陳鴻
九個考點
語法填空的主要考點有以下九個,我們必須牢記:
考點破解
考點1:連詞
兩個或兩個以上的單詞、短語或句子之間,如果沒有連詞,必定填連詞。然后根據(jù)全句的意思、它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系,以及搭配習(xí)慣和句式結(jié)構(gòu)等確定具體填哪個連詞。
連詞是全國Ⅰ卷和Ⅲ卷的必考點,每年考1~2道,Ⅱ卷一般考兩道,但2017年沒考。
[例1](2016全國Ⅲ卷)... especially the so-called“rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, __________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析:China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam是四個表示國家名稱的名詞,最后兩個之間沒有連詞,一定是填連詞;根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)填and。
[例2](2014全國Ⅰ卷)But the river wasnt changed in a few days__________ even a few months.
解析:a few days和 even a few months兩個短語之間沒有連詞,一定是填連詞;根據(jù)句意“這條河在幾天內(nèi)不會改變,甚至幾個月內(nèi)也不會改變”,以及在否定句中表并列,意為“也不,也沒有”時,習(xí)慣上用or,故填or。
[例3](2014全國Ⅱ卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, __________some of them looked very anxious...
解析:空格前后是兩個句子,沒有連詞,必定填連詞;又因“許多人在車站等候”與“其中有些人看上去很焦急”是并列關(guān)系,填and。
[例4](2019全國Ⅱ卷)I work not because I have to, __________ because I want to.
解析:因because I have to與because I want to顯然是兩個并列的原因狀語從句,又因not ... but(不是……而是)是固定搭配,故填but。這類對稱對構(gòu)還有:either...or(或者……或者,要么……要么), neither ... nor(既不……也不), not only...but(also)(不但……而且), whether...or(是……還是;不論……還是)等。
[例5](2019全國Ⅲ卷)They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals.(who /that)
解析:因空前是一個句子,空后是一個缺主語的句子,“有照顧這些動物的豐富經(jīng)驗”的應(yīng)是它們的主人(their masters),因此,是一個限制性定語從句,先行詞their masters是人,用who或that引導(dǎo)。
[例6](2017全國Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, __________has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that ...
解析:因Sarah wants to prove that ... 是一個句子,兩個逗號之間的... has taken part in shows...是一個缺少主語的句子,且是補充說明Sarah的,由此判斷是一個非限制性定語從句;先行詞Sarah是人,只能用who引導(dǎo)。
[例7](2018全國Ⅰ卷) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014__________showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析:因空格前是一個句子,空格后是一個缺少主語的句子,能“表明每天跑步5到10分鐘可以降低患心臟病和各種原因?qū)е碌倪^早死亡的風(fēng)險”的應(yīng)是“研究(study)”,因此,這是一個定語從句,先行詞為study,故填which或that。
[例8](2019全國Ⅱ卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________she opened with her late husband Les.
解析:因空格前后都是句子,必定填連詞;后句中open缺賓語,“她和她已故丈夫開”什么呢?應(yīng)是寵物店;因此,后面是一個非限制性定語從句,先行詞是the pet shop,只能填which。
[例9](2016全國Ⅰ卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, __________I was the first Western TV reporter ...
解析:因空格前后是句子,必定填連詞;“我是第一個西方電視記者”,什么時候是第一個?顯然是指80年代中期;因此,后面是個非限制性定語從句,先行詞是in the mid-1980s,在從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語,故填when。
[例10](2016全國Ⅲ卷)Over time, ________the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析:因the population grew是句子,people began...也是句子,故本題必定填連詞;由句意“隨著人口的增長,人們開始……”,表示“隨著”用as。
[例11](2016全國Ⅱ卷)So, get an early start and try to be as productive __________ possible before lunch.
解析:因as...as是固定搭配,故填as。
[例12](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining __________ hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take to get there.
