韓國(guó)電影《殺人回憶》上映之初,影評(píng)人阿特金森(Michael Atkinson)這樣評(píng)價(jià):“An entire battered swath of recent South Korean history sneaks into the movies margins, underneath its deadpan surfaces, and amid the unsolvable mysteries of dark places, moonlit fields, and unseen events. Its an altogether remarkable piece of work, deepening the genre while whipping its skin off, satirizing an entire nations nearsighted apathy as it wonders, almost aloud, about the nature of truth, evidence, and social belonging.”(韓國(guó)不久前的一段歷史,傷痕累累,潛入電影邊緣,伏在不動(dòng)聲色的表面之下,游走于黑暗角落、月下農(nóng)田和隱形事件組成的無(wú)解謎案之中。這樣一部杰作,深化了類型,又甩去其探案劇的表皮,嘲諷了整個(gè)國(guó)家的短視、冷漠,幾乎在大聲質(zhì)問(wèn),真相、證據(jù)和社會(huì)歸屬的本質(zhì)究竟為何物。)
這是個(gè)不知道“whodunnit”(誰(shuí)是罪犯)的故事,重點(diǎn)展示的當(dāng)然也不是“抽絲剝繭”,而是面對(duì)如同“死神”一般的罪犯,偵探和所有人的束手無(wú)策以及無(wú)可奈何。
電影講的是真事,上映時(shí),距離最后一起案件發(fā)生,已過(guò)去了12年。
然后,又過(guò)去了16年。
2019年9月19日,兇手身份終于確認(rèn)。
20日,《韓國(guó)時(shí)報(bào)》(The Korea Times)刊載頭條文章:“Police narrowly missed serial-killer suspect 25 years ago”《警方25年前錯(cuò)過(guò)連環(huán)殺手》:
Authorities recently identified Lee Chun-jae, a 56-year-old prisoner in Busan Detention Center, as the culprit behind the unsolved deaths of at least nine women in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province, from 1986 to 1991.
But they could have caught him sooner.
Long before the statute of limitations expired in 2006, and before prison officers swabbed Lees mouth and added him to the DNA database created in 2010, Hwaseong police once tried to question Lee 25 years ago.
Lee was arrested in 1994 after raping and killing his sister-in-law in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province. At the time the Cheongju police brought a hand-cuffed Lee back to his former home in Hwaseong to search for additional evidence regarding the killing of his sister-inlaw.
Hwaseong was Lees hometown where he lived until he moved to Cheongju in 1993. Six of the nine murders took place within a 3-kilometer radius of his former home.
Hwaseong police stopped by while the Cheongju police had Lee at his former home. Noting parallels between Lees killing of his sister-in-law and the still unsolved serial killer cases in Hwaseong, they requested the Cheongju police bring him to the local police station for questioning.
The Cheongju police refused, telling the Hwaseong police to come to Cheongju if they wanted to question him. For unknown reasons, there was no follow-up or cooperation between the two police authorities.
(有關(guān)部門近日確認(rèn),釜山看守所內(nèi)一名56歲李姓服刑人員為1986至1991年間發(fā)生于京畿道華城、至少造成九名女性死亡的連續(xù)殺人案件真兇。
不過(guò),警方本該更早就找到他的。
