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預(yù)測評(píng)分量表對(duì)卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的應(yīng)用價(jià)值

2020-02-16 14:46舒兆瑞王兵張克飛
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2020年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:NIHSS評(píng)分危險(xiǎn)因素年齡

舒兆瑞 王兵 張克飛

摘要:目的? 分析多種卒中相關(guān)性肺炎危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測評(píng)分表的特點(diǎn)及其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法? 檢索PubMed和CNKI中有關(guān)卒中相關(guān)性肺炎危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測評(píng)分表的文獻(xiàn),包括針對(duì)SAP制定預(yù)測評(píng)分表的文獻(xiàn)及應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有卒中相關(guān)評(píng)分表預(yù)測SAP的文獻(xiàn),用診斷試驗(yàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)工具(QUADAS-2)對(duì)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的預(yù)測評(píng)分量表進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)因素評(píng)分,分析相關(guān)評(píng)分與卒中相關(guān)性肺炎診斷率的關(guān)系,評(píng)估相關(guān)預(yù)測評(píng)分的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。結(jié)果? 共檢索到238篇相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn),針對(duì)SAP制定預(yù)測評(píng)分表的文獻(xiàn)162篇,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有卒中相關(guān)評(píng)分表預(yù)測SAP的文獻(xiàn)76篇,共涉及13種預(yù)測評(píng)分表,其中年齡和NIHSS評(píng)分幾乎在所有預(yù)測評(píng)分表中都有出現(xiàn)。對(duì)6種評(píng)分表進(jìn)行了內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證,5種評(píng)分表進(jìn)行了外部驗(yàn)證,A2DS2評(píng)分是目前最受認(rèn)可的,其敏感性和特異性均高于其他預(yù)測評(píng)分表。結(jié)論? 臨床預(yù)測模型在應(yīng)用時(shí)簡單易行,不同評(píng)分表之間的敏感性和特異性是相似的。目前預(yù)測評(píng)分表對(duì)卒中相關(guān)性肺炎有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,但缺乏相關(guān)大型研究評(píng)價(jià)這些評(píng)分表對(duì)臨床決策和預(yù)后的影響,其實(shí)用性仍需更多的臨床研究來驗(yàn)證。

關(guān)鍵詞:卒中相關(guān)性肺炎;預(yù)測評(píng)分量表;危險(xiǎn)因素;年齡;NIHSS評(píng)分

中圖分類號(hào):R743.3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.01.038

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)01-0124-03

Application Value of Predictive Scoring Scale for Stroke-associated Pneumonia

SHU Zhao-rui,WANG Bing,ZHANG Ke-fei

(Department of Neurology,Huai'an Hospital,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Huai'an 223001,Jiangsu,China)

Abstract:Objective To analyze the characteristics of multiple stroke-associated pneumonia risk factor prediction scores and their clinical application value. Methods? Retrieve the relevant literature on the risk-related predictive scores for stroke-associated pneumonia in PubMed and CNKI, including the literature on the development of predictive scores for SAP and the literature on the use of existing stroke-related scores to predict SAP.The diagnostic test quality assessment tool (QUADAS-2) was used to evaluate the risk factor scores of the predictive score scales reported in the literature, and the relationship between the relevant scores and the diagnosis rate of stroke-associated pneumonia was analyzed to evaluate the clinical application value of the relevant predictive scores.Results? A total of 238 related research literatures were retrieved, 162 were used to develop predictive scores for SAP, and 76 were used to predict SAP using existing stroke-related scores. A total of 13 predictive scores were involved, including age and NIHSS scores in almost all all appear in the forecast score sheet. 6 types of scoring tables were verified internally and 5 types of scoring tables were externally verified. The A2DS2 score is currently the most recognized, and its sensitivity and specificity are higher than other predictive score tables.Conclusion? The clinical prediction model is simple and easy to apply, and the sensitivity and specificity are similar among different scoring tables. At present, the predictive scores have certain application value for stroke-related pneumonia, but there is a lack of large-scale studies to evaluate the impact of these scores on clinical decision-making and prognosis, and its practicality needs to be verified by more clinical studies.

Key words:Stroke-associated pneumonia;Predictive scoring scale;Risk factors;Age;NIHSS score

自Hilker R等[1]2003年提出卒中相關(guān)性肺炎(SAP)的概念后,臨床上對(duì)該病的診治在不斷探索中取得了較大的進(jìn)展,卒中相關(guān)性肺炎診斷專家共識(shí)[2]建議將卒中急性期并發(fā)的一系列下呼吸道感染統(tǒng)稱為SAP,并將SAP的發(fā)病時(shí)間限定為卒中發(fā)病后7 d內(nèi),進(jìn)一步明確了該病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為早期預(yù)測SAP的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),針對(duì)該病的預(yù)測模型也在不斷研究中,但目前仍缺乏高質(zhì)量的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),相關(guān)模型量表的建立不僅可以對(duì)SAP風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,也可以為相應(yīng)治療療效的評(píng)定提供參考。本文主要對(duì)近年來SAP預(yù)測模型相關(guān)量表進(jìn)行對(duì)比,以期為建立更有價(jià)值的預(yù)測模型提供參考依據(jù)。

