舒微 梁民勇 向明鈞
[摘要]肺動(dòng)脈高壓(PH)是慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)常見的并發(fā)癥之一,PH具有進(jìn)展性,貫穿于COPD的進(jìn)展過程,可導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降、右心衰竭。COPD患者肺血管系統(tǒng)中的一系列生物學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能變化共同引起PH,包括低氧、炎癥、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂及肺血管重構(gòu),最終導(dǎo)致慢性肺源性心臟病。迄今為止尚缺乏COPD并發(fā)PH(PH-COPD)治療的理想藥物,關(guān)于其特異性血管擴(kuò)張藥物現(xiàn)缺乏大規(guī)模研究,對(duì)小規(guī)模研究存在較大爭(zhēng)議,由此給臨床工作帶來了一定的困難。本文就該疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制及特異性血管擴(kuò)張劑治療進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]慢性阻塞性肺疾病;肺動(dòng)脈高壓;發(fā)病機(jī)制;治療
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563.9? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)9(a)-0032-04
Research progress of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension
SHU Wei1? ?LIANG Min-yong1,2? XIANG Ming-jun1
1. Medical Academy of Jishou University, Hu′nan Province, Jishou? ?416000, China; 2. Department of Respiration, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Hu′nan Province, Jishou? ?416000, China
[Abstract] Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the common complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PH is progressive and can run through the progress of COPD, and it can lead to the decline of exercise ability and the right heart failure. In the pulmonary vascular system of COPD patients, a series of biological, structural and functional changes can jointly cause PH, including hypoxia, inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and finally, it leads to chronic pulmonary heart disease. So far, there is still a lack of ideal drugs for the treatment of COPD and PH (PH-COPD). There is currently no large-scale research in terms of its specific vasodilator. There is much controversy in terms of small-scale research. Therefore, it brings certain difficulties to clinical work. In this article, the pathogenesis of the disease and the treatment with specific vasodilators are summarized as follows.
[Key words] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pulmonary hypertension; Pathogenesis; Treatment
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是以持續(xù)呼吸癥狀和氣流受限為特征的一種可以預(yù)防、治療的呼吸道疾病,氣流受限常呈進(jìn)行性發(fā)展,通常與暴露于有害顆?;驓怏w引起氣道和肺異常有關(guān)[1]。最新的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,我國(guó)COPD患者人數(shù)已將近1億[2],并呈年輕化趨勢(shì)發(fā)展,構(gòu)成了重大疾病負(fù)擔(dān)。COPD是導(dǎo)致肺動(dòng)脈高壓(PH)的重要原因,PH是發(fā)展為慢性肺源性心臟病的一個(gè)重要中心環(huán)節(jié),直接影響COPD患者的預(yù)后及生活質(zhì)量。由于COPD發(fā)病率呈不斷上升趨勢(shì),意味著PH發(fā)病率也會(huì)逐年增高。根據(jù)目前的研究,COPD并發(fā)PH(PH-COPD)發(fā)病率在30%~70%[3]。在COPD中,平均肺動(dòng)脈壓力(mean pulmonary artery pressure,mPAP)升高與死亡率成正相關(guān)[4]。重度PH致殘率和死亡率極高,因此有效的防治PH,對(duì)提高患者的生存質(zhì)量,防止或延緩慢性肺源性心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及改善預(yù)后有非常重要的作用。
1 PH-COPD的發(fā)病機(jī)制
1.1低氧
低氧是引起PH的最重要因素[5]。在沒有預(yù)先存在任何肺部疾病的情況下,有證據(jù)清楚表明,移居到高原地區(qū)健康的本地海平面居民的肺血管阻力(pulmonary vascular resistance,PVR)及肺動(dòng)脈壓力(pulmonary arterial pressure,PAP)會(huì)增高。低氧使血管平滑肌細(xì)胞膜對(duì)Ca2+通透性增加,細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+含量增多,其肌肉興奮-收縮藕聯(lián)效應(yīng)增強(qiáng),直接導(dǎo)致肺血管平滑肌收縮,并產(chǎn)生多種生長(zhǎng)因子,刺激肺血管平滑肌,使內(nèi)膜增生,導(dǎo)致肺血管重塑。低氧性肺血管收縮(hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,HPV)在其中發(fā)揮巨大作用,它主要通過調(diào)節(jié)低通氣肺泡的血流來調(diào)節(jié)通氣/血流灌注比例,保證氧氣的供應(yīng)。HPV導(dǎo)致肺血管功能性收縮,廣泛的急性缺氧可引起PVR、PAP升高[6]。長(zhǎng)期慢性低氧使肺血管壁細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能發(fā)生變化,血管內(nèi)壁增厚和非肌肉化小動(dòng)脈肌肉化,即肺血管重構(gòu)。肺血管重構(gòu)可導(dǎo)致PVR增高,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致PAP升高[7]。在慢性低氧下,可誘導(dǎo)多種因子(缺氧誘導(dǎo)的有絲分裂因子、缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α)表達(dá)增加,促進(jìn)血管收縮,使血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖。
