羅群華 黎明江 王鑫 楊政
[摘要] 目的 分析冠狀動脈非阻塞性心肌梗死(MINOCA)及冠狀動脈阻塞性心肌梗死(MIOCA)患者的臨床特征。 方法 隨機(jī)入選2017年1月~2019年1月于武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院住院的急性心肌梗死患者445例,根據(jù)冠脈造影結(jié)果分為MINOCA組(89例)和MIOCA組(356例),比較兩組一般資料、主訴癥狀特點、心電圖表現(xiàn)等。結(jié)果 兩組年齡、性別、冠心病史、肌鈣蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌紅蛋白、氨基末端腦鈉肽前體、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組體重指數(shù)、高血壓史、糖尿病史、高脂血癥史、吸煙史、家族史、三酰甘油、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、游離脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。MINOCA組胸痛伴放射痛發(fā)生率低于MIOCA組,含服硝酸甘油有效率高于MIOCA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組胸悶、胸痛、癥狀出現(xiàn)時間<3 d比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。MINOCA組正常、T波改變發(fā)生率低于MIOCA組,ST段抬高、病理性Q波形成、完全性左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯發(fā)生率高于MIOCA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組ST段壓低≥0.05 mV、室性早搏、短陣室速、室性心動過速、室顫發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 臨床上,MINOCA心肌酶指標(biāo)、心功能、胸痛癥狀、心電圖表現(xiàn)均較MIOCA輕,且兩者在高危因素上除年齡外,其余并無明顯差異。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 冠狀動脈非阻塞性心肌梗死;臨床特征;胸痛
[中圖分類號] R541.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)02(b)-0059-04
Analysis of clinical features in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery
LUO Qunhua? ?LI Mingjiang? ?WANG Xin? ?YANG Zheng
Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan? ?430060, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical features of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery (MINOCA) and myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery (MIOCA). Methods A total of 445 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly selected. According to the results of coronary angiography, they were divided into MINOCA group (89 cases) and MIOCA group (356 cases). The general data, the characteristics of the main complaints, and the electrocardiogram were compared between two groups. Results There were significant differences in age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, troponin I, creatine kinase isoenzyme, myoglobin, pro amino terminal brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free fatty acids, fasting blood glucose and creatinine between two groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of chest pain and radiation pain in MINOCA group was lower than that in MIOCA group, and the effective rate of nitroglycerin in MINOCA group was higher than that in MIOCA group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in occurrence time of chest distress, chest pain and symptoms < 3 d (P > 0.05). The incidence of normal and T wave changes in MINOCA group was lower than that in MIOCA group, and the incidence of ST segment elevation, pathological Q wave formation and complete left bundle branch block in MINOCA group was higher than that in MIOCA group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in the incidence of ST segment depression ≥ 0.05 mV, ventricular premature beat, short array ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (P > 0.05). Conclusion Clinically, MINOCA myocardial enzyme index, cardiac function, chest pain symptoms, and electrocardiogram performance are lighter than MIOCA, and there is no significant difference between two groups in terms of high risk factors except age.
[Key words] Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery; Clinical features; Chest pain
早期的冠狀動脈造影研究顯示,急性心肌梗死的犯罪血管幾乎均為嚴(yán)重阻塞性狹窄,但隨著冠脈造影的展開,人們發(fā)現(xiàn),在大約10%的急性心肌梗死患者中[1],冠狀動脈造影未見阻塞性疾?。ǘx為梗死相關(guān)動脈內(nèi)徑狹窄≥50%),學(xué)者們將這一綜合征稱為冠狀動脈非阻塞性心肌梗死(MINOCA)[2-3]。MINOCA和冠狀動脈阻塞性心肌梗死(MIOCA)作為急性心肌梗死的兩種分型,在臨床表現(xiàn)上因發(fā)病機(jī)制的不同,存在許多差異,比如在冠心病發(fā)病相關(guān)危險因素、臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后上均相差較大[4-5],但國內(nèi)關(guān)于探討MINOCA臨床表現(xiàn)的臨床研究尚少,因此,為探討MINOCA與MIOCA的胸痛及其他臨床表現(xiàn)差異,展開了本研究。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
