袁星辰 王文杰 姚榆 夏瑞琴 張桂銘 孫立江
[摘要] 目的 探討代謝綜合征(MetS)及其組分與良性前列腺增生(BPH)病人下尿路癥狀(LUTS)的相關性。方法 選取2015年10月—2018年12月因LUTS就診于青島大學附屬醫(yī)院的908例BPH病人,根據(jù)是否合并MetS分為兩組,其中合并MetS組132例,不合并MetS組(對照組)776例。采集兩組病人空腹血檢測前列腺特異性抗原、血糖及血脂水平,并比較兩組間國際前列腺癥狀評分(IPSS)、儲尿期評分和排尿期評分的差異。結果兩組間前列腺特異性抗原水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),血糖、三酰甘油及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=2.357~7.183,P<0.05)。合并MetS組病人的IPSS及儲尿期評分顯著高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=5.940、10.114,P<0.01),兩組間排尿期評分差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。在MetS的組成成分中,是否合并腹型肥胖和高血壓與IPSS具有相關性(r=-0.035、0.168,P<0.05)。結論 MetS可加重BPH病人的LUTS,預防治療MetS可能對BPH病人的LUTS的改善有一定作用。
[關鍵詞] 代謝綜合征;前列腺增生;下尿路癥狀;癥狀評估
[中圖分類號] R697.32 ?[文獻標志碼] A ?[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)02-0194-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.040 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網絡出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200320.1519.004.html;2020-03-23 11:43:43
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). ?Methods A total of 908 patients with BPH who attended The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University due to LUTS from October 2015 to December 2018 were enrolled, and according to the presence or absence of MetS, they were divided into MetS group with 132 patients and control group (without MetS) with 776 patients. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure prostate-specific antigen, blood glucose and blood lipids, and the two groups were compared in terms of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), urine storage score, and micturition score. ?Results There was no significant difference in prostate-specific antigen between the Mets group and the control group (t=0.284,P>0.05), and there were significant differences between the two groups in blood glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (t=2.357-7.183,P<0.05). The MetS group had significantly higher IPSS and urine storage score than the control group (t=5.940,10.114;P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in urination score between the two groups (P>0.05). Among the components of MetS, the presence or absence of abdominal obesity and hypertension was associated with IPSS (r=-0.035, 0.168;P<0.05). ?Conclusion MetS can aggravate LUTS in patients with BPH and prevention and treatment of MetS may help to improve LUTS in BPH patients.