在訴訟時(shí)效于2006年到期之前;在獄警擦拭李某口腔,并將樣本提交建于2010年的DNA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之前;更早更早—— 25年前,華城警方曾試圖審問(wèn)李某。
1994年,李某因奸殺妻妹,在忠清北道清州被捕。彼時(shí),清州警方曾帶李某去其華城老宅,尋找有關(guān)其謀殺妻妹的額外證據(jù)。
李某本為華城人,1993年從華城搬離,當(dāng)初的九起命案中,有六起就發(fā)生在他老宅附近半徑三公里區(qū)域內(nèi)。
清州警方帶李某至其老宅時(shí),華城警方也曾到場(chǎng),他們注意到李某殺害妻妹一案與華城連環(huán)殺人懸案之間存在諸多相似之處,便請(qǐng)求清州警方帶李某去當(dāng)?shù)鼐謱弳?wèn)。
清州警方斷然拒絕,稱華城警方若欲審問(wèn)嫌犯,可來(lái)清州。不知何故,有關(guān)兩地警方合作事宜,再無(wú)下文。)
文中所謂“訴訟時(shí)效”(statute of limitations),各國(guó)皆有。規(guī)定“時(shí)效”,主要原因有三:“A plaintiff with a valid cause of action should pursue it with reasonable diligence. A defendant might have lost evidence to disprove a stale claim. A long-dormant claim has ‘more cruelty than justice”1(一、有權(quán)起訴的原告,應(yīng)積極起訴。二、訴訟時(shí)間過(guò)久,被告可能已失去相關(guān)證據(jù),無(wú)法提出反證。三、訴訟長(zhǎng)期無(wú)果,帶來(lái)的“殘酷傷害遠(yuǎn)大于正義”。)不過(guò),在許多國(guó)家,“極重罪”(extremely serious felonies),如一級(jí)謀殺(first-degree murder)、強(qiáng)奸等,并不受所謂“訴訟時(shí)效”限制。
在多方努力之下,2007年,韓國(guó)有關(guān)謀殺案的“訴訟時(shí)效”由15年延長(zhǎng)至25年;韓國(guó)當(dāng)局又在2015年作出對(duì)一級(jí)謀殺案件不適用訴訟時(shí)效的調(diào)整。但是新法條沒(méi)有追溯性(not retroactive)——這意味著2000年以前的案件,仍適用“時(shí)效”。明顯受此事件的啟發(fā),韓國(guó)有一部名為《我是殺人犯》的影片,竟設(shè)想出在“時(shí)效”到期之后,殺人犯堂而皇之地現(xiàn)身,招搖過(guò)市,販賣描寫自己“心路歷程”的自傳,并成為大眾追捧的偶像這樣不可思議的情節(jié)。
過(guò)于嚴(yán)苛的法律當(dāng)然是對(duì)人性的踐踏,像《悲慘世界》中那樣,一個(gè)人因?yàn)橥的昧巳思业拿姘?,便被判多年牢獄之刑,即便釋放之后也永遠(yuǎn)背著“罪犯”的惡名,這樣的制度當(dāng)然是可怕的;但惡人、惡行不能受到應(yīng)有的懲罰,這更加可怕。
在《正義論》(A Theory of Justice)中,羅爾斯(John Rawls)說(shuō),“What moves the evil man is the love of injustice: he delights in the impotence and humiliation of those subject to him and he relishes being recognized by them as the willful author of their degradation.”(推動(dòng)惡人作惡的,是對(duì)不義的愛(ài):受制于他的人們的無(wú)力和屈辱,給他愉悅;被看作是他人厄運(yùn)的一手締造者,令他快樂(lè)。)
不過(guò),最可怕的,其實(shí)并不是“惡人”。
有些人在官僚體制里生活得太久,“真相”與“程序”孰輕孰重,在他們眼中也變得模糊不清了。本可在1994年偵破的案子,卻因辦案人員就“程序”問(wèn)題的互相拉扯,使此案最終成了懸案,時(shí)至今日,雖然證據(jù)確鑿,卻拿罪犯無(wú)可奈何。除非嫌犯自己認(rèn)罪,否則,因?yàn)椤皶r(shí)效”問(wèn)題,警方已無(wú)法審判、定罪。而要嫌犯主動(dòng)認(rèn)罪,幾乎是不可能完成的任務(wù)。
經(jīng)年未破的舊案,被稱作“冷案”(Cold Case),案子冷了,就意味著調(diào)查已經(jīng)停止,案卷被堆到某個(gè)“不見(jiàn)天日”的角落。還好,時(shí)間,不一定總是與案件走在反面,隨著時(shí)間的推移,因?yàn)樾虃杉夹g(shù)的發(fā)展,或別的原因,曾經(jīng)的“冷案”也可能被重啟——特別是當(dāng)“時(shí)效”不再成為“真相”面前的絆腳石的時(shí)候。許多年前,有個(gè)美劇叫《鐵證懸案》(Cold Case),講述了一位不太受上級(jí)待見(jiàn)的女偵探是如何偵破一起起舊案的。此劇風(fēng)格很奇特,似乎每一起案件都是一次跨越十幾年,甚至數(shù)十年的時(shí)間旅行——原來(lái)檔案館中的陳年舊案竟然堆積成山,有些案件甚至“沉睡”近百年;“乘著”這些陳舊案卷,我們見(jiàn)證了種種“凡人”“常情”造成的人間悲劇:種族主義、宗教偏執(zhí)、社會(huì)偏見(jiàn)……或僅僅是一時(shí)的強(qiáng)烈愛(ài)恨——眾多案件中,似乎真正的“惡人”并不多見(jiàn)。
