蘇鳳華 周偉超 吳文峰
[摘要]目的 探討超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫肌平面阻滯(TAPB)對(duì)子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)患者蘇醒質(zhì)量和鎮(zhèn)痛效果的評(píng)價(jià)。方法 選取2017年6月~2018年12月于我院就診并手術(shù)治療的子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組各40例。對(duì)照組采取硬膜外阻滯麻醉,觀察組則采取TAPB進(jìn)行麻醉,術(shù)后均予以靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵。比較兩組的蘇醒時(shí)間及Steward蘇醒評(píng)分,術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛藥總用量、術(shù)后4、8、24及48 h視覺模擬量表(VAS)評(píng)分、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)。觀察兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 觀察組的蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),觀察組的Steward蘇醒評(píng)分則顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后4、8及24 h的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物總用量均顯著少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。兩組在麻醉過程中均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)論 TABP用于子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)麻醉阻滯定位準(zhǔn)確,蘇醒時(shí)間較快,術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果較好,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率較低。
[關(guān)鍵詞]超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫肌平面阻滯;子宮內(nèi)膜癌;蘇醒質(zhì)量;鎮(zhèn)痛效果
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)8(b)-0130-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the influence of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) on the quality of awakening and analgesic effect in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Methods A total of 80 cases of endometrial cancer patients admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to December 2018 for concurrent surgical treatment were selected as the study subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group and the observation group, 40 cases in each group. The control group received epidural block and the observation group received TAPB anesthesia. The total amount of analgesics during operation, visual analogue pain (VAS) score at 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after operation, and the number of postoperative analgesic pump compressions were compared. The adverse reactions of the two groups were observed. Results The waking time, spontaneous breathing time and extubation time of the observation group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the Steward waking score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). VAS scores of patients in the observation group at 4, 8 and 24 h after surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The number of analgesic pump compressions and the total dosage of analgesic drugs in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred during anesthesia in the two groups. Conclusion TABP is applied to endometrial cancer surgery for accurate positioning of anesthesia block,, rapid recovery time, good postoperative analgesia effect, and low incidence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Ultrasound-guided planar Transversus abdominis plane block; Endometrial cancer; Waking quality; Analgesic effect
子宮內(nèi)膜癌是女性常見的發(fā)生于子宮內(nèi)膜的一組上皮性惡性腫瘤,好發(fā)人群為圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)后女性[1]。其發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,與生活方式密切相關(guān)。隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和生活條件的發(fā)展改善,子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)病率亦逐年升高,成為僅次于宮頸癌的女性第二大生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤[2-3]。目前該病的主要治療方式為手術(shù),隨著腔鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡和宮腔鏡等內(nèi)鏡手段逐步用于子宮內(nèi)膜癌的臨床治療。此類手術(shù)常因創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后疼痛劇烈,對(duì)手術(shù)麻醉方式的要求較高[4-5]。傳統(tǒng)的硬膜外阻滯操作繁瑣,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫肌平面阻滯(TAPB)是新近用于臨床腹部手術(shù)的有效麻醉方式,但其在子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者中的應(yīng)用效果,及對(duì)患者蘇醒質(zhì)量和鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響尚要進(jìn)一步研究明確[6-7]。本研究比較TAPB和硬膜外阻滯對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡下子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)患者的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及蘇醒質(zhì)量,為臨床提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2017年6月~2018年12月于我院就診并經(jīng)腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療的80例子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者作為研究對(duì)象,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組各40例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①按美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);②均經(jīng)病理活檢確診為子宮內(nèi)膜癌;③年齡20~60歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患者不愿意接受相關(guān)治療者;②有嚴(yán)重心、腦、腎、血液及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病者;③有手術(shù)禁忌者;④對(duì)所用藥品過敏者。對(duì)照組中,年齡20~60歲,平均(49.41±9.43)歲;體重指數(shù)(BMI)(21.45±2.42)kg/m2;手術(shù)時(shí)間(1.44±0.45) h。觀察組中,年齡20~60歲,平均(50.18±9.47)歲;BMI(22.05±2.44)kg/m2;手術(shù)時(shí)間(1.47±0.41)h。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后實(shí)施,所有患者均簽署知情同意書。兩組的年齡、BMI及手術(shù)時(shí)間等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2麻醉方法
