16.7 mmol/L為造模成功。將模型大鼠隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)高血糖組(n=11)和血糖波動組(n=11),2型糖尿病模型成功后,血糖波動組大鼠皮下注射普通胰島素2次/d,誘導(dǎo)血糖波動"/>
何焰鵬 劉國榮
[摘要]目的 探討血糖波動對2型糖尿病大鼠認(rèn)知功能及N-甲基-D-天(門)冬氨酸(NMDA)受體表達(dá)的影響。方法 33只清潔級雄性SD大鼠,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,隨機(jī)取11只作為正常對照組,其余大鼠用于建立2型糖尿病模型。采用小劑量鏈脲佐菌素45 mg/kg腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病模型,非同日兩次測得的隨機(jī)血糖>16.7 mmol/L為造模成功。將模型大鼠隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)高血糖組(n=11)和血糖波動組(n=11),2型糖尿病模型成功后,血糖波動組大鼠皮下注射普通胰島素2次/d,誘導(dǎo)血糖波動大鼠模型。比較三組大鼠的潛伏期、潛伏期距離、穿越平臺次數(shù)及12周后大鼠海馬組織中NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)。結(jié)果 血糖波動組大鼠的潛伏期長于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠的潛伏期長于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);血糖波動組大鼠的潛伏期距離長于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠的潛伏期距離長于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);血糖波動組大鼠穿越平臺次數(shù)少于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠穿越平臺次數(shù)少于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);血糖波動組大鼠海馬組織中的NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平低于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠海馬組織中的NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平低于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 血糖波動比持續(xù)高血糖更能加重大鼠認(rèn)知功能的損害。糖尿病大鼠海馬組織NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)量降低,且血糖波動同持續(xù)高血糖相比,NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)量降低更加明顯。
[關(guān)鍵詞]2型糖尿病大鼠模型;血糖波動;學(xué)習(xí)和記憶;潛伏期;潛伏期距離;N-甲基-D-天(門)冬氨酸受體
[中圖分類號] R332? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2019)10(c)-0020-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of blood glucose fluctuation on cognitive function and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods Thirty-three male clean Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly selected 11 ones for normal control group after one week of adaptive feeding. The rest were used to establish the type 2 diabetic rats model. A model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was established by intraperitoneal injection of a low-dose streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). The standard of successful modeling was the value of glucose >16.7 mmol/L measured randomly twice a day. After that, rats were randomly divided into persistent hyperglycemia group (n=11) and glucose fluctuation group (n=11). After successful type 2 diabetes model, rats in the blood glucose fluctuation group were subcutaneously injected with insulin twice a day to induce the blood glucose fluctuation rat model. The latency, latency distance, number of plateau crossings and the expression of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in hippocampus of rats after 12 weeks were compared among the three groups. Results The latent period of the rats in the glucose fluctuation group was longer than that in the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the latency of the rats in the persistent hyperglycemia group was longer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The latency of the blood glucose fluctuation group was longer than that of the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the latency of the rats in the persistent hyperglycemic group was longer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The number of crossing platform in the blood glucose fluctuation group was fewer than that in the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the number of crossing platform in the persistent hyperglycemic group was fewer than that in the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression level of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit mRNA in hippocampal tissues of the glucose fluctuation group was lower than that of the normal control group and the persistent hyperglycemia group, the expression level of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit mRNA in the hippocampus of the persistent hyperglycemic group was lower than that of the normal control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Glucose fluctuation can aggravate cognitive impairment in rats more than persistent hyperglycemia. The expression of NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in hippocampus of diabetic rats is decreased, and the expression of NR2B subunit is decreased more significantly than that of persistent hyperglycemia.