1.2炎癥反應(yīng)
COPD與慢性氣道炎癥有關(guān)[8],在無低氧血癥情況下,肺血管已有結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常,因此推測(cè),外周氣道炎癥反應(yīng)可能在COPD患者的肺循環(huán)改變過程中起著重要的作用。COPD患者中的C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)與肺動(dòng)脈形成具有相關(guān)性。CRP主要通過誘導(dǎo)核因子κB通路(轉(zhuǎn)錄因子蛋白家族)活化,使肺血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中單核細(xì)胞趨化因子表達(dá)增多,導(dǎo)致肺血管壁受損和平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[9]。白介素-21(interleukin-6,IL-21)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)在PH-COPD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起關(guān)鍵作用。Hashimoto-Kataoka等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺氧誘導(dǎo)小鼠中,肺組織中IL-6、IL-21明顯升高。故在多種炎癥介質(zhì)的作用下,肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞過度增殖,管壁增厚、管腔狹窄,引起肺血管重塑,最終導(dǎo)致PH形成。
1.3肺內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙
同時(shí)肺內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙是導(dǎo)致PH的另一重要機(jī)制之一。在正常肺血管中,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可以降低血管張力,維持血管穩(wěn)態(tài)和舒縮功能。當(dāng)缺氧、煙霧等因素刺激使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙,依賴于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的舒張因子及收縮因子分泌失衡,其一氧化氮(NO)、前列環(huán)素(PGI2)擴(kuò)血管物質(zhì)合成釋放減少,內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、血管緊張素縮血管因子分泌增多,兩者之間的不平衡導(dǎo)致肺血管收縮[11]。此外,ET-1與肺血管重構(gòu)具有密切的關(guān)系,它可誘導(dǎo)肺血管重構(gòu)形成,不僅直接作用于肺動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞、增強(qiáng)PVR,而且作為一種有效的促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖的啟動(dòng)生長(zhǎng)因子,使肺血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,導(dǎo)致血管壁肌層肥厚,管腔狹窄[12]。
2 PH-COPD的治療
根據(jù)2015年歐洲呼吸學(xué)會(huì)(ERS)和歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ESC)聯(lián)合發(fā)布的《肺動(dòng)脈高壓的診斷與治療指南》,目前輕-中度PH-COPD患者不推薦給予血管擴(kuò)張劑治療,但對(duì)于合并重度PH時(shí),癥狀較重則需要給予特異性治療[13]。治療目標(biāo)主要是改善臨床癥狀、縮短病程[14],要實(shí)現(xiàn)治療目標(biāo),需在全面評(píng)估病情的基礎(chǔ)上,既要對(duì)原發(fā)病進(jìn)行治療,又需要針對(duì)PH進(jìn)行治療。
2.1原發(fā)病灶的治療
戒煙是COPD治療的基石。此外一般治療包括支氣管擴(kuò)張劑、抗生素、激素、輔助呼吸機(jī),肺康復(fù)、氧療等,其中長(zhǎng)期氧療可以降低mPAP和PVR,明顯改善有缺氧狀態(tài)的PH-COPD患者的生存率,延緩PH發(fā)展,然而氧療卻不能使COPD患者的PH得到逆轉(zhuǎn)[15-16]。
2.2 PH-COPD特異性血管擴(kuò)張劑治療
2.2.1磷酸二酯酶-5抑制劑? 西地那非是一種選擇性磷酸二酯酶-5抑制劑,可導(dǎo)致環(huán)磷酸鳥苷(cGMP)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)積聚,從而增強(qiáng)NO介導(dǎo)的血管舒張功能。西地那非還被證明對(duì)肺血管平滑肌細(xì)胞具有抗增殖作用。2010年,關(guān)于PH-COPD患者的急性效應(yīng)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在運(yùn)動(dòng)和休息時(shí)西地那非均可改善其肺血流動(dòng)力學(xué),卻加重動(dòng)脈氧合惡化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。2013年1項(xiàng)為期3個(gè)月的隨機(jī)對(duì)照聯(lián)合肺康復(fù)試驗(yàn)中,口服西地那非能改善PVR,未能提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力[18]。2015年,Dominguez-Fandos等[19]在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),與煙霧接觸的豚鼠中使用與PH成人相似的劑量(12周內(nèi)每天1 mg/kg,累積劑量84 mg/kg)后發(fā)現(xiàn),西地那非能抑制肺血管重構(gòu)。因此可以看出西地那非在降低PH-COPD PVR中得到了有效的證實(shí),但對(duì)氧合、運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力影響不大,甚至?xí)?dǎo)致惡化。Vitulo等[20]的研究顯示,在重度PH-COPD患者中應(yīng)用西地那非(每日3次,每次20 mg),可以改善心臟指數(shù)、呼吸困難(mMCR)評(píng)分及生活質(zhì)量,還能降低PVR,而對(duì)肺泡氣體交換無明顯改善。在COPD中,無論其是否合并PH,西地那非對(duì)其運(yùn)動(dòng)能力均無影響[21]。盡管上述研究說明口服西地那非對(duì)PH-COPD患者有益,但現(xiàn)在仍缺乏大量的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)其利弊。
