昝亞娟
書面表達(dá)題是高考英語試卷中難度較大的一個主觀題。全國卷的英語書面表達(dá)題為25分,所占分值比例大,而且考生容易失分,因此書面表達(dá)題的得分高低在一定程度上決定了考生高考英語的成敗。在英語復(fù)習(xí)備考的沖刺階段,書面表達(dá)的規(guī)范訓(xùn)練尤為重要。本文擬分析近三年高考英語書面表達(dá)試題的命題趨勢;探討如何幫助考生減少失誤,寫出高分作文。
一、書面表達(dá)命題趨勢和方向
縱觀近三年的英語書面表達(dá)試題,以考查應(yīng)用文中的書信(電子郵件)為主,命題形式主要是提綱作文,試題保持較強的開放性,為考生預(yù)留了較大的自主發(fā)揮的空間,有利于考查考生的綜合能力、思維品質(zhì)和創(chuàng)新能力。筆者認(rèn)為,近年的英語書面表達(dá)試題具有以下幾個鮮明的特點:
(一)弘揚中國傳統(tǒng)文化,提升文化自信
近三年的高考英語書面表達(dá)試題巧妙融入中國元素,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注和弘揚中國傳統(tǒng)文化,使考生提升文化自信。
從上表可知,寫作話題涉及漢語學(xué)習(xí)、唐詩、剪紙藝術(shù)、中國的社交習(xí)俗、中國畫等中國元素,通過英語寫作向外國人推介中國文化,以此增強考生的民族自豪感,從而落實黨的十九大提出“全面貫徹黨的教育方針,落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)”的要求。
(二)關(guān)注校園生活,促進(jìn)考生身心健康
從上表可知,高考英語書面表達(dá)的寫作話題密切聯(lián)系校園生活,體現(xiàn)了高考命題的“基礎(chǔ)性”和“應(yīng)用性”原則。由于這些活動基本上是考生日常生活的一部分,不存在地域差異,不同地域的考生都有話可說。
(三)倡導(dǎo)“五育并舉”教學(xué)理念,促進(jìn)學(xué)生全面和諧發(fā)展
值得注意的是,近三年全國卷高考英語書面表達(dá)的寫作話題出現(xiàn)了美育(中國畫展)、體育(校乒乓球、校排球隊和體育運動)和藝術(shù)(校音樂節(jié)),而且與體育相關(guān)的話題重復(fù)出現(xiàn),體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)前我國基礎(chǔ)教育對素質(zhì)教育的高度重視,通過英語寫作倡導(dǎo)德智體美勞“五育并舉”教學(xué)理念,促進(jìn)考生全面和諧發(fā)展。
(四)保持較強的開放性,凸顯對核心素養(yǎng)的考查
近三年的全國卷書面表達(dá)仍以提綱作文為主,試題的寫作說明簡潔明了,僅為考生提供一個大致的寫作框架。由于提示的內(nèi)容較少,需要考生自主決定具體的寫作內(nèi)容,有利于對考生的思維品質(zhì)和創(chuàng)新能力進(jìn)行考查,體現(xiàn)了高考命題的“創(chuàng)新性”原則,對當(dāng)前的英語教學(xué)起到了很好的指導(dǎo)作用。
二、考生失分的主要原因
書面表達(dá)題的綜合性較強,不僅考查考生的語言能力、文化知識,而且考查考生認(rèn)真審題、謀篇布局、用得體的語言表達(dá)思路的能力,因此對考生的能力要求相對較高。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),考生在書面表達(dá)寫作中存在的問題主要有:(1)審題不認(rèn)真,寫作目的不明確,遺漏一些寫作要點,甚至出現(xiàn)跑題現(xiàn)象;(2)不能恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂镁渥娱g的連接詞語,以至于文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散,行文邏輯性差;(3)對基本句型、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握較差,寫出的句子不完整,缺少句子成分;(4)出現(xiàn)一些詞性誤用的現(xiàn)象;(5)詞語使用不當(dāng)或短語搭配不當(dāng);(6)常見的單詞拼寫錯誤,影響信息的傳遞;(7)寫出的句子明顯帶有漢語思維方式。
下面請看一篇2019年全國Ⅰ卷的學(xué)生習(xí)作:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I heared(heard) that local art museum will hold a Chinese paintings exhibition. They want some volunteers. I am writing to apply for(to be) a volunteer.
