鼠血清中骨轉(zhuǎn)換標(biāo)志物,不能全面評估骨代謝情況。
總之,本研究提示長期暴露于PM2.5中可能通過調(diào)節(jié)RANKL/OPG信號通路的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生更多破骨細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而影響老年骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生發(fā)展,詳細(xì)作用機(jī)制值得進(jìn)一步的研究探討。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-14? 本文編輯:顧家毓)