吳景 李曉潔 何杰
[摘要] 目的 探討SOX11在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中的表達(dá)及其臨床病理學(xué)意義。 方法 收集2010年9月~2017年1月安徽省立醫(yī)院病理科存檔的膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤石蠟包埋樣本264例,每例樣本選取腫瘤區(qū)域及瘤旁正常腦組織制作組織芯片,采用全自動(dòng)免疫組化方法檢測(cè)SOX11的表達(dá),并分析SOX11表達(dá)與患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中SOX11表達(dá)的總陽性率和強(qiáng)陽性率顯著高于配對(duì)的瘤旁正常組織(P < 0.01);SOX11表達(dá)與腫瘤直徑、Ki67增殖指數(shù)相關(guān)(P < 0.01),但其與患者年齡、性別、病灶單發(fā)/多發(fā)無關(guān)(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 SOX11在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中特異性表達(dá),可作為膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤病理診斷的標(biāo)志物,其表達(dá)水平可能與腫瘤進(jìn)展有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤;SOX11;免疫組織化學(xué);臨床病理學(xué);診斷標(biāo)志物
[中圖分類號(hào)] R739.41? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)08(c)-0011-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression and clinical pathological significance of SOX11 in glioblastoma. Methods A total of 264 cases of paraffin-embedded glioblastoma were collected from the Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital from September 2010 to January 2017. Each sample was selected from the tumor area and the normal brain tissue of the tumor to make tissue chips. The expression of SOX11 was detected by immunohistochemistry and the relationship between SOX11 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. Results The total positive rate and strongly positive rate of SOX11 expression in glioblastoma was significantly higher than that in matched normal tissues of the tumor (P < 0.01). The expression of SOX11 was correlated with tumor diameter and Ki67 proliferation index (P < 0.01), but it was not related to the patient′s age, gender, single/multiple lesions (P > 0.05). Conclusion SOX11 is specifically expressed in glioblastoma and can be used as a marker for the pathological diagnosis of glioblastoma. The expression level of SOX11 may be related to tumor progression.
[Key words] Glioblastoma; SOX11; Immunohistochemistry; Clinicopathology; Diagnostic marker
膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)為顱內(nèi)高度惡性原發(fā)性腫瘤,腫瘤生長迅速,易復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移和耐藥,預(yù)后很差。Y染色體性別決定區(qū)相關(guān)的高遷移率族盒蛋白(SRY-related HMG-box,SOX)作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,通過HMG結(jié)構(gòu)域介導(dǎo)DNA結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)特定生物過程。SOX11屬于SOX家族C亞族,參與調(diào)控胚胎發(fā)育和決定細(xì)胞命運(yùn),對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的存活和細(xì)胞突起的生長有重要作用[1]。近年來,隨著對(duì)SOX11的深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX11可能對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的存活、生長和轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)揮作用,但SOX11異常表達(dá)的機(jī)制在很大程度上是未知的。本研究采用免疫組化法檢測(cè)264對(duì)配對(duì)的GBM及瘤旁正常腦組織中SOX11蛋白的表達(dá),探討其在GBM中的臨床病理學(xué)意義,旨在為臨床診療提供新方向。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2010年9月~2017年1月安徽省立醫(yī)院病理科存檔的GBM石蠟包埋標(biāo)本264例(男162例,女102例,中位年齡59歲),均以10%中性甲醛固定。GBM標(biāo)本的選擇依據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)瘤分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2016)。采用雙盲法,2位病理醫(yī)師分別對(duì)蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色切片進(jìn)行重新復(fù)審。每例樣本選取無出血壞死、腫瘤細(xì)胞豐富的腫瘤區(qū)及瘤旁正常腦組織制作組織芯片。納入的患者術(shù)前未進(jìn)行放、化療等抗腫瘤治療。所有患者對(duì)本研究知情同意并簽署知情同意書,且本研究中使用的組織標(biāo)本經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 主要試劑與儀器
