屠興榮 韋國(guó)賓 王彩冰 王嘉莉 潘小蘭
【摘要】 目的:在四氯化碳(CCl4)誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞損傷小鼠模型中,探討白花九里明提取液對(duì)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的保護(hù)作用。方法:取60只KM小鼠隨機(jī)均分為6組。正常對(duì)照組和模型對(duì)照組給予0.9% NaCl注射液,水飛薊賓組給予0.42%水飛薊賓溶液,白花九里明低、中、高濃度組分別給予15%、30%、60%的白花九里明提取液,每天灌胃1次;同時(shí)正常對(duì)照組給予0.9% NaCl注射液,其余組給予0.2%CCl4溶液,隔2天腹腔注射1次。末次用藥30 min采血分離血清、取肝右葉制備組織切片。檢測(cè)血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量,鏡下檢測(cè)肝組織結(jié)構(gòu)變化。結(jié)果:模型對(duì)照組和低濃度組ALT、MDA均高于正常對(duì)照組和水飛薊賓組(P<0.05),而模型對(duì)照組和低濃度組ALT、MDA差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。水飛薊賓組ALT、MDA與正常對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。中濃度組ALT高于正常對(duì)照組,低于模型對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而與水飛薊賓組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);中濃度組MDA高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而與其余組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);高濃度組ALT、MDA均低于模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組(P<0.05),而與其余組無(wú)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。正常對(duì)照組肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)正常、形態(tài)清晰、無(wú)變性和壞死,肝小葉以中央靜脈為中心肝索呈放射狀排列規(guī)則;模型對(duì)照組和低濃度組肝細(xì)胞變性腫脹、形態(tài)模糊,可見(jiàn)肝細(xì)胞壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列紊亂,中央靜脈管壁不完整、管內(nèi)可見(jiàn)壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉內(nèi)有大量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。水飛薊賓組、白花九里明高濃度和中濃度組的肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)正常、形態(tài)清晰、沒(méi)有明顯的變性和壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列規(guī)則,中央靜脈管內(nèi)沒(méi)有壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉有少量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。結(jié)論:白花九里明具有抵抗CCl4造成肝細(xì)胞損傷的作用,該作用存在量效正相關(guān),高濃度的白花九里明對(duì)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能保護(hù)效應(yīng)與臨床保肝藥物水飛薊賓的效果相當(dāng)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 白花九里明 肝細(xì)胞 結(jié)構(gòu) 功能 保護(hù)
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the protective effect of extract of Blumea Megacephala on the structure and function of hepatocytes in a mouse model of hepatocyte injury induced by tetrachloromethane. Method: Sixty KM mice were selected, and were randomly divided into 6 groups. The normal control group and model control group were given 0.9% NaCl injection, Silibinin group were given 0.42% Silibinin solution, and Blumea Megacephala low, medium and high concentration groups were given 15%, 30%, 60% Blumea Megacephala extract, irrigated gastric once a day. At the same time, the Normal control group was given 0.9% NaCl injection, the other groups was given 0.2% CCl4 solution, and injected intraperitoneally every 2 days. Blood samples were collected and serum was separated 30 min after the last administration of the drug, the right lobe of liver was taken for tissue section. The Serum ALT activity and MDA content were measured, and the histological changes of liver were examined under microscope. Result: The ALT and MDA of model control group and low concentration group were higher than those of normal control group and Silybin group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ALT and MDA between the model control group and the low concentration group (P>0.05), and no significant difference in ALT and MDA between the Silibinin group and the normal control group (P>0.05). The level of ALT in the medium concentration group was higher than that in the normal control group and lower than that in the model control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with Silibinin group (P>0.05), MDA was higher than that of the normal control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with other groups (P>0.05). The levels of ALT and MDA in the high concentration group were lower than those in the model control group and the low concentration group (P<0.05), but was no significant difference compared with the other groups (P>0.05). The normal control group had normal of liver cells structure, clear morphology, no degeneration and necrosis, liver lobules were arranged radially with the central vein as the center of the liver cable. The liver cells in the model control group and the low concentration group were denaturated swollen, had necrotic areas, liver cable arrangement was disordered, central venous wall were incomplete, and seen necrotic liver cells fragments in the tube, in the liver lobules have lot leucocyte infiltration. The Silibinin group, the high and medium concentration group had normal of liver cells, clear morphology, no obvious degeneration and necrosis, liver cable arrangement rules, no necrotic liver cells fragments in central venous tube, in the liver lobules had few leucocyte infiltration. Conclusion: Blumea megacephala have resistance of CCl4 induced liver cells injury, these is a positive correlation between dose and effect, the protective effect of high concentration of Blumea megacephala on liver cells structure and function is comparable to that of the clinical liver drug Silybin.
