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選擇性剪接多聚嘧啶結(jié)合蛋白及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展

2019-12-09 02:00王娟龍喜帶
右江醫(yī)學(xué) 2019年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:惡性腫瘤

王娟 龍喜帶

[專家介紹]龍喜帶,醫(yī)學(xué)博士、教授、博/碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,國際UPTODTAE臨床顧問翻譯指導(dǎo)專家、廣西特聘專家、廣西高校卓越學(xué)者、廣西新世紀(jì)人才工程第二層次人選、上海市曙光學(xué)者、湖北省光谷高科技園區(qū)光谷學(xué)者,是中國抗癌協(xié)會(huì)腫瘤病理學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)青年委員、廣西抗癌協(xié)會(huì)腫瘤病理學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)副主任委員。主要研究方向?yàn)楦伟┑姆肿恿餍胁W(xué)、臨床病理學(xué)與發(fā)病學(xué),作為項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人共獲國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目4項(xiàng)(含面上項(xiàng)目2項(xiàng))和廣西自然科學(xué)基金4項(xiàng)(含重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目和創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目各1項(xiàng)),在Nature Genetics、Cancer Cell、Hepatology、Epidemiology等國際知名雜志發(fā)表論著26篇,出版醫(yī)學(xué)專著12部,以第一完成人獲得國家教育部國務(wù)院學(xué)位辦博士生學(xué)術(shù)新人獎(jiǎng) 1項(xiàng)和廣西自然科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng),是Hepatology、Journal of Hepatology等雜志的通訊評(píng)委。

【摘要】?選擇性剪接 (alternative splicing) 是指一個(gè)前體mRNA通過選擇不同的剪接位點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生多個(gè)可編碼功能相似或相反的mRNA剪接異構(gòu)體的過程。多聚嘧啶結(jié)合蛋白(polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是一種剪接調(diào)控因子,通過結(jié)合新生mRNA而抑制剪接發(fā)生。有關(guān)研究提示PTB及其同源蛋白剪接調(diào)控功能出現(xiàn)異常時(shí)可以導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生。綜述PTB及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展,有可能為腫瘤治療提供新的選擇,為未來靶點(diǎn)治療提供新的思路。

【關(guān)鍵詞】?多聚嘧啶結(jié)合蛋白;同源蛋白;選擇性剪接;惡性腫瘤

中圖分類號(hào):R73?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.10.002

Research progress of relationship between alternative splicing PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors

WANG Juan1,LONG Xidai1,2

(1.Department of Pathology,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Baise 533000,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Renji Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200127,China)

【Abstract】 Alternative splicing is a process that the pre-mRNA selects different splice sites to produce multiple mRNA splicing isomers with similar or opposite coding functions.Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein(PTB) is a splicing regulator that inhibits splicing by binding to nascent mRNA.Studies suggest that abnormalities in the splicing regulatory function of PTB and its homologous proteins can lead to tumorigenesis.This article reviews the research progress of the correlation between PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors,which may provide new options for tumor treatment and new ideas for target therapy in the future.

【Key words】?PTB;homologous protein;alternative splicing;malignant tumor

多聚嘧啶結(jié)合蛋白(Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是選擇性剪接因子中的一種重要蛋白,通過結(jié)合新生mRNA而抑制剪接的發(fā)生。人類90%以上基因存在選擇性剪接現(xiàn)象,且多種腫瘤的發(fā)生涉及選擇性剪接的異常[1~2]。目前,PTB依然是該研究領(lǐng)域有待深入研究的重大科學(xué)問題?,F(xiàn)就PTB及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1?PTB及同源蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能

1.1?PTBP1蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能

PTB亦稱為PTBP1,是非單一核糖核蛋白家族中的一員,廣泛表達(dá)于表皮皮區(qū)、中間中胚層、側(cè)板中胚層和神經(jīng)嵴[3]。PTBP1是該家族研究最多的一種RNA結(jié)合蛋白,參與基因表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控過程,控制RNA的關(guān)鍵因素代謝。PTBP1的功能主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面:一是增強(qiáng)miR-101引導(dǎo)的AGO2定位于MCL1并促進(jìn)miR-101誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[4];二是調(diào)控PKM1和PKM2的表達(dá)量,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的快速增殖[5]。

1.2?PTBP2蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能

多聚嘧啶結(jié)合蛋白2(PTBP2)稱nPTB,是一種剪接因子,表達(dá)僅限于包括神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)大腦。神經(jīng)視網(wǎng)膜和脊髓以及中間中胚層。軸突發(fā)生是由神經(jīng)元特異性選擇性剪接編程和剪接調(diào)節(jié)器來調(diào)節(jié)PTBP2[6],當(dāng)大腦中缺失PTBP2時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致外顯子介導(dǎo)過早地終止密碼子,從而產(chǎn)生沒有意義的mRNA[7],此缺失現(xiàn)象對(duì)神經(jīng)發(fā)育有著重要的影響。Zagore等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP2選擇性剪接調(diào)控在生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)展中同樣有著重要作用,在精子形成的過程中大量表達(dá)。