You know, I used to work for the school broadcasting station, (through) which I improved my Chinese speaking. When I am(was) a child, I learn(leaned) Chinese paintings. So I can introduce some knowledges(knowledge) about them. If I was(am) picked, I will show the relevant skills to who is interested in it. I have many experiences(knowledge) about being a volunteer. I am sure I (am) able to do it well. If you could choose me, I will work hardly(hard) .
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
根據(jù)試題的要求,考生應(yīng)寫一封申請信,申請當(dāng)志愿者,為倫敦舉辦的中國畫展提供志愿服務(wù)。這篇習(xí)作不僅有多處語言錯誤,而且存在一些嚴(yán)重的問題,因此得分在12~13分。我們來看這篇習(xí)作存在的問題:
第一段開頭不僅遺漏自我介紹,而且apply for a volunteer搭配不當(dāng),沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚。第二段的第一句誤用定語從句,應(yīng)在which 之前加介詞 through。但是,這個句子陳述的內(nèi)容不符合試題的寫作要求,個人具備較高的漢語水平與在倫敦中國畫展活動中當(dāng)志愿者之間沒有必然的關(guān)聯(lián),屬于“跑題”。文中多處動詞時態(tài)的錯誤使用和漢語式的表達(dá)使這篇習(xí)作的檔次較低。
三、如何才能寫出高分書面表達(dá)?
要想寫出高分的書面表達(dá),我們首先確保寫出的內(nèi)容符合試題的要求,不能跑題或偏題,而且短文應(yīng)涵蓋全部的寫作要點;第二,確保句子正確使用語法,避免帶有“硬傷”;第三,寫作要有亮點,應(yīng)有高級詞匯和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),如各種從句、非謂語動詞和特殊句式等。
請看2019年全國Ⅰ卷的范文:
Dear Sir/ Madam,
My name is Li Hua, a Chiense student who is studying in London now. Knowing a Chinese painting exhibition will be held in the local gallary in July, I am writing to apply to be a volunteer.
I have the following advantages: first of all, as a child, I learned the Chinese painting for several years. So I have a good knowledge of art. Second, I speak English so fluently that I can communicate with native speakers without difficulty. Whats more, I have rich experience as a volunteer. If I am chosen, I can introduce Chinese paintings to the visitors.
I would appreciate it if you could give me an opportunity. Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
范文涵蓋了試題要求的全部要點。第一段是導(dǎo)語段,包括自我介紹、寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段先使用主題句,再列舉自己具備的優(yōu)勢,然后陳述自己能做什么。最后一段是客套話,期待對方及時回復(fù)。短文中使用了賓語從句、狀語從句和多種非謂語動詞形式;并使用了多個高級詞匯。特別是第二段使用了first of all, second和what's more等短語,提升了文章的邏輯性,因此本文得分24-25。
四、2020年書面表達(dá)考前預(yù)測
(一)告知信
假設(shè)你是李華,得知某英文報將舉辦以“外國人看中國(China in a Foreigners Eyes)”為題的征文活動。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語給留學(xué)生Peter寫一封郵件。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 活動宗旨;
2. 稿件要求:內(nèi)容、字?jǐn)?shù)等;
3. 交稿時間和方式。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Peter,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】本題把中外交流與當(dāng)今中國的社會生活結(jié)合起來。寫作話題有較大的開放性,有助于考查考生的思維品質(zhì)和創(chuàng)新能力。寫作話題與時俱進(jìn),考生有話可說。
【解題思路】這是一封告知信,通常由三段組成:第一段陳述寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,考生應(yīng)告知對方關(guān)于征文活動的具體內(nèi)容,可根據(jù)寫作提綱所列的三個方面來寫。
1. 活動宗旨;2. 稿件要求:內(nèi)容、字?jǐn)?shù)等;3. 交稿時間和方式。
最后一段是結(jié)束語,期待及早收到對方的回復(fù)。
【參考范文】
Dear Peter,
An English newspaper is going to hold an essay writing activity whose title is “China in a Foreigners Eyes” . They would like foreigners to write about their life in China. I am writing to invite you to make contributions.
