宋維富 楊雪峰 趙麗娟 劉東軍 宋慶杰 張春利 辛文利 肖志敏
摘要??小麥品質(zhì)決定小麥的最終用途,也是小麥品種品質(zhì)分類的主要依據(jù)。為了探討灌漿期干旱對(duì)小麥品質(zhì)影響的內(nèi)在原因,綜述了灌漿期干旱脅迫對(duì)小麥籽粒品質(zhì)影響的研究進(jìn)展,并進(jìn)一步探討了抗旱育種策略,以期為培育品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定型小麥品種提供有用信息。
關(guān)鍵詞??小麥;品質(zhì);灌漿期;干旱;抗旱育種
中圖分類號(hào)??S??512文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼??A
文章編號(hào)??0517-6611(2020)04-0018-02
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.04.005
開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID):
Review on Effects of Drought at Grain Filling Stage on Grain Quality of Wheat
SONG Wei-fu,YANG Xue-feng,ZHAO Li-juan et al??(Crop Resources Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Harbin,Heilongjiang 150086)
Abstract??Wheat grain quality determines the end-use of wheat and is also the main basis for quality classification of wheat varieties.In order to investigate the major cause for effects of post-anthesis drought at grain filling stage on wheat quality,the impact of ?drought at grain-filling stage on wheat quality was reviewed in this paper.Futhermore,drought-resistant breeding strategies for drought at grain filling satge were discussed.The aims of this review were to provide useful information for wheat quality improvement in breeding programs.
Key words??Wheat; Quality;Grain filling stage;Drought;Drought-resistant breeding
在優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥育種中,小麥品質(zhì)性狀可劃分為營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)性狀和加工品質(zhì)性狀。小麥籽粒的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)由土壤條件決定,而加工品質(zhì)主要受氣候條件影響[1]。小麥花后灌漿期的環(huán)境條件脅迫對(duì)加工品質(zhì)的影響最大[2-5]。灌漿期干旱能夠顯著影響小麥的新陳代謝進(jìn)程,使灌漿期縮短,細(xì)胞死亡進(jìn)程加速,導(dǎo)致籽粒中蛋白質(zhì)組分和淀粉顆粒大小改變,是影響小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的2個(gè)主要?dú)夂蛞蛩豙6-8]。在小麥生產(chǎn)中干旱可單獨(dú)發(fā)生,亦可與各種環(huán)境脅迫同步發(fā)生,不僅高溫和強(qiáng)光照可引起干旱,而且貧瘠的土壤條件限制植物根的滲透性也可引起干旱,所以干旱通常與各種環(huán)境因素互作影響小麥品質(zhì)[9-11]。高溫條件下干旱對(duì)小麥各種生理代謝參數(shù)指標(biāo)的影響程度要高于低溫條件下,干旱與高溫同時(shí)發(fā)生影響顯著[12-14]。
小麥加工品質(zhì)與其最終用途密切相關(guān),是劃分小麥品種品質(zhì)類型的重要依據(jù)。小麥育種和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,小麥品質(zhì)受遺傳因素、環(huán)境條件及遺傳與環(huán)境互作的影響[4,9]。其中灌漿期高溫和干旱脅迫是影響小麥品質(zhì)的主要因素[5,14-15]。為了探討灌漿期干旱對(duì)小麥品質(zhì)影響的內(nèi)在原因,擬綜述灌漿期干旱脅迫對(duì)小麥籽粒品質(zhì)影響的研究進(jìn)展,并進(jìn)一步探討抗旱育種策略,以期為培育品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定型小麥品種提供有用信息。
1??灌漿期干旱脅迫對(duì)小麥籽粒品質(zhì)影響研究
在世界范圍內(nèi),小麥灌漿期遇到高溫和干旱同步發(fā)生條件非常普遍[16-19]。Irmak等[20]和Don等[4]大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)灌漿期遇到大于30 ℃條件形成高溫脅迫時(shí),醇溶蛋白和不溶性谷蛋白聚合體相對(duì)含量均增加,但增加幅度不同,導(dǎo)致2種蛋白比例變化,使面團(tuán)強(qiáng)度大幅度下降。在高溫脅迫條件下高分子麥谷蛋白亞基5+10較2+12亞基耐熱性好,品質(zhì)較為穩(wěn)定[2,20]。研究表明,高溫脅迫使小麥灌漿期縮短,籽粒干癟,降低了籽粒中淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)的總體產(chǎn)量,但對(duì)淀粉降低幅度大于蛋白質(zhì),致使蛋白質(zhì)相對(duì)含量提高[21-23]。高溫脅迫對(duì)小麥品質(zhì)的影響不僅取決于品種間的抗(耐)熱能力差異,很大程度上還取決于灌漿期不同階段所遇到的溫度條件[5,24-26]。
