劉思奇 勞亞玲 楊紅菊
[摘要] 非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)已是世界范圍內(nèi)最常見的慢性肝病之一,可從單純性脂肪肝發(fā)展為伴有炎癥浸潤及肝損傷的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纖維化、肝硬化甚至肝癌,但對于其發(fā)病機制目前尚未完全清楚。越來越多研究表明長鏈非編碼RNA在NAFLD進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,該文主要綜述了長鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)在NAFLD機制中的主要作用,為lncRNA在NAFLD診斷、治療及監(jiān)測的提供新的觀點。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 長鏈非編碼RNA;非酒精性脂肪性肝病;脂質(zhì)代謝;胰島素抵抗
[中圖分類號] R575? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-0742(2019)09(b)-0196-03
Long-chain Non-coding RNA and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
LIU Si-qi1, LAO Ya-ling, YANG Hong-ju
Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650032 China
[Abstract] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. It can be developed from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic fatty hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and even liver cancer with inflammatory infiltration and liver damage , but its pathogenesis is not fully understood. More and more studies have shown that long-chain non-coding RNA plays an important role in the progression of NAFLD. This paper reviews the main role of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) in the mechanism of NAFLD, and providing new perspectives for the diagnoses treatment and monitoring of lncRNA in NAFLD.
[Key words] Long-chain non-coding RNA; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Lipid metabolism; Insulin resistance
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟on-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)作為代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)在肝臟的表現(xiàn),與肥胖、胰島素抵抗(IR)、糖尿病、高脂血癥等代謝異常具有密切的聯(lián)系[1],其疾病譜包括從單純的肝臟脂肪變性、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、肝纖維化,甚至可以進(jìn)展成肝硬化和肝癌[2]。全球約有接近24%的成年人患NAFLD,已成為全球慢性肝病的最常見病因,在亞洲NAFLD在人群中的發(fā)病率為27%,僅次于發(fā)病率最高(32%)的中東,NASH已成為肝移植的第二大病因,對世界公共健康造成了巨大的威脅[3]。
長鏈非編碼RNA(Long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是由一類長度超過200個核苷酸組成的轉(zhuǎn)錄本,不具有編碼蛋白質(zhì)的能力但具有一些蛋白質(zhì)編碼mRNA典型特征[4],且參與許多生物學(xué)過程,包括細(xì)胞多樣性、腫瘤的激活、免疫應(yīng)答等[5-6]lncRNA的突變和調(diào)節(jié)異常與人類各種復(fù)雜疾病密切相關(guān),如前列腺癌、大腸癌、肺癌、AD(阿爾茲海默?。⑿难芗膊?、白血病、糖尿病和神經(jīng)退行性病變等[7]。近年越來越多研究證實LncRNA參與了肝臟內(nèi)脂質(zhì)代謝[8-9],可能與肝纖維化及肝內(nèi)炎癥有關(guān),在NAFLD的發(fā)病中起重要作用[10-12]。
1 LncRNA與肝臟脂質(zhì)代謝
NAFLD是一種以脂質(zhì)堆積致肝實質(zhì)細(xì)胞脂肪變性和脂肪貯積為特征的臨床病理綜合征,研究表明,LncRNAs在肝臟脂質(zhì)代謝的多個生物過程如甘油三酯水平的代謝、膽固醇的合成調(diào)節(jié)中起著重要的作用。NAFLD 的肝細(xì)胞脂肪生成是通過激活LXR-SREBP1c信號通路被異常誘導(dǎo)合成,Zhao等人[13]應(yīng)用qPCR技術(shù)證實肝臟特異性的LncRNA Blnc 1在肥胖及NAFLD模型小鼠體內(nèi)高表達(dá),且抑制Blnc 1的表達(dá)可緩解肝臟脂肪變性及胰島素抵抗。
