羅莎 李軍文 曹璐璐 文奕 楊俊
[摘要]目的 采用Meta分析方法,綜合評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)外應(yīng)用手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者進(jìn)行血糖控制和行為管理的有效性。方法 以英文關(guān)鍵詞“type 2 diabetes/T2DM,mobile health/telehealth/mHealth/smartphone,App/application,self-management”檢索PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,OVID,MEDLINE,EMBASE,截止時(shí)間為2018年4月28日。采用Revman 5.3進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果 共納入13項(xiàng)研究,1217例研究對(duì)象。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,觀察組手機(jī)App干預(yù)后的糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)水平明顯改善(MD=-0.41,95%CI:-0.56~-0.25,P<0.000 01)。手機(jī)App對(duì)患者飲食管理有較好的作用(MD=1.58,95%CI:0.26~2.90,P=0.02),在患者運(yùn)動(dòng)管理和用藥依從性方面,手機(jī)App的作用并不優(yōu)于常規(guī)護(hù)理(MD=0.49,95%CI:-0.97~1.94,P=0.51;MD=-0.31,95%CI:-2.10~1.49,P=0.74)。亞組分析顯示,干預(yù)3、6、9、12個(gè)月時(shí),觀察組的HbA1c水平均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),不同干預(yù)持續(xù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 手機(jī)App干預(yù)能夠有效改善2型糖尿病患者的HbA1c水平,但干預(yù)持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)血糖控制效果沒(méi)有影響。手機(jī)App可提高患者的飲食管理能力,但在運(yùn)動(dòng)和用藥方面沒(méi)有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]2型糖尿病;手機(jī)App;健康教育;血糖控制;Meta分析
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R587.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)9(c)-0012-05
[Abstract] Objective To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of applying mobile App on blood glucose control and behavior management in patients with type 2 diabetes in foreign countries by using Meta-analysis. Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE with the keywords as “type 2 diabetes/T2DM, mobile health/telehealth/mHealth/smartphone, App/application, and self-management” were searched. The literature retrieving from these databases were limited to April 28, 2018. Revman 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 13 studies were included with the involvement of 1217 subjects. Meta-analysis showed that the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was significantly improved after the intervention of the mobile App in the observation group (MD=-0.41, 95% CI: -0.56: -0.25, P<0.000 01). Mobile App had a good effect on patient diet management (MD=1.58, 95%CI: 0.26-2.90, P=0.02). In terms of patient′s exercise management and medication compliance, the effect of the mobile App was not superior to regular care (MD=0.49, 95%CI: -0.97-1.94, P=0.51; MD=-0.31, 95%CI: -2.10-1.49, P=0.74). Subgroup analysis showed that the HbA1c levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group after 3, 6, 9, and 12-month intervention (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference between the different durations of intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion Mobile App intervention can effectively improve glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the duration of intervention has no effect on glycemic control. The mobile App improves patients′ diet management but has no obvious advantage in exercise and medication.
[Key words] Type 2 diabetes; Mobile App; Health education; Glycemic control; Meta-analysis
糖尿病是影響人類(lèi)生命健康最常見(jiàn)的慢性疾病之一,國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟發(fā)布的第八版全球糖尿病地圖顯示,2017年全球糖尿病患者已達(dá)4.25億,其中2型糖尿病占大多數(shù)[1]。影響2型糖尿病發(fā)展的因素主要與生活方式的變化和飲食習(xí)慣有關(guān)[2]。通過(guò)對(duì)糖尿病患者進(jìn)行生活方式和飲食習(xí)慣的調(diào)整可有效延緩糖尿病病情的發(fā)展,降低相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[3]?;凇盎ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)+”的信息技術(shù),如手機(jī)App,可通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)糖尿病患者的血糖、血壓、血脂等生化指標(biāo)以及飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、用藥等情況,幫助患者改善生活方式,降低糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)水平[4-5]。本研究對(duì)國(guó)外應(yīng)用手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者進(jìn)行干預(yù)的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和Meta分析,旨在評(píng)估手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制和行為管理的應(yīng)用效果,為臨床更好地應(yīng)用手機(jī)App進(jìn)行健康教育提供參考依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1 檢索策略