[KEY WORDS] metabolic syndrome; prostatic hyperplasia; lower urinary tract symptoms; symptom assessment
下尿路癥狀(LUTS)包括尿頻、尿急、排尿困難等,多見于60歲以上的老年人,在男性其主要病因是良性前列腺增生(BPH)[1-3]。LUTS嚴重影響病人的生活質量,病情嚴重者甚至會發(fā)生急性尿潴留,死亡風險也隨之上升[4-5]。已有研究表明,BPH導致后尿道延長、受壓變形、狹窄和尿道阻力增加,引起膀胱高壓并出現(xiàn)相關排尿期癥狀。隨著膀胱壓力的增加,出現(xiàn)膀胱逼尿肌代償性肥厚并引起相關儲尿期癥狀,LUTS的出現(xiàn)不僅歸因于BPH,它還與代謝綜合征(MetS)密切相關[6-7]。MetS是指一種以多種代謝異常發(fā)生在同一個體為特點的綜合征,如糖代謝紊亂、脂代謝紊亂、肥胖、高血壓等[8-11]。有研究認為,MetS導致LUTS的發(fā)生可能與慢性高糖血癥、氧化應激和自主神經病變有關,這些病理生理狀態(tài)均會加重LUTS,而MetS中的各組分也是潛在的可控制的危險因素。因此,控制MetS的發(fā)生及進展,對促進BPH病人的LUTS控制可能具有積極的意義[12]。MetS被認為是BPH及其相關LUTS發(fā)生及發(fā)展的獨立影響因素[13-14]。然而,有關MetS及其組分與LUTS程度相關性的研究較少,有待通過臨床研究提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。本研究擬通過回顧性調查,探討青島地區(qū)BPH病人MetS及其各組分與LUTS的相關性?,F(xiàn)將結果報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象
選取2015年10月—2018年12月青島大學附屬醫(yī)院收治、經手術和病理確診為BPH病人908例,年齡48~90歲,平均(73.2±5.8)歲。病人均行手術治療,且經病理檢查確診為BPH;合并明確的LUTS;BPH為首次手術治療;病人臨床、實驗室、病理資料完善。根據(jù)《中國泌尿外科疾病診斷治療指南》(2014版)診斷BPH,排除尿路感染、尿道狹窄、前列腺癌、急性前列腺炎、膀胱頸攣縮、膀胱腫瘤、神經源性膀胱、膀胱結石及其他影響排尿功能的疾病。根據(jù)《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南》(2018更新版)中MetS的定義,存在以下3項及以上代謝性危險因素為MetS。①腹型肥胖:腰圍>90 cm(男性)或>85 cm(女性);②高血壓:動脈血壓≥17.3/11.3 kPa,或者正在應用降血壓藥物;③高三酰甘油(TG)血癥:空腹血清TG≥1.7 mmol/L或者正在服用降血脂藥物;④低高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)血癥:空腹血清HDL-C<1.0 mmol/L(男性)或<1.3 mmol/L(女性);⑤高糖血癥:空腹血糖(FBG)≥5.6 mmol/L,或餐后2 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L,或有2型糖尿病家族史。依據(jù)以上診斷標準,908例BPH病人中有132例合并有MetS(Ⅰ組),776例不合并MetS(Ⅱ組)。本研究通過青島大學附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)和標本采集
病人入院后收集年齡、身高、體質量、吸煙史等基本信息。禁食8 h后采集空腹靜脈血,檢測FBG、TG、HDL-C、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)等指標。對病人進行國際前列腺癥狀評分(IPSS)、儲尿期評分以及排尿期評分。行前列腺超聲檢查,計算前列腺體積(PV)。PV=0.52×左右徑×前后徑×上下徑。
1.3 統(tǒng)計方法
應用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行處理。符合正態(tài)分布計量資料采用±s形式表示,組間比較采用兩獨立樣本t檢驗;計數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗。檢驗水準為α=0.05。
2 結 ?果
2.1 一般資料相關指標比較
Ⅰ組和Ⅱ組病人的體質量指數(shù)(BMI)、FBG、TG、HDL-C,是否合并腹型肥胖,是否合并高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病等比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=2.357~10.182,χ2=10.182~177.245,P<0.05),兩組年齡、PSA、前列腺體積、吸煙及飲酒史等比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組MetS組分個數(shù)與IPSS、儲尿期評分及排尿期評分的相關性
兩組IPSS、儲尿期評分比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=5.940、10.114,P<0.01),兩組間排尿期評分比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。使用箱式圖將MetS組分個數(shù)分別與IPSS、儲尿期評分及排尿期評分進行比較,結果顯示隨著MetS組分個數(shù)增加,IPSS、儲尿期評分升高(r=0.585、0.683,P<0.05),而排尿期評分則未見規(guī)律性變化(P>0.05)。見圖1~3。