You are supposed to share how you are living in China and what you think of China. You should write within 500 words and send your contribution at Englishpaper@163.com before March 30. Your writings will appear on the paper later and the winners will receive some souvenirs. Since you are good at writing, I think this is such a great opportunity that shouldnt be missed. I bet you will have a lot of fun.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(二)建議信
假定你是李華,得知新西蘭筆友Alice對中國古詩感興趣,請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語給她寫一封郵件,建議她讀唐詩。內(nèi)容包括:
1.為什么推薦唐詩;
2.簡單介紹唐詩的主要特點;
3.祝他學(xué)習(xí)愉快。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
生詞提示:尾韻:end rhyme
Dear Alice,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】這個寫作話題把外國人學(xué)習(xí)漢語與中國古典傳統(tǒng)文化——詩歌巧妙結(jié)合。寫作情景真實可信,考生寫起來有話可說。通過寫作可以弘揚民族文化,提升考生的民族自信。
【解題思路】本文體裁為建議信,通常由三段組成:第一段陳述寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,先陳述唐詩在世界文學(xué)中的地位,然后建議對方讀唐詩,并給出建議對方讀唐詩的一些理由。最后一段是結(jié)束語,希望對方學(xué)習(xí)愉快。
【參考范文】
Dear Alice,
Im so delighted to know that you are interested in ancient Chinese poems. I would like to recommend you to read poems of the Tang Dynasty. The reasons are as follows.
Poems of the Tang dynasty play an important part in the history of world literature. That is why they have been popular all over the world. Poems of the Tang Dynasty consist of four lines with five or seven characters in each line. They usually have end rhymes, which make them pleasing to the ear. Besides, poets create a picture in the readers mind, expressing their strong feelings with a minimum of words.
I hope you will have fun reading poems of the Tang Dynasty.
Yours,
Li Hua
(三)祝賀信
假定你是李華,得知你的英國筆友Kate在當(dāng)?shù)嘏e辦的中學(xué)生漢語才藝大賽中獲獎。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語給她寫一封郵件。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 表示祝賀;
2. 肯定她的成績;
3. 祝再創(chuàng)佳績。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Kate,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】寫作話題密切聯(lián)系當(dāng)前的社會生活,把中國文化放在國際交流的大背景中設(shè)計試題,情景真實可信,考生對寫作話題比較熟悉,有一種親切感。通過寫作有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的民族自豪感。
【解題思路】本文體裁為祝賀信,通常由三段組成:第一段陳述寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,陳述對方創(chuàng)造了什么可喜的成績,為什么要向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀YR。最后一段是結(jié)束語,希望對方再創(chuàng)佳績。
【參考范文】
Dear Kate,
I am excited to know from your email that you have got the first prize in the Chinese Talent Show held in your school last week. I am writing to express my sincere congratulations on you.
You have been working so hard at Chinese in the last two years that you have done a good job. Not only do you sing Chinese songs beautifully, you also know so many Chinese poems and idioms, which allows you to stand out among other competitors. I am really proud of you. China is now playing an important role in the world stage. I believe you will benefit from learning Chinese in the future. So keep up the good work!