采用關(guān)鍵詞與主題詞相結(jié)合的方式,以英文關(guān)鍵詞“type 2 diabetes/T2DM,mobile health/telehealth/mHealth/smartphone,App/application,self-management”檢索PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,OVID,MEDLINE,EMBASE,截止時(shí)間為2018年4月28日。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
按照PICOS原則選擇應(yīng)用手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者進(jìn)行健康管理的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對(duì)象,符合2型糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的成年患者(≥18歲);②干預(yù)措施,觀察組采用手機(jī)App進(jìn)行健康管理,可以啟用遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)測(cè)和提供臨床意見(jiàn)功能;對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)健康教育方法(紙張教育材料,面對(duì)面的自我管理教育等);③結(jié)局指標(biāo),HbA1c及飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、用藥依從性等糖尿病患者行為管理指標(biāo),報(bào)道了以上其他任一項(xiàng)的文獻(xiàn)均納入研究。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①非2型糖尿病;②基本信息不全;③非臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)或未設(shè)置對(duì)照;④重復(fù)發(fā)表。
1.3 質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)及資料提取
采用Cochrane 5.1.0版手冊(cè)評(píng)價(jià)納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由兩名經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的研究者分別獨(dú)立完成,對(duì)最終結(jié)果進(jìn)行討論并得到解決。制定納入研究基本特征表,對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行資料提取,主要包括研究的作者、發(fā)表年份、樣本量、分組信息、病程、干預(yù)方法、結(jié)局指標(biāo)、干預(yù)時(shí)間等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Revman 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。異質(zhì)性分析采用I2檢驗(yàn)。若P≥0.10,I2≤50%,則各研究間具有同質(zhì)性,選用固定效應(yīng)模型;若P<0.10,I2>50%,則具有異質(zhì)性,選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。連續(xù)變量采用均數(shù)差值(MD),二分類(lèi)變量采用比值比(OR)進(jìn)行效應(yīng)量合并。
2結(jié)果
2.1文獻(xiàn)篩選結(jié)果
初步檢索出3295篇題目和摘要,通過(guò)其他途徑獲得42篇文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)Endnote X7去重后余1937篇。閱讀題目和摘要后剩114篇,閱讀全文后最終納入13項(xiàng)RCT[6-18](圖1)。納入的13項(xiàng)RCT中,觀察組622例,對(duì)照組595例。納入研究基本特征見(jiàn)表1。
2.2納入研究偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估
根據(jù)Cochrane網(wǎng)推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具,納入研究的基線資料具有可比性。其中有10項(xiàng)RCT[6-10,12,14-15,17-18]采用了隨機(jī)序列生成,6項(xiàng)RCT [7,10,12,14,17-18]闡明分配隱藏,7項(xiàng)RCT[6,8-10,12,14-15]對(duì)研究對(duì)象和研究者采用盲法,其中5項(xiàng)RCT[6,9,12,14-15]進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)報(bào)道。3項(xiàng)RCT[7,14,18]報(bào)道了不完整的結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)(圖2、圖3)。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 HbA1c? 所有研究均報(bào)道了手機(jī)App干預(yù)后HbA1c的情況,其中11項(xiàng)RCT[6-8,10-14,16-18]可進(jìn)行合并分析,其中一個(gè)研究[17]按年齡≥55歲與<55歲分層抽樣,均納入分析。經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),各研究具有較小的異質(zhì)性(P=0.03,I2=48%),固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,應(yīng)用手機(jī)APP干預(yù)后,觀察組患者的HbA1c水平明顯低于對(duì)照組(MD=-0.41,95%CI:-0.56~-0.25,P<0.000 01)(圖4)。
2.3.2飲食管理? 3項(xiàng)RCT[11,13,15]報(bào)道了患者的飲食管理結(jié)局指標(biāo),其中2個(gè)研究[11,15]可合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行Meta分析。經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),研究具有同質(zhì)性(P=0.80,I2=0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,結(jié)果顯示觀察組在飲食自我管理方面優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(MD=1.58,95%CI:0.26~2.90,P=0.02)(圖5)。
2.3.3運(yùn)動(dòng)管理? 3項(xiàng)RCT[11,13,15]報(bào)道了患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)管理情況,經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),研究間存在中度異質(zhì)性(P=0.11,I2=55%),隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(MD=0.49,95%CI:-0.97~1.94,P=0.51)(圖6)。
2.3.4用藥依從性? 3項(xiàng)RCT[11,13,15]報(bào)道了手機(jī)App對(duì)患者藥物服用情況的影響,其中2個(gè)研究[13,15]可合并分析。經(jīng)異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),研究具有同質(zhì)性(P=0.83,I2=0%),固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(MD=-0.31,95%CI:-2.10~1.49,P=0.74)(圖7)。
