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孕產(chǎn)史與圍絕經(jīng)期女性冠心病的關(guān)系

2020-05-11 06:20張靜王志宏王杰
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2020年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:圍絕經(jīng)期危險因素冠心病

張靜 王志宏 王杰

摘要:目的 ?探討孕產(chǎn)史與圍絕經(jīng)期女性冠心病的關(guān)系。方法 ?回顧性分析2018年8月~2019年8月我院收治的226例女性冠心病患者作為病例組,另選取同期來我院體檢的314名健康女性作為對照組,比較兩組一般狀況、孕產(chǎn)史、不良孕產(chǎn)史,采用多因素Logistic回歸分析圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的影響因素。結(jié)果 ?兩組身高、體重、體重指數(shù)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組孕次、產(chǎn)次、首次分娩年齡比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組早產(chǎn)、妊娠高血壓疾病、產(chǎn)后出血、死胎、葡萄胎、異位妊娠、新生兒窒息、胎兒畸形、胎膜早破比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,首次分娩年齡是圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的保護(hù)因素,產(chǎn)次為圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的危險因素。結(jié)論 ?首次分娩年齡、產(chǎn)次是影響圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的因素,臨床上對具有相關(guān)臨床特征的患者,應(yīng)制定相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施,對重點(diǎn)人群進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)關(guān)注,加強(qiáng)育齡婦女的健康教育,宣傳和普及女性保健相關(guān)知識,盡量減少圍絕經(jīng)期冠心病的發(fā)生。

關(guān)鍵詞:孕產(chǎn)史;圍絕經(jīng)期;冠心病;危險因素

中圖分類號:R541.4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.05.035

文章編號:1006-1959(2020)05-0111-03

Abstract:Objective ?To explore the relationship between pregnancy history and coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women. Methods ?A retrospective analysis of 226 female patients with coronary heart disease admitted in our hospital from August 2018 to August 2019 was used as a case group, and another 314 healthy women who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Birth history, history of adverse pregnancy and birth, multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women. Results ?There was no significant difference in height, weight, body mass index, and number of miscarriages between the two groups (P>0.05); there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the age of pregnancy, parity, and first childbirth (P<0.05); There were no significant differences in preterm birth, pregnancy-induced hypertension, postpartum hemorrhage, stillbirth, hydatidiform mole, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal asphyxia, fetal malformation, and premature rupture of membranes (P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that: The first delivery age is a protective factor for the risk of coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women, and the parity is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women.Conclusion ?The age and parity of the first childbirth are factors that affect the occurrence of coronary heart disease in perimenopausal women. Clinically, patients with relevant clinical characteristics should formulate corresponding preventive measures, focus on key populations, and strengthen health education for women of childbearing age. Promote and popularize women's health-related knowledge and minimize the incidence of perimenopausal coronary heart disease.

Key words:History of pregnancy;Perimenopause;Coronary heart disease;Risk factors

冠心?。╟oronary heart disease,CHD)是指冠狀動脈粥樣硬化使管腔狹窄或阻塞,或/和冠狀動脈痙攣,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血、缺氧或壞死,從而引起的心臟病[1]。冠心病的危險因素有吸煙、血脂代謝異常、高血壓、糖尿病、肥胖等,但圍絕經(jīng)期對女性來說是一個獨(dú)特的危險因素,其在女性絕經(jīng)前發(fā)病率較低,但由于女性絕經(jīng)后性激素?fù)p失導(dǎo)致發(fā)病率急劇增加。有研究表明[2-4],一些生殖因素可能與心血管疾病的發(fā)生有關(guān),因此了解圍絕經(jīng)期女性冠心病的危險因素,可為提高女性對冠心病的認(rèn)識和早期預(yù)防提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。本研究主要探討孕產(chǎn)史與圍絕經(jīng)期女性冠心病的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料 ?回顧性分析2018年8月~2019年8月承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院收治226例女性冠心病患者的臨床資料作為病例組,另選取同期來我院體檢的314名健康女性的體檢資料作為對照組。