白花九里明[Blumea megacephala(Randeria) Chang et Tseng]為菊科植物,分布于廣西的大部分地區(qū),在廣西壯族民間用于治療跌打腫痛、風(fēng)濕骨痛、月經(jīng)不調(diào)、產(chǎn)后流血等[1-2]。近年的動(dòng)物研究文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,白花九里明具有減弱心肌收縮力、降低血壓、促進(jìn)凝血、抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛、護(hù)肝護(hù)胃等作用[3-8]。為了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)白花九里明在肝細(xì)胞中的維護(hù)作用,本研究采用四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CCl4)制備小鼠肝損傷模型,與臨床保肝藥物水飛薊賓相比較[9],檢測(cè)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,探索白花九里明對(duì)維護(hù)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的作用,為白花九里明進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù),具體如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
健康KM小鼠60只,雌雄各半,體重25~35 g,由右江民族醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供(實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證:SCXK桂2017-0003,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用許可證:SCXK桂2017-0004)。
1.2 藥品、試劑及器
白花九里明采于廣西壯族自治區(qū)百色市郊,曬干備用。0.9% NaCl溶液(青州堯王制藥有限公司,批號(hào):2218112103);水飛薊賓膠囊(天津天士力圣特制藥有限公司,批號(hào):750711222);四氯化碳(CCl4,成都市科龍化工試劑廠,批號(hào):20160520)。ALT測(cè)試盒、MDA測(cè)試盒 (南京建成生物工程研究所,批號(hào):20190109、20190109),電子天平(諸暨市超澤衡器設(shè)備有限公司;型號(hào):JM-B1003);多功能酶標(biāo)儀(上壹橋國(guó)際貿(mào)易有限公司,型號(hào):Tristar Lb941),三用恒溫水箱(金壇市醫(yī)療儀器廠,型號(hào):HH-W600);離心機(jī)(上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠,型號(hào):安亭 TGL-16G);數(shù)碼顯微鏡(麥克奧迪實(shí)業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司,型號(hào):BA2100igital)。
1.3 白花九里明提取液的制備流程
將200 g白花九里明干草加入30 ℃左右的溫水2 000 ml浸泡1 h,文火煮沸1 h,16層紗布過(guò)濾,保留濾液;濾渣再加入30 ℃左右的溫水2 000 ml文火煮沸1 h,16層紗布過(guò)濾,兩次濾液用文火隔水濃縮至200 ml(相當(dāng)于生藥100%),冷卻后放入4 ℃冰箱保存,用時(shí)以蒸餾水配制成低、中、高濃度(15%、30%、60%)的白花九里提取液。
1.4 動(dòng)物分組與給藥方法
KM小鼠60只,雌雄各半,隨機(jī)均分為6組,每組10只。正常對(duì)照組和模型對(duì)照組給予0.9% NaCl注射液,水飛薊素組給予0.42%水飛薊素溶液,白花九里明低、中、高濃度組分別給予15%、30%、60%白花九里明提取液,每天灌胃1次;同時(shí)正常對(duì)照組給予0.9% NaCl注射液,其余組給予0.2%CCl4溶液,隔2 d腹腔注射1次;持續(xù)30 d,用藥量均按小鼠體重10 ml/kg計(jì)算。
1.5 血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量檢測(cè)
末次用藥前禁食12 h、禁水2 h,末次用藥后30 min摘除眼球法采血離心分離血清,分別用ALT測(cè)試盒、MDA測(cè)試盒,通過(guò)酶標(biāo)儀按說(shuō)明書(shū)要求進(jìn)行操作檢測(cè)血清的ALT活性、MDA含量。
1.6 肝組織切片的制備及檢測(cè)
在采血后立即剖腹取肝右葉浸泡于10%甲醛溶液固定30 min,脫水、石碏包埋、HE染色制成肝組織切片,用數(shù)碼顯微鏡檢查各組小鼠肝臟的組織結(jié)構(gòu)并攝像。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,多組間均數(shù)比較采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用q檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組小鼠血清ALT酶活性、MDA含量結(jié)果比較
模型對(duì)照組和低濃度組ALT、MDA均高于正常對(duì)照組和水飛薊賓組(P<0.05),而模型對(duì)照組和低濃度組ALT、MDA差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。水飛薊賓組ALT、MDA與正常對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。中濃度組ALT高于正常對(duì)照組,低于模型對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而與水飛薊賓組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);中濃度組MDA高于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而與其余組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);高濃度組ALT、MDA均低于模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組(P<0.05),而與其余組無(wú)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 各組小鼠肝組織切片檢查結(jié)果比較
