文 / 李 健
在工程建設(shè)實(shí)踐中,變更是施工合同履行過程中的常見現(xiàn)象,變更也是導(dǎo)致對合同價(jià)格進(jìn)行調(diào)整的重要因素。鑒于合同變更和調(diào)整極易引發(fā)合同履行障礙或爭議,合同關(guān)于變更和調(diào)整的約定具有重要意義。今天我們來討論FIDIC1999施工合同文本 Conditions?of?Contract?for?Construction 中的 13.?Variations?and?Adjustment“13變更和調(diào)整”條款。
原文1:13.1 Right to Vary
Variations?may?be?initiated?by?the?Engineer?at?any?time?prior?to?issuing?the?Taking-Over?Certificate?for?the?Works,?either?by?an?instruction?or?by?a?request?for?the?Contractor?to?submit?a?proposal.
The?Contractor?shall?execute?and?be?bound?by?each?Variation,?unless?the?Contractor?promptly?gives?notice?to?the?Engineer?stating?(with?supporting?particulars)?that?the?Contractor?cannot?readily?obtain?the?Goods?required?for?the?Variation.?Upon?receiving?this?notice,?the?Engineer?shall?cancel,?confirm?or?vary?the?instruction.
Each?Variation?may?include:
(a)?changes?to?the?quantities?of?any?item?of?work?included?in?the?Contract?(however,?such?changes?do?not?necessarily?constitute?a?Variation),
(b)?changes?to?the?quality?and?other?characteristics?of?any?item?of?work,
(c)?changes?to?the?levels,?positions?and/or?dimensions?of?any?part?of?the?Works,
(d)?omission?of?any?work?unless?it?is?to?be?carried?out?by?others,
(e)?any?additional?work,?Plant,?Materials?or?services?necessary?for?the?Permanent?Works,?including?any?associated?Tests?on?Completion,?boreholes?and?other?testing?and?exploratory?work,?or
(f)?changes?to?the?sequence?or?timing?of?the?execution?of?the?Works.
The?Contractor?shall?not?make?any?alteration?and/or?modification?of?the?Permanent?Works,?unless?and?until?the?Engineer?instructs?or?approves?a?Variation.
試譯:13.1 變更權(quán)
在頒發(fā)工程接收證書前的任何時(shí)間,工程師可以通過發(fā)布指示或以要求承包人提交建議書的方式提出變更。
承包人應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行每項(xiàng)變更并受其約束,除非承包人立即向工程師發(fā)出通知,說明承包人難以取得變更所需的物件(須附具體證明資料)。接到通知后,工程師應(yīng)當(dāng)取消、確認(rèn)或修改指示。
每項(xiàng)變更可以包括:
(1)合同中任何子項(xiàng)工作內(nèi)容數(shù)量的改變(此類改變并不當(dāng)然構(gòu)成變更);
(2)任何子項(xiàng)工作質(zhì)量或其他特性的改變;
(3)工程任何部位標(biāo)高、位置或尺寸的改變;
(4)任何工作的省略,但將交由他人完成的除外;
(5)任何額外附加的永久工程所需的工作、設(shè)備、材料或服務(wù),包括任何相關(guān)的竣工檢驗(yàn)、鉆孔和其他試驗(yàn)及勘探工作;
(6)工程的實(shí)施順序或時(shí)間安排的改變。
除非工程師發(fā)出指示或批準(zhǔn)變更,在此之前,承包人不得對永久工程作任何改動或修改。