[Key words] Type 2 diabetic rat model; Glucose fluctuation; Learning and memory; Latency; Distance of latent period; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
糖尿病是一種以血葡萄糖升高為特征的慢性代謝性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)代謝功能紊亂,糖尿病及其引發(fā)的慢性并發(fā)癥給社會和家庭帶來沉重的心理及經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。大量研究顯示[1-4],糖尿病會損害中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),臨床上不僅表現(xiàn)為認(rèn)知功能障礙,而且易促進(jìn)大腦形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和生理結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。海馬組織是人及高等動物學(xué)習(xí)和記憶不可或缺的神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)之一,一方面其參與記憶的編碼,另一方面其參與記憶再現(xiàn)的加工過程[2-8]。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)用動物
33只清潔級雄性SD大鼠購自北京科奧協(xié)力動物有限公司,衛(wèi)生許可證號是SCXK(京)2009-0012。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程嚴(yán)格遵守《實(shí)驗(yàn)動物福利與動物實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)》[9]。
1.2主要試劑和儀器
Trizol試劑(寶生物工程(大連)有限公司,批號:15596-026),鏈脲佐菌素(美國Sigma公司,批號:V900890-1G),反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(寶生物工程(大連)有限公司,批號:RP1105)等。Morris水迷宮系統(tǒng)(由XR-XM101型圖像采集分析軟件、攝像頭等組成,購自北京碩林苑科技有限公司),T100型Thermal CyclerPCR儀(日本Bioer公司)。
1.3方法
33只清潔級雄性SD大鼠,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,隨機(jī)取11只作為正常對照組,其余大鼠用于建立2型糖尿病模型。采用小劑量鏈脲佐菌素45 mg/kg腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病模型,非同日兩次測得的隨機(jī)血糖>16.7 mmol/L為造模成功。將模型大鼠隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)高血糖組(n=11)和血糖波動組(n=11),2型糖尿病模型成功后,血糖波動組大鼠皮下注射普通胰島素2次/d,誘導(dǎo)血糖波動大鼠模型。正常對照組及持續(xù)高血糖組腹腔注射0.9%生理鹽水,持續(xù)高血糖組和血糖波動組大鼠繼續(xù)給予高糖高脂飼料,正常對照組給予普通飼料,飼養(yǎng)12周,持續(xù)高血糖組存活10只,死亡1只(死于感染),血糖波動組存活9只,死亡2只(死于低血糖)。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)及評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
比較三組大鼠的潛伏期、潛伏期距離、穿越平臺次數(shù)及大鼠海馬組織中N-甲基-D-天(門)冬氨酸(NMDA)受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)。①12周后采用Morris水迷宮對大鼠學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力進(jìn)行評估,包括潛伏期、潛伏期距離及穿越平臺次數(shù)等。②斷頭法處死SD大鼠,解剖分離出海馬組織,采用反轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(RT-PCR)檢測大鼠海馬組織中NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA的表達(dá)。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS 19.0分析數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素分析,兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1三組大鼠潛伏期、潛伏期距離的比較
血糖波動組大鼠的潛伏期長于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠的潛伏期長于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);血糖波動組大鼠的潛伏期距離長于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠的潛伏期距離長于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2三組大鼠穿越平臺次數(shù)的比較
血糖波動組大鼠的穿越平臺次數(shù)少于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠的穿越平臺次數(shù)少于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3三組大鼠海馬組織中NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平的比較
血糖波動組大鼠海馬組織中的NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平低于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,持續(xù)高血糖組大鼠海馬組織中的NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平低于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖1、表3)。
3討論
海馬是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的重要結(jié)構(gòu),NMDA受體數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)的改變會影響學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力,可能由于應(yīng)激引起神經(jīng)活動的改變,神經(jīng)末梢釋放不同的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),導(dǎo)致NMDA受體表達(dá)下降。NMDA受體由NR1、NR2(A、B、C、D)、NR3(A、B)3類同源性亞基組成[10-13]。NR2亞基為調(diào)節(jié)亞基,包含多個(gè)基因家族;其分布呈區(qū)域性,NR2A、NR2B主要分布在端腦,突觸外NMDA受體主要含有NR2B,NR2B亞基與學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力關(guān)系亦十分密切[14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,血糖波動組大鼠海馬組織中的NMDA受體NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)水平低于正常對照組和持續(xù)高血糖組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示血糖波動能降低NR2B亞基的表達(dá)。當(dāng)NR2B mRNA表達(dá)下降會影響NMDA受體的數(shù)量,導(dǎo)致可塑性突觸形成異常,可塑性突觸是信息儲存的場所,信息儲存異常會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力下降,因此NR2B亞基表達(dá)下降會誘發(fā)認(rèn)知功能障礙。此外,NMDA受體數(shù)量減少,使Ca2+內(nèi)流減少,從而阻礙了長時(shí)程增強(qiáng),進(jìn)一步阻礙了學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力的形成。因此,NR2B亞基表達(dá)下降與大鼠學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力平行。血糖波動組大鼠認(rèn)知功能損害嚴(yán)重,表現(xiàn)以NR2B亞基下調(diào)為主要特點(diǎn),從而加速了糖尿病認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展[15-17]。
綜上所述,血糖波動對2型糖尿病大鼠的認(rèn)知功能損害較為嚴(yán)重,NMDA受體是學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的主要受體,NMDA受體亞基的功能主要集中于NR2B亞基,NR2B亞基表達(dá)量的大幅度下降,進(jìn)一步顯示血糖波動通過影響NR2B亞基的表達(dá)來加重認(rèn)知功能障礙[18]。因此很好地控制2型糖尿病患者血糖波動有利于延緩認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生,對于糖尿病患者醫(yī)護(hù)人員要正規(guī)的指導(dǎo)其口服藥物及胰島素使用方法,盡量避免出現(xiàn)大幅度的血糖波動,同時(shí)對糖尿病患者是否應(yīng)早期給予抗癡呆藥物及認(rèn)知康復(fù)治療,盡可能延緩癡呆發(fā)生的年齡,需進(jìn)行更深入地研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Trudeana F,Gagnaonb S,Massicotte G.Hippocampal aynaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation:influences of diabetes mellitus[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2004,490(1-3):177-186.