正常對(duì)照組肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)正常、形態(tài)清晰、無(wú)變性和壞死,肝小葉以中央靜脈為中心肝索呈放射狀排列規(guī)則;模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組肝細(xì)胞變性腫脹、形態(tài)模糊,可見(jiàn)肝細(xì)胞壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列紊亂,中央靜脈管壁不完整、管內(nèi)可見(jiàn)壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉內(nèi)有大量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。水飛薊賓組、白花九里明高濃度和中濃度組肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)正常、形態(tài)清晰,無(wú)明顯變性和壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列規(guī)則,中央靜脈管內(nèi)沒(méi)有壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉有少量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),見(jiàn)圖1、圖2。
3 討論
當(dāng)機(jī)體組織細(xì)胞受到自由基攻擊受損時(shí),將產(chǎn)生脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物導(dǎo)致血中MDA含量升高;ALT主要存在于肝細(xì)胞內(nèi),為胞內(nèi)酶參與蛋白質(zhì)合成,當(dāng)肝細(xì)胞膜受損ALT通過(guò)損傷部位浸出進(jìn)入血液中,將引起血中ALT升高;臨床上采用檢測(cè)血中的MDA含量來(lái)反映脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化物濃度、ALT升高來(lái)判斷肝功能損害及程度的敏感指標(biāo)[10-11]。
肝臟是機(jī)體消化腺,也是體內(nèi)物質(zhì)代謝的中心站,它還具有解毒、吞噬、防御等功能;而肝臟的基本功能和結(jié)構(gòu)單位是肝細(xì)胞,當(dāng)肝細(xì)胞受損可引發(fā)肝功能下降,使肝細(xì)胞變性甚至壞死、細(xì)胞膜破裂、血清ALT升高;自由基可破壞肝細(xì)胞膜引起脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化,使血清MDA含量升高[10-12]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組的肝細(xì)胞變性腫脹、形態(tài)模糊,可見(jiàn)肝細(xì)胞壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列紊亂,中央靜脈管壁不完整、管內(nèi)可見(jiàn)壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉內(nèi)有大量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組ALT、MDA均高于正常對(duì)照組和水飛薊賓組,而模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組ALT、MDA互相比較均無(wú)顯著性差異。提示CCl4導(dǎo)致機(jī)體自由基對(duì)肝細(xì)胞膜造成脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化損傷,模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組的肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能嚴(yán)重受損,兩組受損程度相當(dāng);說(shuō)明CCl4制備肝損傷模型獲得成功,低濃度白花九里明不能抵抗CCl4對(duì)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的損傷。
本研究結(jié)果還顯示,水飛薊賓組、白花九里明高濃度和中濃度組肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)正常、形態(tài)清晰、沒(méi)有明顯的變性和壞死區(qū)域,肝索排列規(guī)則,中央靜脈管內(nèi)沒(méi)有壞死的肝細(xì)胞碎片,肝小葉有少量的白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);水飛薊賓組ALT、MDA均低于模型對(duì)照組,并與正常對(duì)照組比較均無(wú)顯著性差異;白花九里明中濃度組ALT、MDA均高于正常對(duì)照組,而ALT明顯低于模型對(duì)照組;白花九里明高濃度組ALT、MDA明顯低于模型對(duì)照組和白花九里明低濃度組,而與其余組無(wú)顯著性差異。提示水飛薊賓組和白花九里明高濃度組的肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能正常,沒(méi)有明顯受損的表現(xiàn),白花九里明中濃度組的肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能呈現(xiàn)輕度受損;說(shuō)明白花九里明具有抵抗CCl4造成肝細(xì)胞損傷作用,該作用存在量效正相關(guān),高濃度的白花九里明對(duì)肝細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能維護(hù)作用與臨床保肝藥物水飛薊賓的效果相當(dāng)。
綜上所述,CCl4引發(fā)機(jī)體自由基損害肝細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,白花九里明具有干預(yù)自由基造成的肝細(xì)胞損害達(dá)到維護(hù)肝細(xì)胞的正常結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。說(shuō)明白花九里明存在增強(qiáng)肝細(xì)胞抵抗損害和維護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的有效成分,這些有效成分有待于今后的進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-03) (本文編輯:馬竹君)