1.3?PTBP3蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能

PTBP3是選擇性剪接調(diào)控蛋白hnRNP家族中的一員,定位于染色體9,其編碼的蛋白是一種RNA結(jié)合蛋白以及剪接負(fù)調(diào)控因子,具有抑制選擇性剪接的功能,存在于造血細(xì)胞、腦、肺等多種細(xì)胞中。Yamamoto等[9]在大鼠的造血細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP3過表達(dá)能阻滯佛波醇酯和丁酸鈉對(duì)K562白血病細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)分化作用,但不影響其增殖,所以認(rèn)為PTBP3可能是一種細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)的調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,故將其命名為分化調(diào)節(jié)因子ROD1。PTBP3與PTBP1在細(xì)胞核中有著調(diào)節(jié)mRNA選擇性剪接的作用,然而在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中PTBP3對(duì)mRNA的穩(wěn)定、翻譯比PTBP1更為重要[10~11]。PTBP3可與線粒體中的tR-NA(Thr)相互作用[12],并通過調(diào)節(jié)PTBP1的表達(dá)影響B(tài)cl-x的選擇性剪接[13]。迄今為止,PTBP3是選擇性剪接調(diào)控蛋白hnRNP家族中一個(gè)研究相對(duì)較少的成員,其分子學(xué)功能和生物學(xué)作用未受到學(xué)者的足夠重視。

2?PTB與惡性腫瘤的關(guān)系

2.1?PTBP1與腫瘤的關(guān)系

PTBP1在結(jié)腸癌癌組織中的表達(dá)高于癌旁組織中的表達(dá),且PTBP1與結(jié)腸癌周圍有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、臨床分期和預(yù)后相關(guān)[14]。PTBP1相關(guān)的microRNA-1和-133b可以抑制Warburg對(duì)結(jié)直腸腫瘤的影響[15]。與正常乳腺組織相比較,PTBP1在乳腺癌組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),與Her-2的表達(dá)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān);在體外乳腺癌細(xì)胞體系也得到同樣的結(jié)果[16]。與正常腎組織相比較,PTBP1在RCC組織中過表達(dá),進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP1表達(dá)與患者預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)且與腫瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)[17]。神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤(NBL)高表達(dá)的PTBP1患者生存率明顯低下,沉默PTBP1的表達(dá)可抑制神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[18]。PTBP1促進(jìn)致癌剪接變體的表達(dá)可預(yù)測(cè)非肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌患者預(yù)后不良[19]。PTBP1過表達(dá)可促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲能力[20]。PTBP1過表達(dá)不僅能夠促進(jìn)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的增殖,而且能增強(qiáng)癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力[21]。新型的IC-47和伊馬替尼結(jié)合在治療慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病后PTBP1的表達(dá)下調(diào)[22]。DR-PDAC細(xì)胞能沉默PTBPl的表達(dá)從而降低PKMpre-mRNA[23]。PTBPl通過MEIS2和PKM的可變剪接促進(jìn)膀胱癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和增殖[24]。

2.2?PTBP2與腫瘤的關(guān)系

Agatheeswaran等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)BCR-ABL抑制miR-223的表達(dá)導(dǎo)致慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病中MEF2C和PTBP2的激活。Ji等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)非編碼RNA MALAT1通過與SFPQ結(jié)合并從SFPQ/PTBP2復(fù)合物中釋放致癌基因PTBP2,促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸癌的腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移。Guo等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP1和PTBP2受損SRSF3在癌癥中的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞。Fang等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)促進(jìn)SFPQ/PTBP2的復(fù)合,可抑制骨肉瘤(OS)細(xì)胞mg-63的增殖和入侵。

2.3?PTBP3與腫瘤的關(guān)系

Zhang等[29]提出miR-210通過靶向ROD1調(diào)節(jié)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡。PTBP3可促進(jìn)人胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖并抑制其分化[30~31]。PTBP3通過調(diào)節(jié)HCC中剪接變體(NEAT1-1,NEAT1-2和miR-612)的平衡來促進(jìn)HCC細(xì)胞的惡性生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[32]。Hou等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP3介導(dǎo)ZEB1的乳腺癌細(xì)胞的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)并促進(jìn)其侵襲性生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移,結(jié)果表明PTBP3的表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、晚期組織學(xué)分級(jí)、TNM分期和患者的5年總體生存率差異顯著相關(guān)。此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)PTBP3與前列腺癌的發(fā)生相關(guān)[34]。

3?小結(jié)與展望

目前對(duì)PTB及其同源蛋白的研究成果還不能揭示其全部功能,其深入的機(jī)制仍然不清楚,相關(guān)的分子機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。隨著癌癥患病率的升高和預(yù)后效果不理想,對(duì)PTB的研究應(yīng)該擴(kuò)大到腫瘤的發(fā)病機(jī)制、腫瘤靶向治療及免疫治療上。因此,PTB及其同源蛋白將是一個(gè)具有潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,為腫瘤治療提供新的選擇,為未來靶點(diǎn)治療提供新的思路。

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(收稿日期:2019-02-26?修回日期:2019-03-24)

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