2.3 MetS組分與IPSS相關性
進一步分析MetS各個組分與所有病人IPSS的相關性,結果顯示,是否合并有腹型肥胖、是否合并高血壓病人的IPSS差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(r=-0.035、0.168,P<0.05);而是否合并有高TG血癥、高糖血癥、低HDL-C血癥組分IPSS比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
3 討 ?論
隨著社會人口的老齡化,BPH的患病率也在逐年增加,已經成為一種常見的世界性疾病,也是引起男性LUTS的主要病因[15-16]。BPH以前列腺增大和尿道狹窄為特征,部分病人由于疾病進展緩慢,病人可能會習慣這些癥狀而未早期進行診治,導致出現(xiàn)突然的急性尿潴留,或是出現(xiàn)慢性尿潴留伴腎衰竭[17-18]。BPH是前列腺細胞非惡性增殖的結果,盡管增殖的病因尚不清楚,但與其相關的已知因素是衰老和睪丸分泌的雄性激素減少。另有研究表明,代謝紊亂包括胰島素抵抗、血脂異常和肥胖等可能在BPH的發(fā)展中起作用[19-23]。本研究探討MetS與BPH病人LUTS的相關性,并進一步分析MetS組分與IPSS的相關性,為進一步提高BPH病人的生活質量提供診療思路。
2016年,WANG等[20]進行的薈萃研究分析表明,BPH伴MetS病人的前列腺體積和前列腺體積生長率明顯高于未伴MetS病人,LUTS持續(xù)時間明顯延長,該項研究納入了包含中國、意大利、土耳其、伊朗等5個國家的8項研究,均為高質量研究。鑒于前列腺體積增大與LUTS有直接關系,本文進一步研究了是否合并MetS與IPSS、儲尿期評分及排尿期評分的相關性,結果顯示合并MetS的病人IPSS和儲尿期評分顯著增加,兩組病人的排尿期評分并無明顯差異;并且隨著MetS組分個數(shù)的增加,IPSS、儲尿期評分及排尿期評分均升高。HAKIMI等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人們通過改變生活方式可以有效地減輕MetS引起的相關病癥,這樣對于BPH-LUTS病人圍術期LUTS的改善及后續(xù)的手術治療會產生較大幫助,有助于病人術后身體恢復。還有研究結果顯示,服用他汀類藥物病人LUTS累積發(fā)生率低、尿流率高,并且BPH發(fā)生率低,推薦應用降血脂藥物改善病人的MetS狀態(tài),從而減輕BPH病人的LUTS癥狀[25]。GRZESIAK[26]等進一步分析了BPH病人MetS與炎癥脂質介質的關系,結果顯示BPH合并MetS病人炎癥脂質介質可能影響生化和激素水平,而炎癥在BPH的發(fā)病機制中起著重要作用,提示LUTS與BPH和MetS有著密不可分的關聯(lián),而其分子機制還有待進一步研究。本文的研究結果顯示,合并MetS的BPH病人IPSS評分及儲尿期評分顯著高于單純BPH病人,提示MetS及其危險因素對BPH病人LUTS的發(fā)生、進展及分級等有重要影響;進一步分析MetS的組分個數(shù)與IPSS、儲尿期評分及排尿期評分的相關性,結果顯示MetS組分個數(shù)與病人IPSS及儲尿期評分呈正相關,提示MetS的發(fā)生及進展可加重BPH病人的LUTS,而MetS的篩查及控制對BPH的防治可能具有積極意義。
FU等[27]對525例患有LUTS的病人進行了3年的隨訪研究,結果表明MetS組分中的高糖血癥和高血壓會加速老年男性BPH的臨床進展。但本文研究結果表明,MetS組分中的腹型肥胖和高血壓會增加IPSS分數(shù),即加速BPH的臨床進展。也有研究結果表明,因MetS而導致的LUTS病人人數(shù)正在增加,然而MetS并不是LUTS惡化的決定因素[28]。還有研究納入了經前列腺摘除術后的BPH病人,分析其LUTS仍然存在的原因可能是多種代謝危險因素引起的系統(tǒng)性疾病[29]。關于MetS是否能加重LUTS,以及是哪種組分起主導作用,尚存在爭議。此外,本研究納入的對象均為經手術治療的BPH病人,并未包含未就診的以及保守治療的輕癥BPH病人;本文病人的癥狀相對較重,其IPSS評分也偏高,不能代表全部的BPH病人,可能會對結果造成一定的影響。因此,本研究結果有待擴大樣本量進一步證實。
由于老齡人口的增加和飲食習慣的改變,MetS作為一種復雜的全球性疾病,其患病率正在逐年上升[30]。MetS與包括泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)在內的多器官系統(tǒng)的損害、功能障礙和衰竭有關,它與需要治療的BPH顯著相關[31-32]。本文結果顯示,MetS組分中的腹型肥胖、高血壓等誘導的代謝紊亂在加重BPH所導致的LUTS中具有重要的作用。通過促進飲食結構的改變和經常的體育鍛煉可以預防和減輕MetS,增加體力活動可顯著降低LUTS的發(fā)病風險,盡管其機制尚未明確,但其臨床意義已經得到了較為廣泛的認可。MetS病人進行血壓控制、脂代謝調節(jié)及血糖調節(jié)可顯著改善LUTS及MetS,對提高BPH病人的生活質量,減少尿潴留發(fā)生,降低手術干預的風險均有重要的臨床意義。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))