一抗鼠抗人單克隆抗體SOX11(克隆號(hào):MRQ-58,即用型工作液)購自北京中杉金橋生物有限公司,二抗及檢測(cè)試劑盒、脫蠟液、抗原修復(fù)液、清洗緩沖液均購自羅氏公司,使用羅氏BenchMark XT全自動(dòng)免疫組化儀。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 組織芯片蠟塊的制備? 先包埋出平整的空白蠟塊,選擇直徑1.5 mm的空心穿刺針,在空白蠟塊穿刺出56個(gè)孔位,再將供體蠟塊上選取的腫瘤組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的瘤旁正常腦組織各穿刺1個(gè)芯柱,納入空白蠟塊相應(yīng)的孔位,壓平,使所有芯柱盡量保持在一個(gè)平面,穿刺結(jié)束的芯片蠟塊放入23 mm×23 mm大小的包埋模具內(nèi),置50℃恒溫箱內(nèi)烘烤30 min后重新注蠟包埋。
1.3.2 免疫組化染色? 組織芯片蠟塊按3 μm厚度切片,60℃恒溫箱烤片2 h,采用羅氏BenchMark XT全自動(dòng)免疫組化儀進(jìn)行染色。采用已知陽性對(duì)照片作為陽性對(duì)照,磷酸鹽緩沖溶液(PBS)代替一抗作為陰性對(duì)照。由2名病理醫(yī)師對(duì)染色結(jié)果進(jìn)行判讀。依據(jù)Beesley分級(jí)法[2],以腫瘤細(xì)胞核表達(dá)棕黃色及所占的比例作為陽性染色的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)染色強(qiáng)度以無染色、淺黃色、棕黃色、棕褐色分別計(jì)0、1、2、3分;根據(jù)陽性細(xì)胞占所有腫瘤細(xì)胞的比例≤5%、>5%~25%、>25%~50%、>50%~75%、>75%分別計(jì)為0、1、2、3、4分;兩項(xiàng)分值相乘,0分為(-),1~4分為(+),5~8分為(++),9~12分為(+++)。“-”為陰性,“+”為陽性,“++~+++”為強(qiáng)陽性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)及Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 SOX11在GBM組織和瘤旁正常腦組織中的表達(dá)
SOX11免疫組化染色定位于腫瘤細(xì)胞胞核(圖1)。264對(duì)配對(duì)的GBM和瘤旁正常腦組織中,GBM中SOX11總陽性率為58.0%,強(qiáng)陽性率為26.9%,均顯著高于瘤旁正常腦組織(6.4%、0.8%),差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表1。
A:腫瘤細(xì)胞胞核SOX11呈強(qiáng)陽性染色;B:瘤旁正常腦組織SOX11陰性表達(dá)。GBM:膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤
2.2 SOX11與GBM患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
SOX11與腫瘤直徑、Ki67增殖指數(shù)呈顯著相關(guān)(χ2=18.970、15.996,均P < 0.01),其與患者年齡、性別、病灶的單發(fā)或多發(fā)無關(guān)(P > 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
眾所周知,在外科病理學(xué)中,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可作為腫瘤起源的標(biāo)志物。如:PAX8作為腎臟上皮性腫瘤的標(biāo)志物,TTF-1常用來診斷肺原發(fā)性腺癌和甲狀腺濾泡上皮來源;CDX2是腸道特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,Olig 2用于少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤的診斷,SOX10用于黑色素瘤和神經(jīng)嵴來源的腫瘤的診斷,SOX11被作為套細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(MCL)的診斷性標(biāo)志物[3]。通過在基因信息數(shù)據(jù)庫BioGPS(http://biogps.org/#goto=genereport&id=6664)查詢到SOX11在胚胎期腦組織中特異性高表達(dá),TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫GEPIA(http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/detail.php?gene=SOX11)中關(guān)于所有腫瘤樣本和配對(duì)正常組織的基因表達(dá)譜,以及癌癥轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)庫UALCAN(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/cgi-bin/TCGAExResultNew2.pl?genenam=SOX11&ctype=GBM)關(guān)于GBM與正常組織對(duì)比研究中SOX11在GBM中均顯著特異性高表達(dá)。SOX11在上皮性和非上皮性腫瘤中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在神經(jīng)分化的惡性腫瘤中有非常高的表達(dá)比例,而在所有正常組織、幾乎所有良性腫瘤及癌旁組織中均不表達(dá)[4]。結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)庫和目前的研究成果,可將SOX11作為GBM的特異性診斷標(biāo)志物。