患者入院完善相關(guān)檢查并簽署手術(shù)知情同意書后入手術(shù)室,所有患者均予以開放外周靜脈,連接心電監(jiān)護(hù),常規(guī)實(shí)施生命體征、心電圖、手指血氧飽和度的監(jiān)測(cè)。對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)硬膜外麻醉?;颊呷∽髠?cè)臥位,消毒鋪巾后取L2~3間隙為穿刺點(diǎn),局部麻醉后選擇16 G硬膜穿刺針,成功穿刺后放入硬膜外導(dǎo)管,回抽無液體,緩慢注入0.375%鹽酸羅哌卡因注射液(阿斯利康有限公司,規(guī)格:10 ml∶100 mg,進(jìn)口藥品注冊(cè)證號(hào)H20140763)3 ml后固定。觀察組行雙側(cè)TABP阻滯,穿刺前予以彩色多普勒超聲于髂脊與12肋間腋前線水平進(jìn)行掃描,獲得腹橫肌圖像。常規(guī)局部消毒鋪巾后局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉,使用20 G局部麻醉針于超聲探頭一側(cè)進(jìn)針,在超聲影像引導(dǎo)下逐層穿透腹外斜肌和腹內(nèi)斜肌到達(dá)腹橫肌平面,回抽無血后緩慢注入0.375%羅哌卡因15 ml,并固定。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①比較兩組的蘇醒質(zhì)量,包括術(shù)后蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間,并于拔出喉罩后4 min進(jìn)行Steward蘇醒評(píng)分[8]。其中Steward蘇醒評(píng)分從患者清醒程度、呼吸道通暢程度和肢體活動(dòng)度進(jìn)行評(píng)分,取3項(xiàng)得分之和,總分為0~6分,得分越高患者蘇醒程度越好;②評(píng)估患者術(shù)后4、8、24及48 h視覺模擬量表(VAS)評(píng)分,0~10分,得分越高,疼痛程度越重;③兩組麻醉總用藥量及鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù);④術(shù)后24 h患者發(fā)生惡心、嘔吐及呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng)的情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組術(shù)后蘇醒質(zhì)量的比較
觀察組的蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),觀察組Steward蘇醒評(píng)分則顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分的比較
觀察組術(shù)后4、8及24 h的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)后48 h的VAS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組術(shù)后24、48 h 的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于術(shù)后4 h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物總用量的比較
觀察組鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物總用量均顯著少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的比較
兩組在麻醉過程中均未出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制情況,無誤入腹腔、誤入血管及局麻藥中毒等不良反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)。
3討論
隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡手術(shù)在婦科的應(yīng)用逐漸廣泛,因其自身手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、出血量少、操作簡(jiǎn)單、術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而廣受臨床醫(yī)師的青睞。子宮內(nèi)膜癌是僅次于宮頸癌的女性生殖系統(tǒng)第二大腫瘤性疾病,手術(shù)治療是其主要的治療方式。腹腔鏡下子宮內(nèi)膜癌根治術(shù)是臨床應(yīng)用較為廣泛的術(shù)式,手術(shù)成功實(shí)施的前提是良好的麻醉措施,且術(shù)后患者的恢復(fù)與麻醉也有較為密切的關(guān)系[9-10]。傳統(tǒng)的硬膜外麻醉有較好的麻醉效果,能保證腹腔鏡下子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)的正常進(jìn)行,但報(bào)道指出,麻醉術(shù)后患者蘇醒質(zhì)量較差,且鎮(zhèn)痛效果欠佳,對(duì)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)造成一定的影響[11]。
TAPB是近年來臨床開始應(yīng)用的一種新型的腹部手術(shù)麻醉方式,腹橫肌平面是指在側(cè)腹壁行走于腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌間的平面,其神經(jīng)支配腹壁前側(cè)皮膚、肌肉。此外,部分腹膜T6~L3行走于該平面。向該平面內(nèi)注射局麻藥可以使上述神經(jīng)達(dá)到麻醉效果[12]。TAPB既能達(dá)到阻滯腹前壁神經(jīng)的目的,減輕手術(shù)操作的疼痛感,還能阻斷腹內(nèi)殘留二氧化碳及相關(guān)炎性物質(zhì)對(duì)腹膜的刺激,進(jìn)一步減輕疼痛感。對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者行TABP,能夠達(dá)到有效的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛目的,不僅可減少術(shù)后阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥的應(yīng)用,減少因鎮(zhèn)痛藥的應(yīng)用而導(dǎo)致的惡心嘔吐,還可降低因術(shù)后疼痛而誘發(fā)的惡心嘔吐。采用超聲引導(dǎo)進(jìn)行麻醉的實(shí)施可增強(qiáng)麻醉的定點(diǎn)定位性,增強(qiáng)操作的成功率,防止對(duì)血管、神經(jīng)的損傷,超聲引導(dǎo)無輻射、方便,且操作直觀,可顯著減少相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[13]。
本研究通過對(duì)我院病例進(jìn)行研究,探討TAPB在腹腔鏡下子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)患者治療中的應(yīng)用效果,觀察組蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),觀察組的Steward蘇醒評(píng)分則顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。提示TAPB能顯著改善手術(shù)患者蘇醒質(zhì)量,利于患者術(shù)后清醒。觀察組術(shù)后4、8及24 h的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),觀察組鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物總用量均顯著少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。提示TAPB對(duì)手術(shù)患者有更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,可減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用,從而降低因鎮(zhèn)痛藥物造成的不良反應(yīng),也可因此改善患者術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量,促進(jìn)術(shù)后傷口恢復(fù)[14-15]。
綜上所述,采用TAPB對(duì)腹腔鏡下子宮內(nèi)膜癌手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行阻滯麻醉,能更好改善患者的蘇醒質(zhì)量,更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,安全性能好,有較好的臨床推廣價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-30? 本文編輯:崔建中)