孟旭 王冠群 張旭東 米淑琦 趙吉平
摘要:目的??觀察子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)在足三陰經(jīng)的陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)及壓痛情況,探究該病與足三陰經(jīng)的關(guān)系,為臨床針刺治療該病選取足三陰經(jīng)腧穴陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)提供依據(jù)。方法??納入子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者30例,采用傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)絡(luò)診察法配合現(xiàn)代人體壓痛力學(xué)定量測(cè)試儀測(cè)定患者經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期雙側(cè)足三陰經(jīng)小腿段陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)、壓痛點(diǎn)的反應(yīng)區(qū)域、壓痛點(diǎn)視覺(jué)模擬法(VAS)評(píng)分和壓痛閾值,并進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果??經(jīng)期和非經(jīng)期陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)率比較,脾經(jīng)(70.0%、61.7%)、肝經(jīng)(65.0%、53.3%)均高于腎經(jīng)(13.3%、11.7%)。經(jīng)期和非經(jīng)期壓痛率比較,脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)均為100.0%,均高于腎經(jīng)(80.0%、76.7%)。脾經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期壓痛點(diǎn)集中在陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、三陰交區(qū)域,肝經(jīng)集中在膝關(guān)、蠡溝區(qū)域;陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、三陰交、蠡溝VAS評(píng)分經(jīng)期均高于非經(jīng)期(P<0.05),壓痛閾值經(jīng)期均低于非經(jīng)期(P<0.05)。腎經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期壓痛點(diǎn)集中在筑賓、交信區(qū)域。結(jié)論??子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)在足三陰經(jīng)腧穴有相應(yīng)表現(xiàn),與脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)關(guān)系密切?;颊呓?jīng)期腧穴壓痛敏感度高于非經(jīng)期,提示針刺陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、三陰交、膝關(guān)、蠡溝、筑賓、交信附近陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)療效更佳。
關(guān)鍵詞:子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng);經(jīng)絡(luò)腧穴診察;足三陰經(jīng)
中圖分類號(hào):R271.917.4????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A????文章編號(hào):1005-5304(2020)03-0014-05
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5304.201909223
Study?on?Examination?and?Diagnosis?of?Positive?Reaction?of?Secondary?Sysmenorrheal?Caused?by?Adenomyosis?in?Foot?Three-yin?Meridian
MENG?Xu,?WANG?Guanqun,?ZHANG?Xudong,?MI?Shuqi,?ZHAO?Jiping
Dongzhimen?Hospital,?Beijing?University?of?Chinese?Medicine,?Beijing?100700,?China
Abstract:?Objective?To?observe?the?positive?reactions?of?secondary?dysmenorrhea?caused?by?adenomyosis?in?the?foot?three-yin?meridians?including?nodules,?strips,?depressions?and?tenderness;?To?explore?the?relationship?between?the?secondary?dysmenorrhea?caused?by?adenomyosis?and?foot?three-yin?meridian;?To?provide?the?basis?for?choosing?foot?three-yin?meridian?reaction?points?for?clinical?acupuncture?treatment.?Methods?Totally?30?patients?with?secondary?dysmenorrhea?caused?by?adenomyosis?were?enrolled?in?this?study.?The?traditional?meridian?examination?method?was?used?in?conjunction?with?the?modern?human?tenderness?mechanics?quantitative?tester?to?detect?and?compare?the?foot?three-yin?meridian?in?the?lower?leg?of?the?patients?about?the?positive?reaction?points?and?areas,?the?visual?analog?score?