從果蠅到魚類、爬行類、鳥類、哺乳動(dòng)物,SOX家族都表現(xiàn)出高度保守性[5],在生物發(fā)育、分化和形成過程中發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用[6],SOX11作為其中一個(gè)特定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與調(diào)控胚胎發(fā)育和促神經(jīng)分化。在小鼠胚胎SOX11基因敲除實(shí)驗(yàn)中,小鼠出生后因心臟血管畸形迅速死亡[7]。SOX11雜合突變被證明會(huì)引起智力障礙、生長缺陷和畸形[8]。周圍神經(jīng)損傷后SOX11的過表達(dá)或抑制可分別促進(jìn)或阻斷軸突再生[9]。在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育過程中,Turan等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX11單倍體不足導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞的增殖分化失衡,并預(yù)測(cè)其參與干細(xì)胞增殖的正調(diào)節(jié)[11]。SOX11促進(jìn)神經(jīng)祖細(xì)胞建立神經(jīng)元表型,但并不參與表型的維持和穩(wěn)定表達(dá),在分化成熟的神經(jīng)中下調(diào)[12]。由此推測(cè),SOX11可能具有維持神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的自我更新作用。GBM的高度侵襲性、高復(fù)發(fā)率及普遍耐藥性與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞(glioblastoma stem-like cells,GSC)的生物特性有關(guān),SOX11在GBM中的高表達(dá)率可能跟GBM所具備的干細(xì)胞特性有關(guān),從而對(duì)GBM的生長、放化療的敏感性以及腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)具有重要作用。
由于生殖細(xì)胞SOX11缺失的胚胎致死性,缺乏合適的動(dòng)物模型,阻礙了關(guān)于SOX11對(duì)腫瘤作用的進(jìn)一步了解,其對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)生、患者預(yù)后的影響還存在很多爭議。在MCL中,SOX11作為癌基因,通過促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞受體(BCR)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)以驅(qū)動(dòng)MCL樣腫瘤發(fā)展[13],或通過上調(diào)PAX5,阻斷漿細(xì)胞分化,以及改變腫瘤與微環(huán)境相互作用等促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長[14]。SOX11表達(dá)水平低的MCL患者的生存期更短[15]。在子宮內(nèi)膜癌[16]、膀胱癌[17]、前列腺癌[18]、頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[19]、肝癌[20]等不同腫瘤中也顯示出不同作用。在膠質(zhì)瘤中,SOX11通過與Zic家族成員1(Zic family member 1,ZIC1)啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合上調(diào)ZIC1的表達(dá),ZIC1誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)入神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞以抑制細(xì)胞生長[21]。Camacho-Urkaray等[22]在55個(gè)GBM標(biāo)本中檢測(cè)8種與腫瘤相關(guān)的蛋白的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤大小、p53、p16和SOX11與患者總生存期相關(guān),腫瘤大小與細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1、p53、SOX11和WT1相關(guān)。本研究中,SOX11陽性表達(dá)者與腫瘤直徑及Ki67增殖指數(shù)相關(guān),推測(cè)SOX11表達(dá)水平可能與GBM進(jìn)展有關(guān),但其作用機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? Balta EA,Schaffner I,Wittmann MT,et al. Phosphorylation of the neurogenic transcription factor SOX11 on serine 133 modulates neuronal morphogenesis [J]. Sci Rep,2018, 8(1):16 196.
[2]? Narayan C,Kumar A. Constitutive over expression of IL-1β,IL-6,NF-κB,and Stat3 is a potential cause of lung tumorgenesis in urethane (ethyl carbamate) induced Balb/c mice [J]. J Carcinog,2012,11:9.
[3]? Szostakowska M,Szymczyk M,Badowska K,et al. SOX11 expression as a MRD molecular marker for MCL in comparison with t(11;14) and IGH rearrangement [J]. Med Oncol,2018,35(4):49.
[4]? Xu S,Dong Y,Huo Z,et al. SOX11:a potentially useful marker in surgical pathology:a systematic analysis of SOX11 expression in epithelial and non-epithelial tumours [J]. Histopathology,2019,74(3):391-405.