點(diǎn)評:1.這里“變更權(quán)Right?to?Vary”子款內(nèi)容很豐富,具體涉及:第一,誰有權(quán)行使變更權(quán)發(fā)起initiate變更:the?Engineer;第二,變更權(quán)行使的時(shí)間有何限制:at?any?time?prior?to?issuing?the?Taking-Over?Certificate?for?the?Works;第三,行使變更權(quán)的方式:either?by?an?instruction?or?by?a?request?for?the?Contractor?to?submit?a?proposal;第四,變更對承包人的約束力:The?Contractor?shall?execute?and?be?bound?by?each?Variation;第五,承包人的通知對變更的阻斷:Upon?receiving?this?notice,?the?Engineer?shall?cancel,?confirm?or?vary?the?instruction;第六,變更的內(nèi)容涉及范圍;第七,無變更情況下,對承包人變動永久工程的限制。
2.什么是“Variation變更”?事實(shí)上,在FIDIC文本中,這是一個(gè)通過外延來定義的概念:1.1.6.9?“Variation”?means?any?change?to?the?Works,?which?is?instructed?or?approved?as?a?variation?under?Clause?13?[Variations?and?Adjustments]?。也就是說,“變更”是指對工程的任何變動,這些變動是按照第13條[變更和調(diào)整]被指示或批準(zhǔn)作為變更的。注意,這里特別強(qiáng)調(diào)是對“工程”的任何變動,而不是對合同條款或合同權(quán)利義務(wù)的變動,雖然在建設(shè)工程合同中,對“工程”的任何變動通常會引起對合同權(quán)利義務(wù)的變動。在合同法意義上的合同“變更”通常用語是modify或modification。中國《民法典》第543條規(guī)定,“當(dāng)事人協(xié)商一致,可以變更合同”,The?parties?may?modify?a?contract?where?they?reach?a?consensus?through?consultation。合同“變更”modify或modification,是“雙方合意”的結(jié)果。
3.只有理解到“Variation變更”是對“工程”的任何變動,我們才能體會到“Variation變更”不當(dāng)然是“雙方合意”的結(jié)果。除非工程師的權(quán)限在專用條款中另有限制,本條款將變更權(quán)主要直接賦予監(jiān)理工程師the?Engineer(其代表發(fā)包人或業(yè)主the?Employer),而沒有對等地賦予承包人。一項(xiàng)變動change構(gòu)成一項(xiàng)“Variation變更”,無需承包人同意,但卻可以約束承包人The?Contractor?shall?execute?and?be?bound?by?each?Variation。如果承包人認(rèn)為,工程師所指示的變更既不必要necessary也不適宜appropriate,除非立即向工程師發(fā)出通知說明自己難以取得變更所需的物件(須附具體證明資料)unless?the?Contractor?promptly?gives?notice?to?the?Engineer?stating?(with?supporting?particulars)?that?the?Contractor?cannot?readily?obtain?the?Goods?required?for?the?Variation,便只能通過爭議解決條款來質(zhì)疑工程師的指示。
4.關(guān)于變更范圍中,changes?to?the?quantities?of?any?item?of?work?included?in?the?Contract?(however,?such?changes?do?not?necessarily?constitute?a?Variation),通常認(rèn)為是工程量清單中數(shù)量的簡單變化。如果數(shù)量變化較大,且符合FIDIC第12.3款[估價(jià)]相關(guān)約定,則會引起適用新的單價(jià)或價(jià)格。
原文2:13.2 Value Engineering
The?Contractor?may,?at?any?time,?submit?to?the?Engineer?a?written?proposal?which?(in?the?Contractor’s?opinion)?will,?if?adopted,?(i)?accelerate?completion,?(ii)?reduce?the?cost?to?the?Employer?of?executing,?maintaining?or?operating?the?Works,?(iii)?improve?the?efficiency?or?value?to?the?Employer?of?the?completed?Works,?or?(iv)?otherwise?be?of?benefit?to?the?Employer.
The?proposal?shall?be?prepared?at?the?cost?of?the?Contractor?and?shall?include?the?items?listed?in?Sub-Clause?13.3?[Variation?Procedure].