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(四)英語海報
假定你是李華,負(fù)責(zé)班級的英語墻報工作。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語寫一則通知,張貼在學(xué)校的通知欄,告知同學(xué)們?nèi)绾晤A(yù)防冠狀病毒感染。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 預(yù)防的重要性;
2. 幾點預(yù)防措施;
3. 祝大家健康。
注意:
1.詞數(shù)100左右;
2.可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
生詞提示:冠狀病毒Coronavirus
【押題依據(jù)】本話題密切聯(lián)系社會熱點問題,引導(dǎo)考生學(xué)會健康生活。通過寫一則海報,引導(dǎo)考生正確預(yù)防冠狀病毒,自覺養(yǎng)成健康的生活習(xí)慣。
【解題思路】英語海報和英語書面通知非常相似,是一種常見的應(yīng)用文體,包括標(biāo)題、正文和發(fā)出通知的單位。短文應(yīng)用簡潔生動的語言清楚地告知讀者要發(fā)生什么事情,活動的宗旨和內(nèi)容是什么,以及應(yīng)該怎么做。值得注意的是,英語海報的開頭語言力求生動活潑,盡量抓住讀者的眼球,引起讀者的關(guān)注。短文最后應(yīng)使用鼓動性的語言,激發(fā)讀者盡快行動起來。
【參考范文】
How To Avoid Being Infected With Coronavirus?
As Coronavirus is spreading quickly, it presents a clear danger to our health. How to avoid being infected with coronavirus?Here are some tips.
First of all, dont go to the crowed public places to avoid close contact with anyone who has been infected with the virus. Second, always wear masks when going out and wash you hands frequently especially when coming home and before eating. Third, cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing with a tissue. More importantly, you should take moderate exercise and have a balanced diet, which can strengthen our immune system, thus keeping us free from virus.
If you follow the above tips, you will keep fit and feel happy!
The School Office
(五)道歉信
假定你是李華,你原定周末和外教Susan一起參觀“京劇臉譜藝術(shù)展”(Beijing Opera Facial Makeup Show)。你因故不能前往,請根據(jù)下面的寫作,用英語給她寫一封郵件。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 表示歉意;
2. 解釋原因;
3. 希望諒解。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Susan,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】京劇作為我國重要的歷史文化遺產(chǎn),被譽為“國粹”,深受人們的喜愛。本文的寫作情景真實可信,考生對寫作內(nèi)容耳熟能詳。本題開放性比較強,有利于對考生的思維品質(zhì)和創(chuàng)新能力進(jìn)行全面考查。
【解題思路】本文的體裁是道歉信,由三段組成:第一段陳述寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,考生需要對自己未能履約做出合乎情理的解釋,而且給出的理由要令人信服。最后一段是結(jié)束語,希望得到對方的諒解。
【參考范文】
Dear Susan,
I am sorry for not being able to attend the Beijing Opera Facial Makeup Show with you on Saturday afternoon as planned. I am writing to apologize to you.
The reason why I am not available is that some volunteers of our school are going to organize a cause campaign in order to raise money for wildlife protection. As a volunteer who is enthusiastic about public welfare, I think this is a great opportunity to make contributions to our society. I suggest we go to the show on Sunday afternoon. Would it be convenient for you? I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. I sincerely hope you can forgive me.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(六)感謝信
假定你是李華,目前在外國交換學(xué)習(xí)。在同班同學(xué)Henry的幫助下,你適應(yīng)了新的環(huán)境和生活。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語給他寫一封感謝信。內(nèi)容包括:
1.寫信意圖;
2.他如何幫助你;
3.邀請他周末一起吃中餐。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Henry
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】隨著社會發(fā)展,中西方文化交流越來越頻繁。本文把出國交換學(xué)習(xí)與英語寫作結(jié)合起來,情景真實可信,有利于培養(yǎng)考生的家國情懷和國際視野。而且, 寫作要點中融入了中餐文化,能夠弘揚中國文化,激發(fā)學(xué)生的民族自豪感。
【解題思路】本文的體裁是感謝信,由三段組成:第一段陳述寫信的背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,考生應(yīng)具體陳述為什么要感謝對方,包括對方為自己做了什么、對自己產(chǎn)生了什么積極效果。最后一段是結(jié)束語,再次表達(dá)感激之情。
【參考范文】
Dear Henry,
It has been a month since I came here. Thanks to your help, I have gradually managed to adapt to my new life. I am writing to express my sincere gratitude to you.