[5]? Zhang S,Chen X,Wang M,et al. Genome-wide identification,phylogeny and expressional profile of the Sox gene family in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) [J]. Comp Bio-chem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics,2018,28:17-26.
[6]? Khan U,Study D,Baker E,et al. Observation of Cleft Palate in an Individual with SOX11 Mutation: Indication of a Role for SOX11 in Human Palatogenesis [J]. Cleft Palate Craniofac J,2018,55(3):456-461.
[7]? Sock E,Rettig SD,Enderich J,et al. Gene targeting reveals a widespread role for the high-mobility-group transcription factor Sox11 in tissue remodeling [J]. Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(15):6635-6644.
[8]? Zawerton A,Yao B,Yeager JP,et al. De Novo SOX4 Variants Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disease Associated with Mild Dysmorphism [J]. Am J Hum Genet,2019,104(4):777.
[9]? Jankowski MP,Miller L,Koerber HR. Increased Expression of Transcription Factor SRY-box-Containing Gene 11 (Sox11) Enhances Neurite Growth by Regulating Neurotrophic Factor Responsiveness [J]. Neuroscience,2018, 382:93-104.
[10]? Turan S,Boerstler T,Kavyanifar A,et al. A novel human stem cell model for Coffin-Siris Syndrome like syndrome reveals the importance of SOX11 dosage for neuronal differentiation and survival [J]. Hum Mol Genet,2019,pii:ddz089. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz089.
[11]? Guttula PK,Agarwal A,Maharana U,et al. Prediction of novel pluripotent proteins involved in reprogramming of male Germline stem cells (GSCs) into multipotent adult Germline stem cells (maGSCs) by network analysis [J]. Comput Biol Chem,2018,76:302-309.
[12]? Bergsland M,Werme M,Malewicz M,et al. The establishment of neuronal properties is controlled by Sox4 and Sox11 [J]. Genes Dev,2006,20(24):3475-3486.
[13]? Kuo PY,Jatiani SS,Rahman AH,et al. SOX11 augments BCR signaling to drive MCL-like tumor development [J]. Blood,2018,131(20):2247-2255.
[14]? Beekman R,Amador V,Campo E. SOX11,a key oncogenic factor in mantle cell lymphoma [J]. Curr Opin Hematol,2018,25(4):299-306.
[15]? Aukema SM,Hoster E,Rosenwald A,et al. Expression of TP53 is associated with the outcome of MCL independent of MIPI and Ki-67 in trials of the European MCL Network [J]. Blood,2018,131(4):417-420.
[16]? Chang L,Yuan Z,Shi H,et al. miR-145 targets the SOX11 3′UTR to suppress endometrial cancer growth [J]. Am J Cancer Res,2017,7(11):2305-2317.
[17]? Wu Z,Huang W,Wang X,et al. Circular RNA CEP128 acts as a sponge of miR-145-5p in promoting the bladder cancer progression via regulating SOX11[J]. Mol Med,2018,24(1):40.
[18]? Pugongchai A,Bychkov A,Sampatanukul P. Promoter hypermethylation of SOX11 correlates with adverse clinicopathological features of human prostate cancer [J]. Int J Exp Pathol,2017,98(6):341-346.
[19]? Huang J,Ji EH,Zhao X,et al. Sox11 promotes head and neck cancer progression via the regulation of SDCCAG8 [J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2019,38(1):138.
[20]? Liu Z,Zhong Y,Chen YJ,et al. SOX11 regulates apoptosis and cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma via Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway [J]. Biotechnol Appl Biochem,2019,66(2):240-246.
[21]? Fu JQ,Chen Z,Hu YJ,et al. A single factor induces neuronal differentiation to suppress glioma cell growth [J]. CNS Neurosci Ther,2019,25(4):486-495.
[22]? Camacho-Urkaray E,Santos-Juanes J,Gutierrez-Corres FB,et al. Establishing cut-off points with clinical relevance for bcl-2,cyclin D1,p16,p21,p27,p53,Sox11 and WT1 expression in glioblastoma - a short report [J]. Cell Oncol (Dordr),2018,41(2):213-221.
(收稿日期:2019-05-07? 本文編輯:王? ?蕾)