(VAS)?and?the?value?of?tenderness?threshold?of?the?tender?point?during?the?menstrual?period?and?non-menstrual?period.?Results?The?incidence?rate?of?positive?reaction?on?the?spleen?meridian?(70.0%,?61.7%)?and?liver?meridian?(65.0%,?53.3%)?during?the?menstruation?and?non-menstrual?period?was?much?higher?than?that?of?kidney?meridian?(13.3%,?11.7%).?The?tenderness?incidence?rate?of?spleen?meridian?and?liver?meridian?during?the?menstrual?and?non-menstrual?period?was?100.0%,?both?higher?than?the?kidney?meridian?(80.0%,?76.7%).?The?tenderness?of?spleen?meridian?was?concentrated?in?the?vicinity?of?Yinlingquan,?Diji,?Lougu,?and?Sanyinjiao;?meanwhile?the?tenderness?of?the?liver
meridian?were?concentrated?in?the?vicinity?of?Xiguan?and?Ligou.?The?VAS?scores?of?Yinlingquan,?Diji,?Lougu,?Sanyinjiao,?and?Ligou?during?the?menstruation?were?higher?than?non-menstrual?period?(P<0.05),?and?the?value?of?tenderness?threshold?was?lower?than?non-menstrual?period?(P<0.05).?The?tenderness?of?kidney?meridian?was?concentrated?in?the?vicinity?of?Zhubin?and?Jiaoxin?during?menstrual?period?and?non-menstrual?period?(P<0.05).?Conclusion?Secondary?dysmenorrhea?caused?by?adenomyosis?related?to?foot?three-yin?meridian?has?certain?symptoms?and?is?closely?related?to?the?spleen?meridian?and?liver?meridian.?The?sensitivity?of?acupoint?tenderness?during?menstruation?is?higher?than?that?of?non-menstrual?period.?It?is?suggested?that?acupuncture?treatment?for?vicinity?of?Yinlingquan,?Diji,?Lougu,?Sanyinjiao,?Xiguan,?Ligou,?Zhubin,?and?Jiaoxin?may?have?good?efficacy.
Keywords:?secondary?dysmenorrheal?caused?by?adenomyosis;?examination?and?diagnosis?of?acupoints?and?meridians;?foot?three-yin?meridian
子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)是子宮腺肌病最突出的臨床癥狀,目前西醫(yī)主要采用藥物及手術(shù)治療,但存在不同程度的不良反應(yīng)[1-4]。中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,本病基本病機(jī)為“瘀阻胞宮,沖任失調(diào)”,與沖任、足三陰經(jīng)及足陽(yáng)明經(jīng)有關(guān)[5],但尚缺乏統(tǒng)一的針刺方案。有研究顯示,婦科疾病從脾論治至關(guān)重要,針刺脾經(jīng)腧穴陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)可提高原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的止痛效果[6-7]。子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者亦可在脾經(jīng)循行部位出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn),但仍缺少客觀證據(jù)。本研究采用傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)絡(luò)診察法配合現(xiàn)代人體壓痛力學(xué)定量測(cè)試儀,檢測(cè)子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)小腿段的陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)和壓痛點(diǎn)情況,探討本病與足三陰經(jīng)及其腧穴的關(guān)系,以期為針灸治療提供選穴依據(jù)。
1??資料與方法
1.1??一般資料
選擇2017年9月-2019年1月北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門醫(yī)院針灸科、婦科門診子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者30例。年齡26~48歲,平均年齡(33.8±4.2)歲;病程1~6年,平均病程(4.21±2.64)年;視覺(jué)模擬法(VAS)[8]評(píng)分55~100分,平均(80.55±13.72)分;COX痛經(jīng)癥狀量表評(píng)分(CMSS)[9-10]痛經(jīng)嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分平均(38.24±7.68)分,痛經(jīng)持續(xù)時(shí)間評(píng)分平均(39.48±8.91)分。本研究經(jīng)北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)東直門醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查批準(zhǔn)(DZMEC-KY-?2019-65)。