2.3.5亞組分析? 由于納入研究間干預(yù)時(shí)間不同(3~12個(gè)月),因此對(duì)干預(yù)時(shí)間進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,在干預(yù)3、6、9、12個(gè)月時(shí),觀察組的HbA1c水平均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),不同干預(yù)時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖8)。
3討論
3.1手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者HbA1c的影響
本研究結(jié)果顯示,從整體來(lái)看,手機(jī)App有助于改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平。采用手機(jī)App對(duì)患者進(jìn)行干預(yù)后,其HbA1c平均水平降低了0.41%,效果明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。這與Cui等[19]的研究結(jié)果一致。通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與糖尿病患者進(jìn)行溝通交流、對(duì)患者提供的情況給予信息反饋、督促患者更好地進(jìn)行自我管理后,HbA1c水平明顯降低[20]。Greenwood等[21]納入25項(xiàng)采用移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序干預(yù)糖尿病患者代謝指標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)、飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)等方面的研究進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果顯示,通過(guò)移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序接受自我管理方案的患者HbA1c水平顯著減低。
亞組分析顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)3、6、9和12個(gè)月的手機(jī)App干預(yù)后,觀察組的HbA1c水平低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。而干預(yù)的持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)血糖控制沒(méi)有影響。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與另一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果不同。Fan等[22]的研究顯示,較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的干預(yù)通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生比較短期干預(yù)更大的影響。而本研究結(jié)果提示,短期干預(yù)的效果與長(zhǎng)期干預(yù)的效果相似。因此,在幫助2型糖尿病患者通過(guò)手機(jī)App進(jìn)行健康管理時(shí),健康專業(yè)人員可以采取短期強(qiáng)化干預(yù)措施,幫助患者形成健康的行為方式,培養(yǎng)良好的生活習(xí)慣,患者也可以通過(guò)手App提出任何問(wèn)題,或者以門(mén)診、電話等形式咨詢醫(yī)務(wù)人員,從而有效提高工作效率,節(jié)省社會(huì)資源。
3.2手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者行為管理的影響
患者自我管理是患者根據(jù)醫(yī)務(wù)人員傳授的知識(shí)和技能,進(jìn)行治療、行為和環(huán)境方面的調(diào)整,是患者改善健康行為的主要途徑之一。本研究結(jié)果顯示,手機(jī)App干預(yù)后,觀察組患者的飲食管理行為能力優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。這與其他研究結(jié)果相似[23]。提示應(yīng)用手機(jī)App健康教育可以改善2型糖尿病患者飲食方面的自我管理水平。但兩組患者在運(yùn)動(dòng)管理和用藥依從性方面的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這與Weegen等[24]的研究結(jié)果不一致。其研究顯示,手機(jī)App組每天體力活動(dòng)為11.73 min,而對(duì)照組為9.41 min,兩組之間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。原因可能是納入研究樣本量偏小導(dǎo)致了陰性結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)。
3.3研究的局限性
有許多限制條件可能會(huì)影響本研究的結(jié)果:①僅檢索了公開(kāi)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),未對(duì)灰色文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索,可能會(huì)存在發(fā)表性偏倚;②僅檢索了英文文獻(xiàn),可能錯(cuò)失其他語(yǔ)種發(fā)表的研究結(jié)果;③雖然納入的所有研究都是隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),但并不全是雙盲;④納入的許多研究缺乏患者藥物依從性、生活方式改變的信息,限制了手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者自我管理的作用理解。
綜上所述,手機(jī)App能夠有效改善2型糖尿病患者HbA1c水平,提高患者飲食行為管理能力,但是對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)管理和用藥依從性等沒(méi)有明顯的作用。在未來(lái)的研究中,應(yīng)該研究出更多元化、更智能化、更便捷的手機(jī)App,進(jìn)一步探討手機(jī)App對(duì)2型糖尿病患者生化指標(biāo)和自我行為管理能力的作用及影響。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]IDF DIABETES ATLAS-8TH EDITION:http://diabetesatlas.org/resources/2017-atlas.html
[2]Rafael H.Etiology and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Revista Mexicana De Cardiologia,2011,22(1):39-43.
[3]Lakerveld J,Bot SD,Chinapaw MJ,et al.Motivational interviewing and problem-solving treatment to reduce type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in real life:a randomized controlled trial[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2013,10(1):47.
[4]Griauzde DH,Kullgren JT,Liestenfeltz B,et al.A mobile phone-based program to promote healthy behaviors among adults with prediabetes:study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial[J].Pilot Feasibility Stud,2018,4(1):48.
[5]Desveaux L,Shaw J,Saragosa M,et al.A mobile app to improve self-management of individuals with type 2 diabetes:qualitative realist evaluation[J].J Med Internet Res,2018,20(3):e81.