1.2方法 ?采用統(tǒng)一制定的調(diào)查表進(jìn)行調(diào)查,內(nèi)容包括一般狀況(身高、體重、體重指數(shù))、孕產(chǎn)史(孕次、產(chǎn)次、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)、首次分娩年齡)、不良孕產(chǎn)史(早產(chǎn)、妊娠高血壓疾病、產(chǎn)后出血、死胎、葡萄胎、異位妊娠、新生兒窒息、胎兒畸形、胎膜早破)。

1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 ?采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)梳理。計(jì)量資料偏態(tài)正態(tài)分布應(yīng)用中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))[M(P25~P75)]進(jìn)行描述,應(yīng)用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)u檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n,%)表示,采用?字2檢驗(yàn)。采用多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的因素。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。2結(jié)果

2.1兩組一般狀況及孕產(chǎn)史比較 ?兩組身高、體重、體重指數(shù)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組孕次、產(chǎn)次、首次分娩年齡比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。

2.2兩組不良孕產(chǎn)史比較 ?兩組早產(chǎn)、妊娠高血壓疾病、產(chǎn)后出血、死胎、葡萄胎、異位妊娠、新生兒窒息、胎兒畸形、胎膜早破比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。

2.3多因素Logistic回歸分析圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的因素 ?以圍絕經(jīng)期女性是否患有冠心病為因變量,孕次、產(chǎn)次、首次分娩年齡為自變量,多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,首次分娩年齡是圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的保護(hù)因素,產(chǎn)次為圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的危險因素,見表3。

3討論

冠心病是導(dǎo)致女性死亡的主要心血管疾病,是危害人類健康的常見病[5]。在圍絕經(jīng)期由于激素水平的下降,神經(jīng)與代謝功能的紊亂,使冠心病的發(fā)病率逐漸增加。冠心病在絕經(jīng)前婦女中發(fā)病率較低,在圍絕經(jīng)期隨著卵巢激素的損失使冠心病的發(fā)病率急劇增加[6],圍絕經(jīng)婦女比男性更容易患心絞痛,主要是因圍絕經(jīng)婦女雌激素的缺乏、卵巢功能喪失導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能的損害,進(jìn)而增加了冠心病發(fā)生風(fēng)險,因此圍絕經(jīng)期是一個理想的時間評估婦女的風(fēng)險因素,且不良妊娠結(jié)局可能有助于冠心病風(fēng)險的評估。臨床流行病學(xué)研究表明[7],絕經(jīng)前女性冠心病的發(fā)病率僅為男性的1/10~3/10,但絕經(jīng)后婦女冠心病的發(fā)病率及死亡率比絕經(jīng)前上升4~8倍,明顯高于男性,絕經(jīng)后婦女年齡每增加10歲,冠心病的死亡率增加7倍。Leon LJ等[8]研究表明,妊娠期高血壓疾病、先兆子癇和早產(chǎn)兒先兆子癇可在很大程度上增加日后患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險。因此,了解圍絕經(jīng)期婦女發(fā)生冠心病的風(fēng)險因素對于改善患者預(yù)后具有重要意義。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組身高、體重、體重指數(shù)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組孕次、產(chǎn)次、首次分娩年齡比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組早產(chǎn)、妊娠高血壓疾病、產(chǎn)后出血、死胎、葡萄胎、異位妊娠、新生兒窒息、胎兒畸形、胎膜早破比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,首次分娩年齡是圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的保護(hù)因素,即首次分娩年齡越小,圍絕經(jīng)女性患有冠心病風(fēng)險越大。Lacey RE等[9]研究表明,首次分娩年齡和心血管疾病風(fēng)險因素之間存在顯著的相關(guān)性,即首次分娩年齡越小,遠(yuǎn)期患有心血管疾病風(fēng)險增加。發(fā)生心血管事件原因可能是首次分娩年齡較小的孕婦暴露于伴隨妊娠而來的生理變化中,如胰島素抵抗,這些生理變化不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地影響生命早期的心血管健康,延長了暴露時間[10],因此,與較晚生育的女性相比,總體心血管事件風(fēng)險更大。本研究中產(chǎn)次為圍絕經(jīng)期女性的獨(dú)立危險因素,產(chǎn)次越多,圍絕經(jīng)期患冠心病風(fēng)險越大。Rich-Edwards JW等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),產(chǎn)次與心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險之間呈j型關(guān)系,即兩個孩子出生時,代表患冠心病風(fēng)險最低,并且生活方式、行為等因素可能會混淆產(chǎn)次與冠心病之間的關(guān)系。Parikh NI等[12]通過心血管疾病風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型中的候選生殖風(fēng)險因素發(fā)現(xiàn),胎次與冠心病并不是獨(dú)立相關(guān)的。因此,產(chǎn)次與圍絕經(jīng)期女性冠心病關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步研究。