1.2??診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
參照《子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的診治指南》[2]制定診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。①痛經(jīng):半數(shù)以上患者有繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng),漸進(jìn)性加重;②月經(jīng)異常:表現(xiàn)為月經(jīng)過(guò)多、經(jīng)期延長(zhǎng)或不規(guī)則出血;③不孕;④子宮增大:多為均勻性增大,呈球形,也可為凸起不平,質(zhì)硬;⑤超聲檢查顯示子宮增大,肌層增厚,后壁明顯,子宮內(nèi)膜線前移。病變部位為等回聲或回聲增強(qiáng),其間可見點(diǎn)狀低回聲,病灶與周圍無(wú)明顯界限;MRI顯示子宮內(nèi)存在界線不清、低信號(hào)強(qiáng)度病灶,T2加權(quán)像可有高信號(hào)強(qiáng)度病灶,子宮內(nèi)膜-肌層結(jié)合帶變寬,>12?mm;血清糖類抗原125水平多升高。
1.3??納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①符合上述西醫(yī)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者;②年齡25~50歲;③繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng),呈進(jìn)行性加劇,且病程≥1年者;④CMSS總分≥8分者;⑤痛經(jīng)急性發(fā)作期,腹部VAS評(píng)分≥40分者;⑥患者對(duì)本研究知情,并簽署知情同意書。
1.4??排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①正在進(jìn)行人工周期調(diào)節(jié)、1年內(nèi)有生育要求或哺乳期婦女;②其他因素引起的繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)者;③合并嚴(yán)重危及生命的原發(fā)性疾病者;④雙下肢內(nèi)側(cè)足三陰經(jīng)循行處及其周圍有軟組織損傷、破潰、瘢痕者。
1.5??觀察指標(biāo)
分別于痛經(jīng)發(fā)作第1日(經(jīng)期)及月經(jīng)凈后第7日(非經(jīng)期)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行診察,醫(yī)者將結(jié)果記錄于課題組設(shè)計(jì)的《經(jīng)絡(luò)診察結(jié)果記錄表》,包括足三陰經(jīng)各經(jīng)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)性質(zhì)的描述、壓痛點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分、壓痛點(diǎn)閾值評(píng)分。醫(yī)者于試驗(yàn)前培訓(xùn)半年,以保證操作規(guī)范性和統(tǒng)一性。
1.5.1??經(jīng)絡(luò)診察
固定診室,保證室內(nèi)光線充足,室溫適宜,環(huán)境安靜?;颊呷⊙雠P位,充分暴露小腿部。分別循經(jīng)按壓小腿部足三陰經(jīng),用拇指指腹沿經(jīng)脈線滑動(dòng),以輕度力量感受皮膚及皮下經(jīng)絡(luò)淺表異常反應(yīng);以中等力量探測(cè)肌肉異常表現(xiàn),即陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)物,包括條索、結(jié)節(jié)、隆陷、松軟感;以稍重力量探測(cè)較深層異常反應(yīng),施力均勻,用記號(hào)筆標(biāo)記陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn),軟尺測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)踝尖最高點(diǎn)和脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)髁下方實(shí)際距離,采用骨度分寸法折算1寸實(shí)際距離。根據(jù)折算距離,定位陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)及壓痛點(diǎn)位置,測(cè)量并記錄壓痛點(diǎn)與足三陰經(jīng)腧穴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定位的距離。距離腧穴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定位上下不超過(guò)0.5寸的壓痛點(diǎn)標(biāo)記為該腧穴壓痛。
1.5.2??視覺(jué)模擬法評(píng)分
對(duì)患者最痛點(diǎn)行VAS評(píng)分。采用長(zhǎng)10?cm標(biāo)尺,上標(biāo)有0~100數(shù)字刻度,“0”表示無(wú)痛,“100”表示疼痛無(wú)法忍受?;颊咴谥背呱现赋龃硖弁闯潭鹊奈恢?,根據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)刻度進(jìn)行評(píng)分。
1.5.3??壓痛閾值
VAS評(píng)估后受試者靜息10?min,采用人體壓痛力學(xué)定量測(cè)試儀(國(guó)家專利號(hào)ZI?2005?2?0142236.5,產(chǎn)品公開號(hào)CN2862954,中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院骨傷科研究所)檢測(cè)最痛標(biāo)記點(diǎn)壓痛閾值。將測(cè)試儀調(diào)零,探頭端垂直向下接觸皮膚,勻速施壓于測(cè)試點(diǎn),以引發(fā)明顯痛感或出現(xiàn)放射痛為度,最大壓強(qiáng)不超過(guò)600?kPa(6?kg/cm2),以避免過(guò)度用力造成組織損傷。檢測(cè)后移開探頭,顯示數(shù)值即為壓痛閾值。
