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早期階段性功能鍛煉在乳腺癌術(shù)后患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)中的作用

2020-02-22 03:05陳慧楊慧芬孔紅武
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年35期
關(guān)鍵詞:并發(fā)癥

陳慧 楊慧芬 孔紅武

[摘要] 目的 探討早期階段性功能鍛煉在乳腺癌術(shù)后患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)中的作用。 方法 選取2016年1月~2018年12月實(shí)施乳腺癌根治術(shù)患者92例。隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組各46例。對(duì)照組患者術(shù)后予常規(guī)功能鍛煉,干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后予階段性功能鍛煉,兩組患者均干預(yù)3個(gè)月。觀察兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)前屈、后伸、內(nèi)收和外展的活動(dòng)度的變化,并比較術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。 結(jié)果 干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)前屈、后伸、內(nèi)收和外展的活動(dòng)度較對(duì)照組更佳,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.420,P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 早期階段性功能鍛煉用于乳腺癌術(shù)后可促進(jìn)患側(cè)上肢功能恢復(fù),提高肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后早日康復(fù)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳腺癌術(shù)后;早期階段性功能鍛煉;肩關(guān)節(jié)功能;并發(fā)癥

[中圖分類號(hào)] R241? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)35-0080-04

[Abstract] Objective To explore the role of early stage functional exercise in the recovery of shoulder joint function after breast cancer surgery. Methods Ninety-two patients who underwent radical mastectomy for breast cancer from January 2016 to December 2018 were selected. They were randomly divided into intervention group and control group, with 46 cases in each group. Patients in the control group were given routine functional exercise after surgery, and patients in the intervention group were given staged functional exercise after surgery. Both groups were intervened for 3 months. The changes of shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction of the two groups were observed at one and three months after surgery. And the incidence of postoperative complications was compared. Results The patients in the intervention group had better flexion, extension, adduction and abduction of shoulder joints than the control group at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the intervention group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=4.420, P<0.05). Conclusion Early stage functional exercise for breast cancer surgery can promote the recovery of upper limb function of the affected side, improve shoulder joint mobility, reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, and promote the early recovery of patients after surgery.

[Key words] Postoperative breast cancer; Early stage functional exercise; Shoulder joint function; Complications

乳腺癌是女性常見的惡性腫瘤之一,手術(shù)是治療乳腺癌的主要手段,術(shù)中清掃腋窩淋巴結(jié)這一環(huán)節(jié)會(huì)對(duì)患者患側(cè)上肢造成影響,使其上肢水腫、出血、皮瓣壞死、皮下積液等,甚至導(dǎo)致患側(cè)上肢功能障礙,表現(xiàn)為上肢乏力和肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限,嚴(yán)重影響患者術(shù)后的日常生活[1,2]。以往臨床上對(duì)乳腺癌術(shù)后患者采用常規(guī)功能訓(xùn)練,但由于缺乏計(jì)劃性、時(shí)效性,總體來說效果欠佳[3,4]。近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期階段性功能訓(xùn)練,可加快乳腺癌術(shù)后患者功能的恢復(fù),對(duì)患側(cè)上肢功能恢復(fù)有積極的改善作用[5,6]。本研究觀察了早期階段性功能鍛煉在乳腺癌術(shù)后患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)中的作用,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2016年1月~2018年12月期間我科住院實(shí)施乳腺癌根治術(shù)患者92例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:(1)均為女性,均經(jīng)病理組織檢查確診;(2)腫瘤直徑不超過3 cm,乳暈邊緣超過3 cm;(3)術(shù)前檢查患側(cè)上肢肌力正常及關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)無異常。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:(1)復(fù)發(fā)乳腺癌患者或乳腺癌有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者;(2)已行放化療或手術(shù)等治療者;(3)兩側(cè)乳腺癌。采用隨機(jī)抽簽法分為干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組各46例。兩組患者的腫瘤部位、年齡和TNM分期等基線資料比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性(P>0.05)。兩組基線資料比較見表1。

1.2 治療方法

對(duì)照組患者術(shù)后予常規(guī)的功能鍛煉,包括功能鍛煉宣教及常規(guī)功能鍛煉(術(shù)后3 d 內(nèi)患側(cè)上肢制動(dòng)加吊帶托扶,術(shù)后3 d后開始進(jìn)行手指主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)活動(dòng),術(shù)后5 d后開始進(jìn)行肘部活動(dòng),術(shù)后7 d 后開始進(jìn)行肩部活動(dòng))。干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后予階段性功能鍛煉,包括(1)早期(術(shù)后<1周):以手指、腕、肘關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉為主,以伸指、握拳、屈腕、旋腕、屈腕活動(dòng),禁止患肢支撐,肩關(guān)節(jié)外展運(yùn)動(dòng),30 min/次,2次/d,活動(dòng)時(shí)保持適宜的運(yùn)作幅度;(2)中期(術(shù)后1~2周):進(jìn)行肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉為主,包括繞肩、上舉、摸耳、爬墻、后背手、后抱頭和后外展運(yùn)動(dòng),30 min/次,2次/d;(3)晚期(術(shù)后2周~3個(gè)月):繼續(xù)肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉,同時(shí)逐漸開展上肢擴(kuò)胸、外展等進(jìn)一步運(yùn)動(dòng),包括雙肩背伸、體轉(zhuǎn)、甩手、 爬墻、劃臂、擴(kuò)胸、搓背、拉繩運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉,30 min/次,2次/d。兩組患者均干預(yù)3個(gè)月。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