You showed me around our school on the first day, which helped me to be familiar with the surroundings. You are patient with me when I have a problem to ask. Besides, you play sports with me and chat with me in your spare time. As a result I am no longer feeling homesick. It is your kindness that enables me to fit in with our class. In return, I would like to treat you to some Chinese food on Sunday.
I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(七)咨詢信
假定你是李華,目前在英國交換學(xué)習(xí)。在學(xué)校的通知欄,你看到下面這則音樂大賽的消息:
School music competition on 15 June. Some great prizes!
Contact us: lovemusic@***mail.com
你有意報名參加。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語寫一封郵件。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 表示有意參加;
2. 詢問相關(guān)的內(nèi)容;
3. 期待盡早回復(fù)。
注意:
1.詞數(shù)為100左右;
2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Sir/Madame,
I am Li Hua.
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】本題設(shè)題新穎,讓考生先閱讀一則英語通知,然后針對通知的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行咨詢。交際語境比較真實可信,鼓勵考生發(fā)揮想象力,對關(guān)于音樂大賽的內(nèi)容提出一些問題,有利于考查考生的綜合素質(zhì)。
【解題思路】本文的體裁是咨詢信,由三段組成:第一段陳述消息的來源、寫信背景和寫作目的。第二段是寫作的重點,考生應(yīng)結(jié)合試題中提供的信息,提出相關(guān)咨詢的內(nèi)容。最后一段是結(jié)束語,期待及早收到對方的回復(fù)。
【參考范文】
Dear Sir/Madame,
I am Li Hua, an exchange student from China. I am interested in music competition to be held on 15 June. I am writing to make an inquiry about it.
As a music lover, I am fond of singing. I think this competition is a good chance to show my talent and learn from others. That is why I am going to participate. I have some questions to ask: First of all, how can I sign up for the competition and when is the deadline? Second, is there any specific requirement for the competition? Besides, do you offer prizes to the winners?
I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(八)發(fā)言稿
假定你是李華,是某國際學(xué)校的學(xué)生會主席。你校將于下周舉辦一年一度的體育節(jié)。請根據(jù)下面的寫作提示,用英語寫一篇發(fā)言稿,號召學(xué)生積極參加體育鍛煉。內(nèi)容包括:
1. 教育部的倡議;
2. 鍛煉的重要性;
3. 號召大家積極鍛煉。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié),以使內(nèi)容充實,行文連貫。
生詞提示: 教育部: the Ministry of Education
Hello, everyone!
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依據(jù)】本話題密切聯(lián)系考生的日常生活,旨在引導(dǎo)考生在學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)的同時,學(xué)會做人,學(xué)會做事,培養(yǎng)考生正確的人生觀和價值觀。而且,落實教育部所的倡導(dǎo)德智體美勞“五育并舉”的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),有利于促進(jìn)考生身心健康發(fā)展。
【解題思路】發(fā)言稿是一種常見的應(yīng)用文體。由三段組成,第一段應(yīng)表明講話的背景和主題。第二段,應(yīng)針對講話主題展開具體的論述。就本文而言,第二段應(yīng)陳述體育鍛煉的重要性,并向同學(xué)們發(fā)出幾點倡議。最后一段用客套話來結(jié)束講話。
【參考范文】
Hello, everyone!
As we all know, “Health is the greatest wealth.” That is why we hold the Sports Festival annually. Now Id like to appeal to all of you to take physical exercise on behalf of the Students Union.
The Ministry of Education recommends that we play sports one hour a day to live a healthy life. As students, we spend so much time doing our lessons that we dont have enough time for exercise. That is why some of us are unhealthy. By taking exercise regularly, we can build up our health and strengthen our immune system. In this way we can keep fit and energetic. Let take action now. Lets take exercise for an hour a day.
Thats all. Thank you.