1資料與方法

1.1數(shù)據(jù)來源? 在PubMed和CNKI進(jìn)行中,使用關(guān)鍵詞肺炎、腦梗死、腦出血、腦卒中、危險(xiǎn)評(píng)分、卒中相關(guān)性肺炎進(jìn)行自動(dòng)檢索,檢索時(shí)間設(shè)定為2003年1月~2019年5月。同時(shí)手動(dòng)檢索一些潛在的可能符合條件的文章。

1.2數(shù)據(jù)篩選和分組? 檢索目前已應(yīng)用于臨床、且有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的預(yù)測評(píng)分模型(按時(shí)間先后順序)并分組:組1:針對(duì)SAP制定預(yù)測評(píng)分表的文獻(xiàn);組2:應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有卒中相關(guān)評(píng)分表預(yù)測SAP的文獻(xiàn)。檢索到的文獻(xiàn)必須具備條件:相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)用Logistic回歸模型分析SAP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,統(tǒng)計(jì)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素制定表。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析? 分析檢索到的評(píng)分表的組成、樣本數(shù)量、內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證、外部驗(yàn)證、特異性和敏感性,使用診斷試驗(yàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)工具(QUADAS-2)對(duì)評(píng)分表進(jìn)行適用性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估,由兩人分別獨(dú)立完成評(píng)估。比較各個(gè)預(yù)測評(píng)分表的靈敏度和特異度,用Youde指數(shù)確定最佳診斷界值,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1檢索情況? 共檢索到238篇相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn),組1和組2分別為162篇、76篇,共涉及13種量表。組1中量表包括:The Pneumania Score[3]、VHA Score(Veteran's Health Administration Cohort Score)[4]、A2DS2[5]、PANTHERIS[6]、AIS-APS[7]、ICS-APS[8](ICS-APS-A;ICS-APS-B)、PNA(Pneumonia)Score[9]、ISAN (Prestroke Independence,Sex,Age,NIHSS)Score[10]及ACDD4[11]。組2中量表包括THRIVE Score[12]、IScore[13]、ASTRAL[14]、PLAN Score(Preadmission Comorbidities,Level of Consciousness,Age,Neurologic Deficit)[15]。其中年齡是每個(gè)預(yù)測評(píng)分量表都有的項(xiàng)目,NIHSS評(píng)分除PANTHERIS和IScore Score中沒有外,其他預(yù)測評(píng)分表也都有。但I(xiàn)Score Score應(yīng)用了CNS評(píng)分評(píng)估卒中嚴(yán)重程度,并且依據(jù)需要可相互轉(zhuǎn)換。不同研究的Logistic回歸模型結(jié)果均提示:心臟疾?。ǚ款潯⒊溲孕牧λソ撸?、吞咽障礙、意識(shí)障礙、性別、血糖異常、吸煙史、波譜成像、血壓異常、COPD、白細(xì)胞增高可能為SAP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。但由于NIHSS評(píng)分與吞咽障礙、卒中類型、意識(shí)障礙均有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,可能導(dǎo)致多因素Logistic回歸部分結(jié)果偏差甚至無法解釋,故部分研究在統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)未將NIHSS評(píng)分納入多因素Logistic模型中。13種預(yù)測評(píng)分量表涉及的因素見表1。

2.2風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分驗(yàn)證結(jié)果? 分別統(tǒng)計(jì)不同量表的Youden指數(shù)并選擇最大切點(diǎn)為臨界點(diǎn),即(靈敏度+特異度-1)達(dá)到最大所對(duì)應(yīng)的值為SAP最佳診斷臨界點(diǎn),見表2。

3討論

SAP本身的復(fù)雜性為臨床診療帶來了諸多困難,該病涉及的危險(xiǎn)因素眾多,針對(duì)患者不同病理生理階段選擇最佳的預(yù)防措施尤為重要,因此準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估患者病情程度成為臨床研究的重點(diǎn)。本次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),目前臨床中存在較多的SAP危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測評(píng)分表,其中年齡和NIHSS評(píng)分在大部分量表中都有出現(xiàn)。不同研究的Logistic回歸模型結(jié)果均提示:心臟疾?。ǚ款?、充血性心力衰竭)、吞咽障礙、意識(shí)障礙、性別、血糖異常、吸煙史、波譜成像、血壓異常、COPD、白細(xì)胞增高可能為SAP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。再一次驗(yàn)證了年齡、NIHSS、意識(shí)障礙、吞咽困難、心臟疾病可能為SAP獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本次研究顯示,A2DS2量表評(píng)分≥5分預(yù)測SAP的敏感性和特異性分別為95.00%和50.00%,A2DS2的評(píng)分項(xiàng)目較少,且均為患者臨床資料,在計(jì)算NIHSS評(píng)分的前提下較易計(jì)算,臨床操作性較強(qiáng)。同時(shí),在現(xiàn)有的卒中預(yù)測量表中,ASTRAL SCORE量表也表現(xiàn)出較高的準(zhǔn)確性。