隨機(jī)入選2017年1月~2019年1月于武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院住院的急性心肌梗死患者共445例,根據(jù)冠脈造影結(jié)果分為MINOCA組(89例)和MIOCA組(356例),對其臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。急性心肌梗死診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考《第四版心肌梗死通用定義》[6]診斷。MINOCA的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考2019年美國心臟協(xié)會發(fā)布的MINOCA診斷和管理聲明[7]:①急性心肌梗死;②冠脈造影顯示非阻塞性冠狀動脈,任何主要的心外膜血管無≥50%的冠脈狹窄;③無其他引起該臨床表現(xiàn)的替代診斷,包括但不限于肺栓塞、心肌炎、膿毒癥等。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):心肌炎、肺栓塞、膿毒血癥的患者,以及患有慢性心力衰竭、嚴(yán)重心律失常、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能損害、近期外傷、自身免疫性疾病、惡性腫瘤等的患者。
1.2 臨床資料收集
收集所有納入患者的年齡、性別、高血壓史、糖尿病史、高脂血癥史、吸煙史、既往冠心病史以及家族史等基本信息。收集患者入院時主訴癥狀及癥狀出現(xiàn)時長、是否伴有放射痛、含服硝酸甘油片是否有效等;所有患者均需測量血壓、身高、體重,于次日清晨空腹?fàn)顟B(tài)抽血檢測血脂、游離脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐、肌鈣蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌紅蛋白以及氨基末端腦鈉肽前體等;收集分析患者入院后的心電圖、心臟彩超等。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理。采用Shapiro-Wilk檢驗對計量資料進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗。計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者基線資料比較
兩組年齡、性別、冠心病史、肌鈣蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌紅蛋白、氨基末端腦鈉肽前體、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組體重指數(shù)、高血壓史、糖尿病史、高脂血癥史、吸煙史、家族史、三酰甘油、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、游離脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者胸痛特點比較
MINOCA組胸痛伴放射痛發(fā)生率低于MIOCA組,含服硝酸甘油有效率高于MIOCA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組胸悶、胸痛、癥狀出現(xiàn)時間< 3 d比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者心電圖表現(xiàn)比較
MINOCA組正常、T波改變發(fā)生率低于MIOCA組,ST段抬高、病理性Q波形成、完全性左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯發(fā)生率高于MIOCA組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組ST段壓低≥0.05 mV、室性早搏、短陣室速、室性心動過速、室顫發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
與MIOCA不同,MINOCA的發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及兩個部分[7]:動脈粥樣硬化病因和非動脈粥樣硬化病因,發(fā)病原因的多樣及各機(jī)制發(fā)生率的不同,使MINOCA的臨床表現(xiàn)與MIOCA出現(xiàn)差別[8]。本研究嚴(yán)格按照2019年美國心臟協(xié)會發(fā)布的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),針對MINOCA的臨床表現(xiàn),并進(jìn)行探討。
研究報道,MINOCA占所有急性心肌梗死病例的5%~6%[9],但是所納入的人群不同,發(fā)生率在5%~15%波動[10-11]。本研究隨機(jī)納入的445例患者中,MINOCA有89例,占比為20%,比國外數(shù)據(jù)偏大,正說明MINOCA的發(fā)生率可能在不同地區(qū)、不同種族上有所不同[12]。研究表明,MINOCA患者通常比MIOCA患者更年輕。一項大型系統(tǒng)評價結(jié)果顯示,MINOCA患者的平均年齡為58歲,而MIOCA患者的平均年齡為61歲[9],且女性在MINOCA中占有的比例明顯較高[13]。在本研究中,MINOCA患者的平均年齡為54歲,而MIOCA患者的平均年齡為63歲,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;性別上,MINOCA組的女性患者明顯較MIOCA組多,結(jié)果與既往研究無甚相差。在傳統(tǒng)冠心病危險因素上,本研究顯示,MINOCA組與MIOCA組在高血壓病、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙史上并無差異。不過有研究顯示,與MIOCA患者相比,MINOCA患者的血脂異?;疾÷瘦^低[2];其他如高血壓病、糖尿病、吸煙史和心肌梗死家族史的比例也較低[14],但不同研究的觀察結(jié)果并不一致。盡管在危險因素上無明顯一致性,但是本研究中,MINOCA組的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平明顯高于MIOCA組,而其對血管具有保護(hù)作用,這與MINOCA患者的血脂異?;疾÷瘦^低的認(rèn)識一致。
在主訴癥狀上,本研究顯示,MINOCA與MIOCA表現(xiàn)為胸悶、胸痛并無明顯差異,但MINOCA更少伴有放射痛,且含服硝酸甘油明顯有效。國外一項對1210例患者的研究分析[15]也顯示,MINOCA的胸痛患病率較低。這也與MINOCA發(fā)病機(jī)制中,冠脈痙攣占46%有很大關(guān)系[16]。實驗檢查數(shù)據(jù)上,本研究顯示,MINOCA患者的超敏肌鈣蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌紅蛋白均較MIOCA組明顯低,而且心功能損傷(腦鈉肽升高、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)下降)也比MIOCA要小的多。本研究心電圖結(jié)果顯示,相較于MIOCA組,MINOCA組出現(xiàn)T波改變更為常見,而出現(xiàn)ST段抬高的比例要比MIOCA組低的多。也有研究表示,部分MINOCA患者的心電圖可見ST段抬高,但出現(xiàn)ST段抬高的可能性低于MIOCA患者[17],肌鈣蛋白水平升高的幅度也較低[18]。
本研究納入的病例數(shù)較少,未能發(fā)現(xiàn)MINOCA組發(fā)生惡性心律失常較MIOCA組明顯要低,僅在發(fā)生完全性左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯方面有差異。且已有大量臨床研究證實[19-20],在近期及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后上,MINOCA組明顯較MIOCA組要好,本研究未就此進(jìn)一步探討,后續(xù)可繼續(xù)進(jìn)行病例追蹤。
目前臨床上對于MINOCA的管理,循證文獻(xiàn)非常有限,迄今為止尚未進(jìn)行前瞻性隨機(jī)對照試驗,對于MINOCA的進(jìn)一步了解還需要不斷地探索研究。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-17? 本文編輯:李亞聰)