觀察兩組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)前屈、后伸、內(nèi)收和外展的活動(dòng)度的變化,并比較術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。

1.3.1 肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度判斷? 肩關(guān)節(jié)的前屈、后伸和內(nèi)收的活動(dòng)角度采用圓盤量角器測(cè)定,肩關(guān)節(jié)外展角度采用方角量角器測(cè)定。

1.3.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥? 包括上肢水腫、皮下積液和皮瓣壞死。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS18.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量與計(jì)數(shù)資料數(shù)據(jù)分別用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)和百分比[n(%)]表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)和χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度比較

干預(yù)組術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)前屈、后伸、內(nèi)收和外展活動(dòng)度較對(duì)照組更好,組間比較差異比較統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2和表3。

2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較

干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.420,P<0.05)。見表4。

3 討論

乳腺癌位居我國(guó)女性惡性腫瘤首位,近年來其發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年上漲趨勢(shì),由于乳癌細(xì)胞的脫落,癌細(xì)胞可隨著血液和淋巴循環(huán)而發(fā)生其他部位轉(zhuǎn)移,導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,對(duì)患者的生命和健康威脅較大[9-11]。乳腺癌根治術(shù)目前是治療乳腺癌最常見方法,術(shù)后發(fā)生患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)障礙是其較常見的并發(fā)癥之一,臨床主要表現(xiàn)是上肢肌肉乏力和肩部活動(dòng)受限[12-14],這是由于乳腺癌根治術(shù)的手術(shù)切除范圍及清掃范圍較大,包括乳房、乳房周圍肌腱、胸肌、同側(cè)腋下肌肉、脂肪組織及腋下淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行切除清掃,術(shù)中易損傷血管、神經(jīng)和肌肉等組織,易發(fā)生各種并發(fā)癥[15-17];加上術(shù)后手術(shù)切口及切口周圍組織會(huì)加壓包扎較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,患者因活動(dòng)后疼痛或怕切口裂開,不愿進(jìn)行肩關(guān)節(jié)鍛煉,易發(fā)生患側(cè)肢體腫脹、胸郭瘢痕攣縮畸形、患肢功能障礙及肩關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等并發(fā)癥,使得患者術(shù)后生活自理能力下降或喪失,影響其日常生活能力[18,19]。因此,對(duì)乳腺癌術(shù)后患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行積極鍛煉顯得尤為重要。

以往乳腺癌術(shù)后常規(guī)的功能鍛煉,以患者的自行活動(dòng)鍛煉為主,往往缺乏醫(yī)生的康復(fù)指導(dǎo),患者只知道需進(jìn)行患側(cè)的肩關(guān)節(jié)和上肢鍛煉,而對(duì)鍛煉方法、強(qiáng)度、時(shí)間及運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度等并不熟悉,缺乏科學(xué)系統(tǒng)的鍛煉方法,鍛煉往往中途而費(fèi),難能持久,治療遵醫(yī)行為較差,總體效果欠理想[20,21]。本研究采用階段性功能鍛煉主要根據(jù)患者的組織損傷程度部位及程度、不同的恢復(fù)階段需求等,制定個(gè)性化的功能鍛煉方案,早期通過手指、腕、肘關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉可促進(jìn)肢體血液和淋巴的回流,有效加快病理產(chǎn)物的吸收及排出,減輕手術(shù)損傷血液、淋巴回流障礙引起上肢腫脹疼痛,促進(jìn)機(jī)體水腫的消退,使得皮下積血和積液逐漸減輕,減少皮瓣組織壞死的發(fā)生率,加快創(chuàng)面的愈合[22,23];中期以肩關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)為主,可最大程度上增加肩關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)范圍,可取到松解預(yù)防肩關(guān)節(jié)粘連,減少關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)粘連與瘢痕的形成的目的[24,25];晚期以繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化肩關(guān)節(jié)和上肢、胸部運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練為主, 目的在于有效提高肌肉力量,減輕組織纖維化程度,預(yù)防瘢痕組織收縮,盡可能恢復(fù)患肩關(guān)節(jié)的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[26]。本研究示干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)前屈、后伸、內(nèi)收和外展的活動(dòng)度較對(duì)照組更佳,且干預(yù)組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低,提示早期階段性功能鍛煉用于乳腺癌術(shù)后可促進(jìn)患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),提高肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后早日康復(fù)。在進(jìn)行早期階段性的鍛煉時(shí)間,應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的年齡、手術(shù)病灶的部位、切除范圍、患者身體情況以及病情制定科學(xué)、合理的鍛煉計(jì)劃,對(duì)患側(cè)的上肢和肩關(guān)節(jié)展開鍛煉,循序漸進(jìn),逐漸增加鍛煉強(qiáng)度,從小鍛煉過度到大鍛煉,以防操之過急發(fā)生意外拉傷,利于患側(cè)上肢功能的盡早恢復(fù)。

總之,早期階段性功能鍛煉用于乳腺癌術(shù)后可促進(jìn)患側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),提高肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后早日康復(fù)。

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(收稿日期:2020-03-13)

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