2.2.2 前列環(huán)素類藥物? 伊洛前列素(Iloprost)是為前列環(huán)素類似物,經(jīng)吸入給藥的一種選擇性肺血管擴(kuò)張劑,可抑制血管壁增殖及血小板聚集。早在2010年,Dernaika等[22]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在納入10位重度PH-COPD的小型短期(3個(gè)月)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,吸入伊洛前列素可改善通氣/血流比,提高機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受力,但對(duì)于肺功能、氧合等指標(biāo)則無明顯改變。有新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前列環(huán)素類似物藥并不能改善氧合及運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,在2012年重度PH-COPD患者中應(yīng)用不同劑量(10、20 g)的吸入伊洛前列素不能改善6 min步行距離(6MWD),并加快氧合惡化[23]。關(guān)于伊洛前列素是否提高重度PH-COPD的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受力存在很大爭(zhēng)議,仍需大量的臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行深入研究。在評(píng)估伊洛前列素對(duì)PH-COPD患者急性療效的研究表明,吸入伊洛前列素可以顯著改善PH-COPD患者的肺血流動(dòng)力學(xué),同時(shí)能維持氣體交換[24]。此外PGI2在吸煙相關(guān)肺疾病中對(duì)肺內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞具有抗凋亡作用[25],因此,吸入PGI2治療可能對(duì)COPD患者的肺血管系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用,最終使肺動(dòng)脈壓降低,但需大量臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。目前為止,關(guān)于吸入伊洛前列素的長(zhǎng)期療效研究甚少,尚未得到證實(shí)。
2.2.3 內(nèi)皮素受體? 內(nèi)皮素具有促血管收縮作用,波生坦是非選擇性ET-1受體拮抗劑的一種藥物,已證實(shí)波生坦能降低肺內(nèi)小動(dòng)脈中內(nèi)皮素的表達(dá)[26]。2008年,1項(xiàng)納入30例重度COPD的研究中[27],服用波生坦12周后,未能改善嚴(yán)重COPD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,導(dǎo)致氣體交換和功能狀態(tài)顯著惡化,影響其健康生活質(zhì)量。但Valerio等[28]學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),在1項(xiàng)納入32例重度COPD患者的臨床研究中用藥18個(gè)月后發(fā)現(xiàn),使用波生坦后對(duì)于重度COPD患者來說,其PAP、PVR值均下降,6MWD較前增加,由此可見使用波生坦可以降低肺血管壓力,改善其運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。另外,在1項(xiàng)關(guān)于穩(wěn)定期PH-COPD的薈萃分析中證明了波生坦治療PH-COPD患者的效果很少被觀察出來[29]。關(guān)于PH-COPD患者使用波生坦藥物的研究目前甚少,其作用效果不確切,這是否與其服藥時(shí)間、病情嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
2.2.4 可溶性鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶激動(dòng)劑(sGC)? sGC可直接使cGMP水平升高,使肺血管擴(kuò)張。利奧西呱(Riociguat)是一種新型的可溶性鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶刺激劑,已被批準(zhǔn)用于治療慢性栓塞性PH中。2015年,在1項(xiàng)納入22名PH-COPD患者的利奧西呱小型研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),顯著降低了PAP、PVR,對(duì)肺功能及氣體交換無明顯影響[30]。在低氧小鼠的模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)使用利奧西呱可部分逆轉(zhuǎn)PAP、肺血管重構(gòu),并可改善肺部炎癥和纖維化[31]。最近的1項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明[32],在使用利奧西呱治療PH-COPD患者中,其肺血管、氣道阻力均降低,而靜息時(shí)的氧合作用沒有顯著改變,由此可見利奧西呱可能有利于PH-COPD的治療,對(duì)于COPD患者的耐受性,氣體交換的影響需要長(zhǎng)期前瞻性研究是必要的。
3小結(jié)
PH-COPD發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不完全明確,目前還不清楚COPD患者是否真能從特異性血管擴(kuò)張藥物中獲益,部分小樣本研究表明,以上特異性血管擴(kuò)張藥物對(duì)患者的效果有限,仍需要長(zhǎng)期大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來明確藥物治療的作用和必要性。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)原發(fā)病的管理與認(rèn)識(shí),警惕相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)因素風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)病情進(jìn)行早期綜合評(píng)估。隨著對(duì)PH-COPD的深入研究,有望早日發(fā)現(xiàn)PH-COPD的理想藥物。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-04? 本文編輯:許俊琴)