在世界許多地方,總有一群人,像《鐵證懸案》中描述的那樣在努力著,努力給那些冷卻的案子一些溫度,努力讓人們對(duì)“正義”這件事添些信心。時(shí)間絲毫不會(huì)減輕“重罪”,也不會(huì)削弱“善念”。在日常生活以及各種媒體報(bào)道中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)看到關(guān)于幾十年之后冤案得雪的故事。據(jù)英國(guó)《每日電訊報(bào)》一篇報(bào)道稱,在費(fèi)城有個(gè)名叫“Vidocq Society”2(維多克社)的小圈子,是由一群正在或曾經(jīng)從事刑偵工作的頂尖專家組成的,他們每月聚會(huì),研究從全美各地送來(lái)的“冷案”。單單知道這世上真有這樣的組織存在,就會(huì)給受害者家屬和所有信仰“正義”的人帶來(lái)極大安慰吧。社團(tuán)的活動(dòng)——聚餐、研討,除“社員”自掏腰包之外,還有個(gè)當(dāng)初跟某電影公司簽約而得到的一筆可觀收入支持,因此,“社員”不僅探案分文不取,還能為來(lái)自各地手拿懸案的窮探員們報(bào)銷差旅,甚至資助他們進(jìn)行更深入的調(diào)查。
一位“社員”說(shuō):“All these cases are old; everyone has tried to solve them. Its not a matter of us jumping in when the horse is at the finish line. The horse is dead by the time we get there.”(這都是些冷案。所有人都曾想著去偵破。不是我們要在“賽馬沖到終點(diǎn)時(shí)”去插上一腳。輪到我們上場(chǎng)時(shí),“馬”早就死了。)有英諺云“beating the dead horse”,謂“白費(fèi)力氣”;但這些人大概相信,“死馬”也總有當(dāng)“活馬”醫(yī)的價(jià)值。成立至今,該社已破案無(wú)數(shù)。僅舉一例:“In 1992 the society considered the murder of Deborah Wilson, a student who had been found strangled in a stairwell at Philadelphias Drexel University in 1984. One mysterious aspect of the case was that the victim was found barefoot; the shoes she was wearing when she died were never found. Walter suggested detectives look for a foot fetishist. Three years later a security guard at the university, who had been discharged from the army for stealing womens footwear, was found guilty of the killing.”(1992年,該社曾受托研究德博拉·威爾遜死亡案。受害人為費(fèi)城德雷塞爾大學(xué)學(xué)生,1984年在學(xué)校的樓梯井中被勒死。此案的蹊蹺之處在于,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)受害人雙足赤裸,被害時(shí)所穿鞋襪遺失?!吧鐔T”沃爾特建議辦案探員在“戀足癖”這條線上下功夫。三年后兇手被找到,此人是學(xué)校保安,曾因偷盜女人鞋襪被從軍隊(duì)開(kāi)除。)不過(guò),維多克社成員們也承認(rèn),從研究冷案到破案,到最終走上法庭,說(shuō)服陪審員,是個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程。但這樣的組織,至少在盡力做到“keep cold cases alive”(讓冷案不死)。
雖說(shuō)“罪”與“罰”緊密相連,但許多時(shí)候,懲罰不再是關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,關(guān)鍵是“真相”。許多年前,我讀過(guò)鐵伊(Josephine Tey)的一本偵探小說(shuō)《時(shí)間的女兒》(The Daughter of Time),講述了格蘭特探長(zhǎng)臥病在床的時(shí)候,通過(guò)翻閱舊書,揭開(kāi)了理查三世殺害兩個(gè)侄子的舊案的真相。理查究竟是人們想象和描述中的那個(gè)長(zhǎng)相丑陋、心胸狹窄、冷血無(wú)情的惡徒,還是一個(gè)被敵人和史書扭曲了的受難者,也許這世上大多數(shù)人,包括一代代手捧歷史課本打著瞌睡的學(xué)生們,并不在乎,但真相總要有人去挖掘,也總會(huì)有人去挖掘——就像格蘭特探長(zhǎng)這樣的人。
英語(yǔ)古諺說(shuō),“Truth is the daughter of time”(真相是時(shí)間的女兒)。時(shí)間孕育真相,不管時(shí)間是否愿意,真相終要現(xiàn)身——就像披堅(jiān)執(zhí)銳、高喊著沖出宙斯腦袋的雅典娜。
1. 據(jù)第四版《霍爾斯伯里英國(guó)判例法大全》(Halsburys Laws of England, 4th edition)。
2. 源自Eugène Fran?ois Vidocq(1775—1857),法國(guó)人,早年曾為罪犯,后做私家偵探,享有“現(xiàn)代犯罪學(xué)之父”的聲名。
本文作者王偉濱系北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)博士,現(xiàn)任教于河北科技大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院。