研究認(rèn)為,灌漿期干旱是影響小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的主要?dú)夂蛞蛩豙27-29]。干旱不僅可由高溫和強(qiáng)光照引起,而且貧瘠的土壤條件限制植物根的滲透性也可引起干旱[30]。小麥生產(chǎn)中干旱可單獨(dú)發(fā)生,亦可與各種環(huán)境脅迫同步發(fā)生,所以干旱通常與各種環(huán)境因素互作影響小麥品質(zhì)。王月福等[31]研究表明,適宜的土壤水分是小麥高產(chǎn)和優(yōu)質(zhì)的保證,干旱和漬水都會(huì)影響小麥產(chǎn)量提高和品質(zhì)改善。灌漿期不同階段的干旱脅迫對(duì)籽粒蛋白含量、沉降值、濕面筋含量的提高幅度不同,灌漿早期影響較大[31-32]。Guttieri等[33-35]和王立秋等[36]研究認(rèn)為,在嚴(yán)格控水條件下灌漿期干旱可顯著影響小麥品質(zhì)。干旱條件下小麥產(chǎn)量下降,籽粒蛋白質(zhì)相對(duì)含量提高,但蛋白質(zhì)總量下降。Gooding等[37]研究認(rèn)為灌漿期干旱可使籽粒蛋白含量增加,特別是低分子量蛋白增加顯著。范雪梅等[38]利用2個(gè)不同品質(zhì)類型小麥品種研究了花后干旱對(duì)其品質(zhì)形成的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱處理對(duì)小麥籽粒麥谷蛋白積累的影響大于醇溶蛋白,導(dǎo)致麥谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白的比值明顯下降,但是灌漿期干旱提高了籽粒干、濕面筋含量、沉降值和降落值。Guttieri等[35]研究表明灌漿期干旱增加了面團(tuán)揉混峰高和出峰時(shí)間,但是降低了耐揉性,并使籽粒的出粉率降低。Ozturk等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱分別使籽粒蛋白含量、SDS沉降值、濕面筋含量提高了8.3%、8.7%和10.8%。許振柱等[39]研究指出,嚴(yán)重水分虧缺降低籽粒容重、面筋含量、沉降值、面團(tuán)形成時(shí)間、穩(wěn)定時(shí)間和評(píng)價(jià)值,但一定程度土壤水分虧缺反而促其升高。Frank等[40]研究認(rèn)為,灌漿期干旱對(duì)小麥品質(zhì)的影響程度不僅取決于品種的抗旱性,在很大程度上還取決于灌漿期不同階段所遇到的干旱脅迫程度以及干旱持續(xù)的時(shí)間。
2??抗旱性育種
培育抗旱性品種是減少干旱脅迫對(duì)小麥品質(zhì)影響最經(jīng)濟(jì)和有效的方法。提高品種抗旱能力對(duì)于充分發(fā)揮小麥品種,特別是強(qiáng)筋類小麥品種品質(zhì)遺傳潛力和保證其品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定性非常關(guān)鍵。目前研究認(rèn)為,植物防御干旱脅迫的機(jī)制主要有3種,即避旱、御旱和耐旱。其中,御旱性和耐旱性又被統(tǒng)稱為抗旱性[41]。Myers等[42]、Mambani等[43]認(rèn)為小麥根是提高抗旱性的重要部位,增加種子根的長(zhǎng)度有利于小麥吸收土壤深層的水分并提高利用率,保持體內(nèi)水分平衡,抵御干旱。Morgan[44]研究表明具有高的滲透調(diào)節(jié)能力的小麥品種對(duì)干旱的適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)。東北春麥區(qū)小麥育種者針對(duì)“十年九春旱”特定生態(tài)條件,以小麥苗期和灌漿期抗旱性存在著高度正相關(guān)為依據(jù),通過選擇苗期發(fā)育較慢、抗旱性較強(qiáng)的光敏型小麥品種,增加根冠比,將躲旱和抗旱機(jī)制有機(jī)結(jié)合,在一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了小麥品種苗期和灌漿期抗旱能力的同步選擇。根據(jù)多年育種實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn),利用肥水耦合和以肥調(diào)水原理,實(shí)施氮素后移等措施在一定程度上可提高小麥品種灌漿期的抗旱能力。近年來,很多學(xué)者開發(fā)出的多個(gè)與抗旱性狀相關(guān)的數(shù)量性狀基因座(QTL),現(xiàn)逐步被用到提高小麥灌漿期抗旱能力育種之中。
3??展望
綜上所述,可以認(rèn)為小麥灌漿期高溫和干旱均可顯著影響小麥品質(zhì)。其中,小麥灌漿期遇到干旱可使籽粒貯藏蛋白含量相對(duì)增加,蛋白質(zhì)組分比例發(fā)生改變,面團(tuán)耐揉性降低,導(dǎo)致各品質(zhì)參數(shù)不均衡,進(jìn)而影響面粉的最終用途。同時(shí)干旱往往與高溫條件脅迫互作,進(jìn)一步增加了小麥品種品質(zhì)遺傳潛力表達(dá)的影響程度。選育抗旱性較好,特別是灌漿期抗旱性較強(qiáng)的品種,對(duì)于充分發(fā)揮優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥新品種品質(zhì)潛力非常重要。
上述研究結(jié)果對(duì)于小麥品質(zhì)育種,特別是對(duì)于優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥育種具有重要參考價(jià)值。至于土壤肥力和氣候條件變化對(duì)小麥營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和加工品質(zhì)的影響程度,以及小麥灌漿期高溫和干旱何者為影響優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋小麥品種品質(zhì)潛力表達(dá)程度的主導(dǎo)因子等問題,還有待深入研究。
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