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蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)的捕食作用

2020-03-30 04:01唐藝婷王孟卿李玉艷劉晨曦毛建軍陳紅印張禮生
中國(guó)煙草科學(xué) 2020年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:生物防治

唐藝婷 王孟卿 李玉艷 劉晨曦 毛建軍 陳紅印 張禮生

摘? 要:為明確蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾的捕食能力,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下進(jìn)行蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)及成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)的捕食能力測(cè)試,數(shù)據(jù)采用HollingⅡ功能反應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行擬合以明確其捕食潛能,利用Hassell模型擬合并測(cè)定了蠋蝽自身密度對(duì)斜紋夜蛾捕食作用的影響。結(jié)果表明,蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)及成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾幼蟲(chóng)的捕食模型均符合HollingⅡ模型;蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)瞬時(shí)攻擊率順序是3齡(1.873)>雌成蟲(chóng)(1.329)>4齡(1.187)> 5齡(1.125)>雄成蟲(chóng)(0.828);蠋蝽雌成蟲(chóng)的日最大捕食量最大,為13.699頭。隨著斜紋夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)密度增大,蠋蝽的搜尋效應(yīng)逐漸降低,雌成蟲(chóng)的搜尋效應(yīng)明顯大于其他蟲(chóng)態(tài)。隨著天敵蠋蝽密度增大,干擾增強(qiáng),平均捕食量隨之降低。本研究顯示出蠋蝽雌成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾具有較大的捕食潛能。

關(guān)鍵詞:蠋蝽;斜紋夜蛾;生物防治;功能反應(yīng)

Predation ofArma chinensisonSpodoptera lituraLarvae

TANG Yiting, WANG Mengqing*, LI Yuyan, LIU Chenxi, MAO Jianjun, CHEN Hongyin, ZHANG Lisheng

(USDA-ARS Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China)

Abstract: In order to know the parasitoidism ofArma chinensis?onSpodoptera litura, the predation of 3-5 instar nymph and adult ofA.chinensisonS. liturawas studied in laboratory. Experimental data was fitted to the mathematical model HollingⅡ in which controlling effects were determined by parameters of preying potential capacity. The influences of the predators density functional response were determined by the mathematical model Hassell. The results showed that 3-5 instar nymph and adult predators exhibited Holling II functional responses, with the order of attacking efficiency being 3rd (1.873) >female (1.329) >4th(1.187) >5th(1.125)>male(0.828). The maximum daily predation number of female was 13.699. With the increase of preys density, predators searching effect decreases gradually, and the searching effect of female was obviously larger than that of other stages. As the density ofA. chinensissincreased, the interference was stronger and the average predation decreased. It indicated that femaleA. chinensishas a greater predation potential forS. litura.

Keywords:Arma chinensis;Spodoptera litura; biological control; functional response

斜紋夜蛾Spodoptera lituraFabricius屬鱗翅目,夜蛾科,是一種間歇性發(fā)生的世界性害蟲(chóng),在我國(guó)各地均有分布,為害嚴(yán)重。其幼蟲(chóng)取食煙草、葡萄、棉花、辣椒等多種寄主植物,近年來(lái),斜紋夜蛾對(duì)煙草的危害尤為嚴(yán)重,對(duì)煙葉品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量影響較大,其幼蟲(chóng)啃食煙葉旺長(zhǎng)期-采收期的中、下部,3齡后幼蟲(chóng)進(jìn)入暴食期,可轉(zhuǎn)移為害。嚴(yán)乃勝等[1]報(bào)道斜紋夜蛾在云南賓川煙草上大發(fā)生,發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的煙田被害植株率達(dá)90%以上,被害葉率在50%左右。利用生物防治的方法控制斜紋夜蛾符合國(guó)家綠色發(fā)展的要求,可提升煙葉品質(zhì)。

目前已報(bào)道的防治斜紋夜蛾的捕食性天敵主要有紅彩真獵蝽Harpactor fuscipes(Fabrieius),叉角厲蝽CantheconideaFurcellat(Walff),煙盲蝽Crytopeltis tenuis (Reuter),蜘蛛等[2-6]。蠋蝽Arma chinensis?(Fallou)屬于半翅目Hemiptera,蝽科Pentatomidae,益蝽亞科Asopinae,是一種優(yōu)良的天敵昆蟲(chóng),在我國(guó)多省均有分布,它的成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)均能夠捕食多種鱗翅目、鞘翅目、雙翅目等害蟲(chóng)的成蟲(chóng)和幼蟲(chóng)[7]。張曉軍等[8]研究了蠋蝽對(duì)榆紫葉甲Ambrostoma quadriimopressum?Motschlsky的捕食作用,充分顯示了蠋蝽的捕食潛力。筆者也從田間和實(shí)驗(yàn)室觀察到蠋蝽取食多種鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng),如:二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker),甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exiguaHübner,美國(guó)白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury),棉鈴蟲(chóng)Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner),小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)等。目前蠋蝽的人工飼料和大量飼養(yǎng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)取得明顯的進(jìn)展[9-13],但是關(guān)于蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾的捕食量數(shù)據(jù)目前還沒(méi)有報(bào)道。