[2]Phillips GD,Jones GN,Callaghan M,et al.Hemiataxia:a novel presentation of Anti-NMDA receptor antibody mediated enc ephalitisin an adolescent[J].Case Rep Psychiatry,2017,69(12):25-28.
[3]Li C,Liu C,Lin F,et al.Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitisassociated with mediastinal teratoma:a rare case report and literature review[J].J Thorac Dis,2017,9(12):E1118-E1121.
[4]Kobayashi M,Nishioka K,Takanashi M,et al.Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitisdue to large -cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterus[J].J Neurol Sci,2017,383:72-74.
[5]李強(qiáng).NMDA受體與學(xué)習(xí)記憶關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展[J].上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2010,30(10):1285-1287.
[6]陳誼,蔡文瑋,盛凈.糖尿病模型大鼠認(rèn)知功能障礙及海馬N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體表達(dá)變化[J].實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2010,26(17):3098-3101.
[7]Wang H,Peng RY.Basic roles of key molecules connected with NMDAR signaling pathway on regulating learning and memory and synaptic plasticity[J].Mil Med Res,2016,3(1):26.
[8]Viaccoz A,Desestret V,Ducray F,et al.Clinical specificities of adult male patients with NMDA receptor antibodies encephalitis[J].Neurology,2014,82(7):556-563.
[9]賀爭鳴,李根平,李冠民,等.實(shí)驗(yàn)動物福利與動物實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,2011.
[10]彭朝勝,曹悅鞍.糖尿病患者血糖波動的臨床意義與研究進(jìn)展[J].海軍總醫(yī)院報(bào),2011,24(3):173-176.
[11]Kumari K,Sahni N,Kumari V,et al.Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspart ate-receptor encephalitisin youngfemales[J].Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim,2017,45(6):377-379.
[12]李新玲,朱向陽,黃懷宇,等.老年2型糖尿病患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與平均血糖波動幅度的關(guān)系[J].中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2012,31(12):1066-1069.
[13]Kaznowska-Bystryk I,Gorynska A,Solski J.Evaluation of metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Wiad Lek,2011,64(3):170-175.
[14]Pilli NR,Inamadugu JK,Mullangi R,et al.Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin,amlodipine,rarnipril and benazepril in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study[J].Biomed Chromatogr,2011,25(4):439-449.
[15]Ghosh C,Jain I,Gaur S,et al.Simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and its two metabolites from human plasma by ESI-LC-MS/MS[J].Drug Test Anal,2011,3(6):352-362.
[16]Galani VJ,Vyas M.In vivo and In vitro drug interactions study of glimepride with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin[J].J Young Pharm,2010,2(2):196-200.
[17]廖潔,雷閩湘,胡維.大鼠糖尿病血糖波動模型的建立[J].中國醫(yī)師雜志.2010,12(2):157-161.
[18]林永忠,孫長凱,吳旻,等.胰島素對糖尿病大鼠認(rèn)知功能及腦星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞GFAP表達(dá)的影響[J].大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2012,34(4):324-328.
(收稿日期:2018-10-08? 本文編輯:劉克明)