1.6??統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以x(—)±s表示,不服從正態(tài)分布,配對(duì)樣本比較(各經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期比較)用Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn),多個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本比較(經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)比較、非經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)比較)用Kruskal-Wallis?H檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義。
2??結(jié)果
2.1??經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)率比較
經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)率(結(jié)節(jié)、條索、凹陷等)高于非經(jīng)期,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.891,P=0.169);經(jīng)期各經(jīng)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)率有高于非經(jīng)期的趨勢(shì),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(脾經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期比較,χ2=0.926,P=0.336;肝經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期比較,χ2=1.690,P=0.194;腎經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期比較,χ2=0.076,P=0.783)。經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)的陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)率均遠(yuǎn)高于腎經(jīng)(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2??經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)壓痛出現(xiàn)率比較
經(jīng)期足三陰經(jīng)壓痛率與非經(jīng)期比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.166,P=0.684);經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期的脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)壓痛出現(xiàn)率為100.0%,經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期腎經(jīng)壓痛出現(xiàn)率分別為80.3%和76.7%;經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)壓痛出現(xiàn)率均高于腎經(jīng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3??經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期脾經(jīng)腧穴視覺(jué)模擬法評(píng)分及壓痛閾值比較
經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期脾經(jīng)壓痛點(diǎn)均出現(xiàn)在陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、三陰交附近,且壓痛出現(xiàn)率均為100.0%,故對(duì)最痛點(diǎn)進(jìn)行VAS評(píng)分和壓痛閾值測(cè)量,結(jié)果顯示,上述諸穴經(jīng)期VAS評(píng)分均高于非經(jīng)期,壓痛閾值均低于非經(jīng)期(P<0.05)。見表3、表4。
2.4??經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期肝經(jīng)腧穴視覺(jué)模擬法評(píng)分及壓痛閾值比較
經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期的肝經(jīng)壓痛點(diǎn)均出現(xiàn)在膝關(guān)、蠡溝附近,故對(duì)膝關(guān)及蠡溝進(jìn)行VAS評(píng)分,結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)期膝關(guān)、蠡溝附近VAS評(píng)分均高于非經(jīng)期,蠡溝經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),蠡溝壓痛閾值經(jīng)期大于非經(jīng)期(P<0.05)。見表5、表6。
2.5??經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期腎經(jīng)腧穴視覺(jué)模擬法評(píng)分比較
腎經(jīng)經(jīng)期與非經(jīng)期的腎經(jīng)壓痛點(diǎn)集中在筑賓、交信附近,故對(duì)筑賓、交信進(jìn)行VAS評(píng)分。兩穴VAS評(píng)分經(jīng)期均高于非經(jīng)期,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),因壓痛出現(xiàn)率及VAS評(píng)分均較低,故未測(cè)量壓痛閾值。見表7。