本研究結(jié)果表明,蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)均有較強(qiáng)的捕食能力,且捕食模型符合HollingⅡ圓盤(pán)方程,這與其他捕食蝽對(duì)獵物的捕食功能反應(yīng)模型一致[2-6,17]。數(shù)據(jù)表明,蠋蝽雌成蟲(chóng)處理斜紋夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)的時(shí)間最短只需0.073 d,其日最大捕食量13.699頭,控害效能為18.205,均較蠋蝽其他齡期以及雄成蟲(chóng)高,與張曉軍等[8]研究結(jié)果蠋蝽捕食榆紫葉甲表現(xiàn)出蠋蝽5齡若蟲(chóng)的捕食量最大有所不同,但是和紅彩真獵蝽[3],叉角厲蝽[4],蜘蛛[6]等研究結(jié)果一致,均是雌成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾表現(xiàn)出最大捕食量。

蠋蝽的攻擊率順序表現(xiàn)為:3齡若蟲(chóng)(1.873)>雌成蟲(chóng)(1.329)>4齡若蟲(chóng)(1.187)>5齡若蟲(chóng)(1.125)>雄成蟲(chóng)(0.828)。低齡若蟲(chóng)(3齡)最積極,可能是3齡蠋蝽若蟲(chóng)體積小,對(duì)于24 h的饑餓處理反應(yīng)明顯,急于捕食。成蟲(chóng)中雌蟲(chóng)的攻擊率強(qiáng)于雄蟲(chóng)因?yàn)榇菩猿上x(chóng)產(chǎn)卵需要更多的能量。

搜尋效應(yīng)是捕食者在捕食過(guò)程中對(duì)寄主攻擊的一種行為效應(yīng),其模型為S=aTr/(1+aThN[15]。通常情況下,隨著獵物密度增加,捕食者的搜尋效應(yīng)會(huì)降低。本研究表明隨著斜紋夜蛾密度的增大,蠋蝽搜尋效應(yīng)逐漸降低。在相同獵物密度下,蠋蝽雌成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾的搜尋效應(yīng)最大,搜尋能力較強(qiáng)。

蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)及成蟲(chóng)捕食斜紋夜蛾平均捕食量,隨著天敵密度的增加而降低。利用Hassell模型(A=aP-b)能較好地反映出蠋蝽自身密度的干擾效應(yīng)。其中蠋蝽雌成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)的捕食量最大,與上述捕食功能反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)一致。蠋蝽5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)的自身密度干擾系數(shù)相對(duì)較小,說(shuō)明體積大的蠋蝽更傾向于單獨(dú)捕食。

研究捕食者和獵物的相互作用有利于優(yōu)化生防策略。本試驗(yàn)通過(guò)建立的蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾的功能反應(yīng)模型和自身密度干擾模型,明確了蠋蝽3~5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾3齡幼蟲(chóng)的的捕食量,以實(shí)現(xiàn)利用最小的釋放成本達(dá)到最佳的釋放目的。但本試驗(yàn)是在室內(nèi),并且是在狹小的養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)盒內(nèi)下完成,而自然條件下存在諸多因素(氣候,溫濕度,降雨量)影響捕食者的捕食作用,因此還需要在本研究的基礎(chǔ)上,在田間進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾自然種群的控制能力。

4 ?結(jié)? 論

根據(jù)本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,蠋蝽對(duì)斜紋夜蛾具有一定的捕食能力,在理論上通過(guò)釋放蠋蝽防治斜紋夜蛾是可行的。試驗(yàn)研究表明,蠋蝽5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)對(duì)斜紋夜蛾具有較強(qiáng)的捕食能力,在田間應(yīng)用時(shí)可多釋放蠋蝽5齡若蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng),盡快降低斜紋夜蛾種群數(shù)量,減少斜紋夜蛾對(duì)煙草的為害。

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