解析:因so...that...是固定搭配,故填so。
[例13](2018全國Ⅲ卷)Im not sure__________is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
解析:Im not sure后的從句,顯然缺少主語,用連接代詞;又由句意“我不知道誰更害怕,是我還是突然冒出來的那只雌性大猩猩”,故填who。
[例14](2015全國Ⅱ卷)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly__________thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析:“普韋布洛印第安人精確地計算出了”,計算出什么?后面顯然是賓語從句,能引導(dǎo)賓語從句又能修飾形容詞的應(yīng)是連接副詞;由意思“多”厚,可知填how。
[例15](2019全國Ⅰ卷)While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence __________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析:there is evidence是一個句子,they range...也是句子,此空一定是填連詞;而后句“它們的活動范圍橫跨北極,南至加拿大的詹姆斯灣”,意義完整,也不缺任何句子成分,故填that,該句說明evidence(證據(jù))的具體內(nèi)容,是同位從句。
考點2:介詞
當(dāng)空后的名詞不是動詞的賓語時,很可能是充當(dāng)介詞的賓語,也就是空格處很可能填介詞,即“介詞+(限定詞+)名詞”,注意,該名詞前通常有限定詞,或無需限定詞的不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。限定詞是指冠詞、物主代詞(如my, your)、不定代詞(如some, any, many等)、指示代詞(如this, that, these, those)等。
介詞為高考??键c,近三年Ⅰ卷考了兩次,Ⅱ卷考點1次,但Ⅲ卷每年考1題。高考主要考查as, at, by, in, of, on, for, to, with, since等主要介詞的主要用法,特別愛考固定詞組或搭配中的介詞。
[例16](2017全國Ⅰ卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(界)________a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects ...
解析:名詞a method顯然不是動詞的賓語,很可能就是填介詞;又由句意可知是表達“這一趨勢是醫(yī)學(xué)界作為一種對抗心臟病的方法而開始的”,表示“作為,當(dāng)作”用as。
[例17](2018全國Ⅲ卷)I was searching __________ these three western lowland gorillas Id ...
解析:因search for(尋找)是固定搭配,故填for。
考點3:冠詞
冠詞是放在名詞前的,即“冠詞+(形容詞+)名詞”,注意,該名詞前沒有限定詞,特別是當(dāng)這個名詞為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,基本上可確定填冠詞。
冠詞為??键c,一般是三年兩考,全國Ⅱ卷近三年每年考1道。高考主要在三個方面考查冠詞:
(1)冠詞的基本用法,即不定冠詞泛指“一個(本,條,座,……)”,定冠詞表示特指;
(2)在最高級前、序數(shù)詞前、獨一無二的事物名稱前用定冠詞;
(3)固定詞組中的冠詞。
[例18](2019全國Ⅱ卷)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was? ? ? ? ? ? joke.
解析:因joke是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前無限定詞,基本確定填冠詞;而句意是“當(dāng)我們接到說她被列入候選名單的電話時,我們以為這是個玩笑”,表示“一個”用不定冠詞,joke的讀音以輔音開頭,填a。
解析:根據(jù)時間狀語In recent years(在最近幾年里)可知,要用現(xiàn)在完成時,故填have reported。順便提提,句中increases是名詞,做have reported的賓語。
[例29](2019全國Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene? ? ? ? ? ? ?(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. Irene said, ...
解析:因said是一般過去式,根據(jù)前后一致原則,declare也用一般過去時,即proudIrene declared... Irene said...,故填declared。
[例30](2019全國Ⅲ卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ________(recommend)wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
解析:由空前的and和句意可知,所填詞與shared并列,根據(jù)并列一致原則,可知填recommended。
[例31](2019全國Ⅰ卷) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _________(be)stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析:根據(jù)并列一致原則,由one is... and nine lack...可知,與之并列的be也用一般現(xiàn)在時,主語six是復(fù)數(shù),故填are。
[例32](2019全國Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work, they invited...They also shared... On the last day of our week-long stay, we __________(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars...
解析:根據(jù)前后致原則,由invited, shared,可知,此處的invite也用一般過去時,而we與invite是被動關(guān)系,用被動語態(tài),故填were invited。
考點6:非謂語
若句中已有謂語,所給動詞又不是與之并列之時,那就是非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞四種。全國卷語法填空每年通常考兩道,個別年份考1道或3道。其中,全國Ⅰ卷近三年都是動名詞和不定式各1道。
[例33](2018全國Ⅱ卷)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________(improve)water quality.