[6]Wang J,Cai C,Padhye N,et al.A behavioral lifestyle intervention enhanced with multiple-behavior self-monitoring using mobile and connected tools for underserved individuals with type 2 diabetes and comorbid overweight or obesity:pilot comparative effectiveness trial[J].JMIR Mhealth Uhealth,2018,6(4):e92.
[7]Torbj rnsen A,Jenum AK,Smastuen MC,et al.A low-intensity mobile health intervention with and without health counseling for persons with type 2 diabetes,part 1:baseline and short-term results from a randomized controlled trial in the Norwegian part of renewing health[J].JMIR Mhealth Uhealth,2014,2(4):e52.
[8]Holmen H,Torbj rnsen A,Wahl AK,et al.A mobile health intervention for self-management and lifestyle change for persons with type 2 diabetes,part 2:one-year results from the Norwegian randomized controlled trial renewing health[J].JMIR Mhealth Uhealth,2014,2(4):e57.
[9]Orsama AL,Harno K,Kulju M,et al.Active assistance technology reduces glycosylated hemoglobin and weight in individuals with type 2 diabetes:results of a theory-based randomized trial[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2013,15(8):662-669.
[10]Quinn CC,Shardell MD,Terrin ML,et al.Cluster-randomized trial of a mobile phone personalized behavioral intervention for blood glucose control[J].Diabetes Care,2011,34(9):1934.
[11]Waki K,F(xiàn)ujita H,Uchimura Y,et al.DialBetics:a novel smartphone-based self-management support system for type 2 diabetes patients[J].J Diabetes Sci Technol,2014,8(2):209.
[12]Kerstin K,Altpeter B,Berger J,et al.Efficacy of the telemedical lifestyle intervention program TeLiPro in advanced stages of type 2 diabetes:a randomized controlled trial[J].Diabetes Care,2017,40(7):863-871.
[13]Faridi Z,Liberti L,Shuval K,et al.Evaluating the impact of mobile telephone technology on type 2 diabetic patients′ self-management:the NICHE pilot study[J].J Eval Clin Pract,2008,14(3):465-469.
[14]Kleinman NJ,Shah A,Shah S,et al.Improved medication adherence and frequency of blood glucose self-testing using an m-health platform versus usual care in a multisite randomized clinical trial among people with type 2 diabetes in India[J].Telemed J E Health,2017,23(9):733-740.
[15]Quinn CC,Clough SS,Minor JM,et al.WellDoc mobile diabetes management randomized controlled trial: change in clinical and behavioral outcomes and patient and physician satisfaction[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2008,10(3):160-168.
[16]Hsu WC,Lau KH,Huang R,et al.Utilization of a cloud-based diabetes management program for insulin initiation and titration enables collaborative decision making between healthcare providers and patients[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2016,18(2):59-67.
[17]Quinn CC,Shardell MD,Terrin ML,et al.Mobile diabetes intervention for glycemic control in 45- to 64-Year-Old persons with type 2 diabetes[J].J Appl Gerontol,2014,35(2):227.
[18]Rodríguez-Idígoras MI,Sepúlveda-Munoz J,Sánchez-Garridoe-Ecudero R,et al.Telemedicine influence on the follow-up of type 2 diabetes patients[J].Diabetes Technol Ther,2009,11(7):431-437.
[19]Cui M,Wu X,Mao J,et al.T2DM self-management via smartphone applications:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2016,11(11):e0166718.
[20]Pal K,Eastwood SV,Michie S,et al.Computer-based interventions to improve self-management in adults with type 2 diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Diabetes Care,2014,37(6):1759.
[21]Greenwood DA,Gee PM,F(xiàn)atkin KJ,et al.A systematic review of reviews evaluating technology-enabled diabetes self-management education and support[J].J Diabetes Sci Technol,2017,11(5):1015-1027.
[22]Fan L,Sidani S.Effectiveness of diabetes self-management education intervention elements:a meta-analysis[J].Can J Diabetes,2009,33(1):18-26.
[23]Doocy S,Paik KE,Lyles E,et al.Guidelines and mhealth to improve quality of hypertension and type 2 diabetes care for vulnerable populations in lebanon:longitudinal cohort study[J].JMIR Mhealth Uhealth,2017,5(10):e158.
[24]Weegen SVD,Verwey R,Spreeuwenberg M,et al.It′s life! mobile and web-based monitoring and feedback tool embedded in primary care increases physical activity: a cluster randomized controlled trial[J].J Med Internet Res,2015, 17(7):e184.
(收稿時(shí)間:2019-04-04? 本文編輯:閆? 佩)