綜上所述,首次分娩年齡、產(chǎn)次是影響圍絕經(jīng)期女性發(fā)生冠心病的因素,臨床上對具有相關(guān)臨床特征的患者,應(yīng)制定相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施,對重點(diǎn)人群進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)關(guān)注,加強(qiáng)育齡婦女的健康教育,宣傳和普及女性保健相關(guān)知識,盡量減少圍絕經(jīng)期冠心病的發(fā)生。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]吳仕君,王勝梅.冠心病患者血清Hcy和CysC水平的變化[J].檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué),2014,29(4):327-327,330.

[2]Canoy D,Beral V,Balkwill A,et al.Age at menarche and risks of coronaryheart and other vascular diseases in a large UK cohort[J].Circulation,2015(131):237-244.

[3]Mishra GD,Anderson D,Schoenaker DA,et al.InterLACE:a new international collaboration for a life course approach to women's reproductive health and chronic disease events[J].Maturitas,2013,74(3):235-240.

[4]Lacey RE,Kumari M,Sacker A,et al.Age at first birth and ardiovascular risk factors in the 1958 British birth cohort[J].J Epidemiol Community Health,2017(71):691-698.

[5]Richards SH,Anderson L,Jenkinson CE,et al.Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease[J].Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2017,4(4):CD002902.

[6]崔文欣,張小松,陳麗君,等.圍絕經(jīng)期婦女月經(jīng)狀況與心血管疾病的關(guān)系[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2014,12(5):519-524.

[7] 馬寶蘭,劉中勇.絕經(jīng)后婦女冠心病心絞痛的中醫(yī)藥研究進(jìn)展[C]//江西省第六次中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心血管學(xué)術(shù)交流會,2012.

[8]Leon LJ,Mccarthy F,Direk K,et al.Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease in a Large UK Pregnancy Cohort of Linked Electronic Health Records[J].Circulation,2019(140):1050-1060.

[9]Lacey RE,Kumari M,Sacker A,et al.Age at first birth and cardiovascular risk factors in the 1958 British birth cohort[J].J Epidemiol Community Health,2017,71(7):691-698.

[10]Rosendaal NTA,Alvarado B,Yan YW,et al.Adolescent Childbirth Is Associated With Greater Framingham Risk Scores for Cardiovascular Disease Among Participants of the IMIAS(International Mobility in Aging Study)[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2017,6(11):e007058.

[11]Rich-Edwards JW,F(xiàn)raser A,Lawlor DA,et al.Pregnancy characteristics and women's future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women's health?[J].Epidemiologic Reviews,2014,36(1):57-70.

[12]Parikh NI,Jeppson RP,Berger JS,et al.Reproductive risk factors and coronary heart disease in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study[J].Circulation,2016,133(22):2149-2158.

收稿日期:2019-11-12;修回日期:2019-11-28

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