結(jié)合本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),所有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道都詳細(xì)記錄了研究樣本的選擇,除了一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究,其他都為回顧性評(píng)價(jià)。預(yù)測評(píng)分量表的定義和組成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的方案是多種多樣的,而且常受到數(shù)據(jù)可用性的限制。如:吞咽困難并不是在所有預(yù)測評(píng)分量表中都出現(xiàn),并且卒中前功能障礙評(píng)估中就有該項(xiàng)目,只是描述方法不同。還有一些研究并沒有記錄患者入院前已經(jīng)存在的殘疾。在SAP診斷意見統(tǒng)一之前,各研究的診斷仍存在一定差異[16,17]。目前對(duì)于卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的診斷率仍偏低,本研究尚需要進(jìn)一步隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究以驗(yàn)證相關(guān)SAP獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,以制定符合本地區(qū)人群發(fā)病特點(diǎn)的相應(yīng)評(píng)估量表,以提高對(duì)SAP的診斷率,早起預(yù)防治療。

綜上所述,SAP危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測評(píng)分表使用簡單易行,相應(yīng)的計(jì)分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)也較容易獲得,且在相應(yīng)的研究中已經(jīng)證實(shí)擁有不錯(cuò)的預(yù)測能力。這些量表不但可以協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)師提高對(duì)SAP的預(yù)測評(píng)估,制定出相應(yīng)的治療方案,還可以在患者家屬咨詢有關(guān)預(yù)后問題時(shí)幫助醫(yī)患之間溝通。同時(shí)今后將進(jìn)行前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究以驗(yàn)證相關(guān)SAP獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,制定符合本地區(qū)人群發(fā)病特點(diǎn)的相應(yīng)評(píng)估量表,以提高對(duì)SAP的診斷率,早起預(yù)防治療。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Hilker R,Poetter C,F(xiàn)indeisen N,et al.Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke: implications for neurological intensive care medicine[J].Strok,2003,34(4):975-981.

[2]Smith CJ,Kishore AK,Vail A,et al.Diagnosis of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia Recommendations From the Pneumonia in Stroke Consensus Group[J].Stroke,2015,46(8):2335-2340.

[3]Kwon HM,Jeong SW,Lee SH,et al.The pneumonia score:a simple grading scale for prediction of pneumonia after acute stroke[J].Am J Infect Control,2006,34(2):64-68.

[4]Chumbler NR,Williams LS,Wells CK,et al.Derivation and validation of a clinical system for predicting pneumonia in acute stroke[J].Neuroepidemiology,2010,34(4):193-199.

[5]Hoffmann S,Malzahn U,Harms H,et al.Development of a clinical score (A2DS2) to predict pneumonia in a-cute ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2012,43(10):2617-2623.

[6]Harms H,Grittner U,Dr?觟ge H,et al.Predicting post-stroke pneumonia:the PANTHERIS score[J].Acta Neurol Scand,2013,128( 3):178-184.

[7]Ji R,Shen H,Pan Y,et al.Novel risk score to predict pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2013,44(5):1303-1309.

[8]Ji R,Shen H,Pan Y,et al.Risk score to predict hospital-acquired pneumonia after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage[J],Stroke,2014,45(9):2620-2628.

[9]Friedant AJ,Gouse BM,Boehme AK,et al.A simple prediction score for developing a hospital-acquired infection after acute ischaemic stroke[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2015,24(3):680-686.

[10]Smith CJ,Bray BD,Hoffman A,et al.Can a novel clinical risk score improve pneumonia prediction in acute stroke care? A UK multicenter cohort study[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2015,4(1):1-9.

[11]Kumar S,Marchina S,Massaro J,et al.ACDD4 score:A simple tool for assessing risk of pneumonia after stroke[J].Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2017(372):399-402.

[12]Flint AC,Cullen SP,F(xiàn)aigeles BS,et al.Predicting long-termoutcome after endovascular stroke treatment:the totaled health risks in vascular events score[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2010,31(7):1192-1196.

[13]Saposnik G,Kapral MK,Liu Y,et al.IScore:a risk score to predict death early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke[J].Circulation,2011,123(7):739-749.

[14]Ntaios G,F(xiàn)aouzi M,F(xiàn)errari J,et al.An integer-based score to predict functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke:the ASTRAL score[J].Neurology,2012,78(24):1916-1922.

[15]O'Donnell MJ,F(xiàn)ang J,D'Uva C,et al.The PLAN Score[J].Archives of Internal Medicine,2012,172(20):1548-1556.

[16]De Long ER,De Long DM,Clarke-Pearson DL.Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves:anonparametric approach[J].Biometrics,1988,44(3):837-845.

[17]Smith CJ,Kishore AK,Vail A.Diagnosis of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia:Recommendations From the Pneumonia in Stroke Consensus Group[J].Stroke,2015,8(46):2335-2340.

收稿日期:2019-09-22;修回日期:2019-10-29

編輯/王朵梅

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