解析:因“改善水質(zhì)”是“鼓勵農(nóng)民種植玉米而不是水稻”的目的,表目的用動詞不定式,故填to improve。
[例34](2019全國Ⅰ卷)Modern methodsof tracking polarbear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __________(perform)consistently over a large area.
解析:在形容詞后做狀語,通常用不定式,常見的有be likely /glad /difficult to do sth,故填to perform。
[例35](2014全國Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused __________(stop)until we reached the next stop.
解析:因在refuse, decide, plan, want, would like等動詞后只能接不定式,故填to stop。
[例36](2018全國Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __________(stay)and watch.
解析:由allow /permit /advise /persuade /encourage /ask sb to do sth可知,填to stay。
[例37](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take__________(get)there.
解析:由it takes sb some time to do sth(某人做某事花了多長時間)可知,填to get。
[例38](2015全國Ⅱ卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough __________(cool)the house during the hot day...
解析:由“形容詞或副詞+enough to do sth”可知,填to cool。
[例39](2019全國Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by ____(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements ...(noting)
解析:因by是介詞,在介詞后一般要接名詞或動名詞做賓語,但當(dāng)其后帶有狀語或賓語時,只能用動名詞,此處的note帶有一個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,只能用動名詞,故填noting。
[例40](2018全國Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __________(look)directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.
解析:因在avod, finish, advise, suggest, enjoy等動詞后只能接動名詞做賓語,故填looking。
[例41](2017全國Ⅱ卷)It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ______(lay)the track and then building a strong roof...
解析:因由and then build可知,這是A, B and C并列,根據(jù)并列一致原則,三者形式應(yīng)當(dāng)一致,故填laying。
[例42](2017全國Ⅲ卷)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ________(rest).
解析:由spend time or money(in)doing sth(花時間或錢做某事)可知,填resting。
[例43](2019全國Ⅱ卷)When we got a call __________ (say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
解析:在時間狀語從句中,已有謂語動詞got,say前無并列連詞,應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;又因a call與say是主動關(guān)系,故填現(xiàn)在分詞saying。
[例44](2018全國Ⅱ卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while __________(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.
解析:這是“連詞+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu),句中主語Chinas approach與feed是主動關(guān)系,另外,由feed后有賓語its citizens,也可知道不可能是被動,故填現(xiàn)在分詞feeding。
[例45](2019全國Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __________(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析:因句中已有謂語were invited ...,所以listen必定是非謂語動詞;又由we與listen是主動關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞表伴隨情況,填listening。另外,由and meeting可知,listen與meeting并列,根據(jù)并列一致原則,listen也用-ing形式。
[例46](2015全國Ⅰ卷)A study of travelers__________ (conduct)by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuoas ...
解析:因句中已有謂語names,故conduct必定是非謂語動詞,又由by提醒,用過去分詞,故填conducted。conduct a study 進行研究。
考點7:詞類轉(zhuǎn)換
詞類轉(zhuǎn)換每年考1~3道,考查重點有三:
(1)將括號內(nèi)的名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~。最近三年,Ⅲ卷考一次,Ⅰ卷考兩次,Ⅱ卷每年都考。
(2)將括號內(nèi)的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~。最近三年,Ⅰ卷考一次,Ⅲ卷考兩次,Ⅱ卷每年都考。
(3)將括號內(nèi)的動詞變?yōu)槊~。最近三年,Ⅰ卷考1次,Ⅱ卷考兩次,Ⅲ卷每年都考。
因此,考生在掌握詞性轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律的同時,還應(yīng)重點掌握以下三種詞各自的三種用法:
(1)形容詞:①形容詞(定語)+名詞;②系動詞+形容詞(表語);③動詞+賓語(含形式賓語it)+形容詞(補語)。
(2)副詞:①動詞前或后;②副詞+形容詞;③副詞,+句子。
(3)名詞:①動詞/介詞+名詞;②限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞)+名詞;③冠詞+形容詞+名詞。
[例47](2018全國Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased ______(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析:這是“及物動詞+名詞”,即做動詞(has decreased減少)的賓語用名詞,故填pollution。
[例48](2019全國Ⅰ卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a __________(believe)that populations are increasing.