3??討論
《靈樞·刺節(jié)真邪》曰:“用針者,必先察其經(jīng)絡(luò)之實(shí)虛,切而循之,按而彈之,視其應(yīng)動(dòng)者,乃后取之而下之?!睆?qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)絡(luò)腧穴診察是針灸診療的第一步[11]。腧穴具有反應(yīng)疾病和治療病癥的雙重作用,《靈樞·九針十二原》亦言:“五臟有疾,應(yīng)出十二原”“五臟有疾,取之十二原?!绷硪环矫妫鹅`樞·九針十二原》提到腧穴是“神氣之所游行出入”“非皮肉筋骨”,強(qiáng)調(diào)其功能性和動(dòng)態(tài)性?!鹅`樞·背腧》曰:“欲得而驗(yàn)之,按其處,應(yīng)在中而痛解,乃其腧也?!睆?qiáng)調(diào)腧穴定位應(yīng)重在切按。本課題組前期研究表明,腧穴在疾病不同階段反應(yīng)不同,因此在運(yùn)用經(jīng)絡(luò)理論明確疾病經(jīng)絡(luò)歸屬后,進(jìn)一步通過(guò)經(jīng)絡(luò)腧穴診察相關(guān)腧穴的陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)情況具有重要臨床意義。
子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的疼痛集中于下腹部,甚則痛引腰骶、外陰及股內(nèi)側(cè)。從經(jīng)絡(luò)循行角度看,《靈樞·經(jīng)脈》言足太陰脾經(jīng)“上循膝股內(nèi)前廉,入腹”,足厥陰肝經(jīng)“循股陰,入毛中,環(huán)陰器,抵小腹”,足陽(yáng)明胃經(jīng)“起于胃下口,循腹里,下至氣街中而合”?!鹅`樞·經(jīng)筋》言足太陰經(jīng)筋“聚于陰器,上腹,結(jié)于臍,循腹里”,足少陰經(jīng)筋“并太陰之筋而上循陰股,結(jié)于陰器,循脊內(nèi)”。故本病病位與足三陰經(jīng)及足陽(yáng)明經(jīng)在經(jīng)絡(luò)循行上存在聯(lián)系。
從臟腑辨證而言,本病與肝、脾、腎密切相關(guān),臟腑氣血運(yùn)化功能正常,胞宮定時(shí)蓄溢,則月經(jīng)正常。脾主運(yùn)化,脾氣健運(yùn)則水谷精血化生正常,胞宮得養(yǎng);脾主統(tǒng)血,脾氣充足則統(tǒng)血功能正常,脾失統(tǒng)攝則血液不循常道而外溢,可見月經(jīng)過(guò)多或經(jīng)期延長(zhǎng);脾胃為氣血生化之源,脾虛生化乏源,則血海空虛,胞脈失養(yǎng),“不榮而痛”。肝主疏泄,主藏血,肝氣條達(dá)則血行而不滯,月經(jīng)如期而至。肝氣郁結(jié)則血行受阻,壅滯胞宮可見經(jīng)行腹痛。腎主藏精,為人體生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育和生殖之根本。腎陽(yáng)虛弱則血脈失于溫煦,瘀濁內(nèi)結(jié),脈絡(luò)不暢,不通則痛,發(fā)為痛經(jīng)[12]。從氣血辨證角度而言,女子以血為本。腎藏精,為先天之本,決定婦女先天氣血是否充盛。肝藏血,脾統(tǒng)血,月經(jīng)來(lái)潮量有賴于脾之生化有源,肝之疏泄功能正常。又因氣為血之母,肝氣條達(dá)可助月經(jīng)規(guī)律來(lái)潮。
有研究指出,原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的針刺治療主要選取任脈和足太陰脾經(jīng)腧穴[13]。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),針刺足太陰脾經(jīng)腧穴陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn)治療原發(fā)性痛經(jīng),可提高止痛療效[7]。筆者臨證發(fā)現(xiàn),子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者在下肢足三陰經(jīng)循行路線上常可觸及陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)點(diǎn),刺之止痛效果佳。本研究顯示,子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者無(wú)論在經(jīng)期還是非經(jīng)期,均可在足三陰經(jīng)小腿循行處出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)及壓痛,且在陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)率及壓痛出現(xiàn)率方面,足太陰脾經(jīng)及足厥陰肝經(jīng)均高于足少陰腎經(jīng)。足太陰脾經(jīng)壓痛點(diǎn)集中在陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、三陰交附近;足厥陰肝經(jīng)壓痛點(diǎn)集中在膝關(guān)、蠡溝附近。三陰交、陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、蠡溝諸穴的VAS評(píng)分經(jīng)期高于非經(jīng)期,壓痛閾值經(jīng)期低于非經(jīng)期。由此可見,子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)與足三陰經(jīng)均有關(guān)系,且與脾經(jīng)、肝經(jīng)密切相關(guān)。子宮腺肌病繼發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患者足三陰經(jīng)腧穴的VAS評(píng)分及壓痛閾值呈動(dòng)態(tài)性改變,經(jīng)期腧穴壓痛敏感度高于非經(jīng)期,初步提示臨床針刺治療該病,在足三陰經(jīng)三陰交、陰陵泉、地機(jī)、漏谷、蠡溝、膝關(guān)、筑賓、交信附近尋找陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)區(qū)域或壓痛點(diǎn)進(jìn)行治療,可能相比針刺標(biāo)準(zhǔn)腧穴定位點(diǎn)能獲得更佳療效。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-17)
(修回日期:2019-10-15;編輯:季巍巍)