If?a?proposal,?which?is?approved?by?the?Engineer,?includes?a?change?in?the?design?of?part?of?the?Permanent?Works,?then?unless?otherwise?agreed?by?both?Parties:
(a)?the?Contractor?shall?design?this?part,
(b)?sub-paragraphs?(a)?to?(d)?of?Sub-Clause?4.1?[Contractor’s?General?Obligations]?shall?apply,?and
(c)?if?this?change?results?in?a?reduction?in?the?contract?value?of?this?part,?the?Engineer?shall?proceed?in?accordance?with?Sub-Clause?3.5?[Determinations]?to?agree?or?determine?a?fee,?which?shall?be?included?in?the?Contract?Price.?This?fee?shall?be?half?(50%)?of?the?difference?between?the?following?amounts:
(i)?such?reduction?in?contract?value,?resulting?from?the?change,?excluding?adjustments?under?Sub-Clause?13.7?[Adjustments?for?Changes?in?Legislation]?and?Sub-Clause?13.8?[Adjustments?for?Changes?in?Cost],?and
(ii)?the?reduction?(if?any)?in?the?value?to?the?Employer?of?the?varied?works,?taking?account?of?any?reductions?in?quality,?anticipated?life?or?operational?efficiencies.
However,?if?amount?(i)?is?less?than?amount?(ii),?there?shall?not?be?a?fee.
試譯:13.2 價(jià)值工程
承包人可以隨時(shí)向工程師提交一份書面建議,只要在其看來,如果該建議被采用,可以(1)加速完工,(2)降低業(yè)主實(shí)施、維護(hù)或運(yùn)行工程的成本,(3)為業(yè)主提高竣工工程的效率或價(jià)值,或(4)為業(yè)主帶來其他利益。
此類建議書由承包人自費(fèi)編制,并應(yīng)當(dāng)包含第13.3款[變更程序]所列條目。
如果一項(xiàng)建議包含了對部分永久工程設(shè)計(jì)的改變,且該項(xiàng)建議已由工程師批準(zhǔn),除非雙方另有協(xié)議,否則:
(1)承包人應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)該部分工程;
(2)第4.1款[承包人的一般義務(wù)]?①至④段將適用;
(3)如果此項(xiàng)改變導(dǎo)致該部分工程的合同價(jià)值減少,工程師應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)第3.5款[確定],商定或決定一項(xiàng)費(fèi)用并加入合同價(jià)格。此項(xiàng)費(fèi)用應(yīng)當(dāng)是下列金額之差的一半(50%):
①由此改變引起的合同價(jià)值的減少,不包括依據(jù)第13.7款[因法律改變的調(diào)整]和第13.8款[因成本改變的調(diào)整]所作的調(diào)整;
②變更后的工程由于質(zhì)量、預(yù)期壽命或運(yùn)行效率的降低引起的對業(yè)主價(jià)值上的減少(如果有)。
但是,如果①中的金額少于②中的金額,則不考慮該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用。
點(diǎn)評:1.前面已經(jīng)說過,除非工程師的權(quán)限在專用條款中另有限制,條款13.1?Right?to?Vary將變更權(quán)主要直接賦予監(jiān)理工程師the?Engineer,而沒有對等地賦予承包人;但這并不是說,不考慮承包人的能動履行合同的積極性。承包人可以通過提出建議 submit?to?the?Engineer?a?written?proposal的方式,經(jīng)由工程師批準(zhǔn),達(dá)到“變更Variation”的實(shí)際效果。因此本款可以認(rèn)為是承包人主動引發(fā)變更程序啟動的規(guī)定。
2.對承包人能動履行合同積極性的鼓勵機(jī)制在于:要求“變更”有利于業(yè)主利益,同時(shí),也要照顧承包人的利益。這有點(diǎn)類似中國工程實(shí)踐中的“節(jié)約分成”。如果一項(xiàng)建議包含了對部分永久工程設(shè)計(jì)的改變,且該項(xiàng)建議已由工程師批準(zhǔn),通常情況下,若此項(xiàng)改變導(dǎo)致該部分工程合同價(jià)值減少,工程師應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)合同商定或決定一項(xiàng)費(fèi)用并加入合同價(jià)格。