解析:這是“冠詞+名詞”,冠詞a后沒有名詞,空格處必定是名詞,故填believe的名詞形式belief。
[例49](2019全國Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __________(compete)to watch, together with the story behind it.
解析:這是“冠詞+形容詞+名詞”,即在“冠詞+形容詞”后要用名詞,故填competition(比賽)。
[例50](2017全國Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate).
解析:這是“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,因her(她的)是形容詞性物主代詞,其后必定是名詞,故填educate的名詞形式education。
[例51](2018全國Ⅰ卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always __________(energy).
解析:這是“系動詞+形容詞”,即做表語要用形容詞,故填energetic。
[例52](2019全國Ⅲ卷)They also shared with us many __________(tradition)stories about Hawaii ...
解析:這是“形容詞+名詞”,即修飾名詞(stories)用形容詞,故填traditional。
[例53](2019全國Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _______(poor)studied ...
解析:修飾動詞(studied)用副詞,故填poorly。
[例54](2019全國Ⅲ卷)They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were __________(huge) popular with tourists.
解析:這是“副詞+形容詞”,即修飾形容詞(popular)用副詞,故填hugely。
[例55](2014全國Ⅱ卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and? ? 43? ? (disappoint).
解析:由and可知,所填詞應(yīng)與形容詞anxious并列,根據(jù)并列一致原則,disappoint也用形容詞,而此處是指人“感到失望”,要用-ed形容詞,故填disappointed。注意比較:disappointing(令人失望的)。
[例56](2018全國Ⅰ卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __________(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
解析:因“加強腿部肌肉”是“做運動”的目的,表目的用不定式,有to的提示,其后應(yīng)是動詞原形,故將名詞strength改為動詞strengthen。
考點8:名詞復(fù)數(shù)
當(dāng)數(shù)量大于1時,名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。要求考生將括號內(nèi)的單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式,全國Ⅰ卷??迹蚓砗廷缶碛袝r考。判斷是否用復(fù)數(shù)的方法:
(1)根據(jù)修飾語判斷,有all, some, several, few, many, three等修飾時,名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(2)根據(jù)主謂一致來判斷,謂語是復(fù)數(shù)時,主語必定是復(fù)數(shù)。
(3)根據(jù)舉例推斷,如所列舉的例子不止一個,前面的名詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)。
(4)根據(jù)常識判斷,如人不止一個肩膀。
此外,盡管名詞的所有格至今未考,考生也不容忽視。
[例57](2018全國Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __________(cause).
解析:做介詞from的賓語,用名詞,而cause本身可作名詞,故考慮復(fù)數(shù)形式;由空前的all可知,要用復(fù)數(shù),故填causes。
[例58](2016全國Ⅱ卷)Recent ______(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks... (studies)
解析:因謂語show是復(fù)數(shù),主語必定是復(fù)數(shù),故填studies。
[例59](2017全國Ⅰ卷)This trend has had some unintended side __________(effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析:由后面的舉例(such as overweight and heart disease)可知,副作用(side effect)不止一種,故effect要用復(fù)數(shù),填effects。
考點9:比較等級
近三年高考,全國Ⅰ卷每年有1道題要求考生將括號內(nèi)形容詞的原級改為比較級;Ⅱ卷未考查,Ⅲ卷僅在2018年考過一次最高級。
[例60](2019全國Ⅰ卷)... leading to the illusion(錯覺)that populations are? ? ?68? ? ?(high)than they actually are.
解析:由后面的than可知,high要用比較級,故填higher。
[例61](2016全國Ⅱ卷)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify(識別)those of ______(great)and less importance.
解析:由and可知,空格要填的詞與less importance并列,根據(jù)并列一致原則,可知great也用比較級,故填greater。
[例62](2018全國Ⅰ卷)... the review says it(running)is more effective at lengthening life ________ walking, cycling or swimming.
解析:由前面的more effective可知用than引導(dǎo)比較對象,故填than。
[例63](2018全國Ⅲ卷)He screams the _________(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
解析:由表范圍的of all可知用最高級,故填loudest。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青