Li等人[5]的研究結(jié)果提示Lnc LSTR通過調(diào)節(jié)TDP-43/FXR/apoC2依賴的信號通路保持機體脂代謝的穩(wěn)態(tài),Sallam[14]的研究結(jié)果表明LeXis在高脂餐喂養(yǎng)的小鼠體內(nèi)表達(dá)增高,升高或者降低LeXis在肝臟中的水平都會影響與膽固醇合成和肝臟內(nèi)或血漿中膽固醇水平的改變有關(guān)的基因表達(dá)。Chen等人[11]通過建立敲除了LncRNA-SRA的小鼠模型在動物模型及結(jié)合在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)證實了LncRNA-SRA是脂肪細(xì)胞和肝臟脂肪形成的調(diào)節(jié)因子。同時,有研究表明LncRNA-MALAT1的表達(dá)異常與NAFLD疾病的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),且還參與了肝臟纖維化及炎癥的調(diào)節(jié)[15]。
2? LncRNA與胰島素抵抗
肝臟作為全身代謝的主要器官對維持糖脂代謝穩(wěn)態(tài)起重要作用,肝臟的異常代謝促進(jìn)胰島素抵抗的產(chǎn)生[16],而以胰島素抵抗為特征的MetS是NAFLD與NASH的獨立危險因素,能增加NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險,同時NAFLD也會增強MetS的臨床癥狀及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[17]。胰島素抵抗為代謝綜合征的中心環(huán)節(jié)[18],逐年增多的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,LncRNA作為基因表達(dá)調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵因子在胰島素信號傳遞及胰島素抵抗之間起重要的作用,尤其對胰島素作用的靶組織肝臟[19]。
LncRNA-MEG3在高脂餐誘導(dǎo)的小鼠體內(nèi)表達(dá)上調(diào)且通過增強FoxO1(一種肝臟糖脂代謝的調(diào)控因子)的表達(dá)增加肝臟內(nèi)胰島素抵抗[20]。Yan等人[10]的研究結(jié)果表明LncRNA-MALAT1能通過增加SREBP-1c核蛋白的穩(wěn)定性增強胰島素抵抗。一項關(guān)于[21]LncRNA與2型糖尿病的相關(guān)性研究表明,異常表達(dá)的LncRNA可能通過參與了慢性炎癥及胰島素抵抗的調(diào)控在2型糖尿病的發(fā)病機制中發(fā)揮作用,且與代謝綜合征相關(guān)指標(biāo)BMI、FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、HDL-C、HOMA-IR等密切相關(guān)。
3? LncRNA與肝細(xì)胞癌
NAFLD是導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)最重要的病因,也是HCC的獨立預(yù)測因素,目前越來越的文獻(xiàn)報道NAFLD-HCC可不經(jīng)歷肝硬化階段而發(fā)病[22],同時 LncRNA在HCC進(jìn)展中的調(diào)控作用也被大量研究報道。LncRNA-CCAT1、Linc00462被證實與正常肝組織相比,在HCC組織中顯著上調(diào),敲除linc00462基因會使致癌基因表型表達(dá)減弱,高表達(dá)的CCTA1與肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[12, 23]。此外,LncRNA,例如HOTAIR[24]、CRNDE[25]、SNHG7、 PVT1[26]在HCC細(xì)胞侵入及增殖擴散也起至關(guān)重要的作用。Ji等篩選出與腫瘤相關(guān)的41條lncRNA,并通過利用GO分析證實Linc01615通過對細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的潛在作用而在HCC腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移中產(chǎn)生影響[27]。
4? 小結(jié)與展望
近年來,隨著基因測序技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,非編碼RNA在疾病中的作用逐漸被重視,雖然LncRNA在NAFLD發(fā)病機制中的研究日益增多,但其作用機制尚未完全清楚。目前NAFLD的診斷仍缺乏特異性,而非編碼RNAs可以形成穩(wěn)定的二次結(jié)構(gòu),并可在體外循環(huán)中被檢測到,故在很大程度上它們作為非侵入性生物標(biāo)記還有更多的探索潛力[28],進(jìn)一步探索LncRNA在NAFLD發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用機制,將對疾病的篩查、監(jiān)測、診斷及治療產(chǎn)生重要意義。
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(收稿日期:2019-06-21)