嚴(yán)昌榮,戚瑞敏,薛穎昊,董閆閆,李 真,劉 勤,徐志宇
甘肅省中東部農(nóng)戶地膜應(yīng)用及回收現(xiàn)狀
嚴(yán)昌榮1,戚瑞敏1,薛穎昊2,董閆閆1,李 真1,劉 勤1,徐志宇2
(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)膜污染防控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護(hù)總站,北京 100125)
為了解甘肅省中東部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶地膜應(yīng)用、回收狀況及其主要影響因素,于2019年3月26日—4月1日采用手機(jī)問(wèn)卷方式,在甘肅中東部開(kāi)展了地膜應(yīng)用及回收情況調(diào)查。結(jié)果顯示:調(diào)查區(qū)域主要種植有玉米、小麥、蔬菜和馬鈴薯等作物覆膜面積占種植面積的73.2%;種植不同作物的調(diào)查農(nóng)戶中,99.3%玉米種植戶采用覆膜技術(shù),28.5%、77.1%、57.9%和52.1%種植戶分別對(duì)小麥、蔬菜、馬鈴薯和其他作物采用覆膜技術(shù);甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜回收方式主要為人工撿拾,占調(diào)查對(duì)象的89.3%;回收殘膜的農(nóng)戶中47.7%的農(nóng)戶將殘膜交給回收網(wǎng)點(diǎn),28.3%在地頭焚燒,13.8%將其堆放田間,7.9%進(jìn)行填埋處理,還有2.2%采取其他方式處理;調(diào)查作物的地膜回收作業(yè)率均在80.0%以上,其中蔬菜高達(dá)99.3%;按照人工回收作業(yè)的地膜離田率為80%和90%分別估算,2018年甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜回收率達(dá)74.2%和83.5%,其中蔬菜上地膜回收情況最好,分別為79.4%和89.4%。目前甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜回收工作仍存在回收難度大、回收機(jī)械化強(qiáng)度不夠、回收地膜處置不當(dāng),政府支持力度不夠等問(wèn)題。政府和相關(guān)部門應(yīng)加大地膜新國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宣傳及執(zhí)行力度,制定相關(guān)扶持和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制,提高地膜回收的機(jī)械化程度,快速推動(dòng)農(nóng)膜回收及資源化利用工作,為合理應(yīng)用地膜及農(nóng)膜污染防控提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。此外,手機(jī)調(diào)查地膜應(yīng)用及回收系統(tǒng)的啟用,能快速有效地獲得一手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),為未來(lái)全面快速獲取中國(guó)地膜應(yīng)用回收的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)提供借鑒。
地膜;回收;作物;手機(jī)調(diào)查;存在問(wèn)題;政策建議
中國(guó)是世界上最大的塑料生產(chǎn)國(guó)和使用國(guó),農(nóng)用塑料薄膜(地膜和棚膜)每年投入量高達(dá)260萬(wàn)t,其中地膜年使用量約150萬(wàn)t,地膜覆蓋面積近2 000萬(wàn)hm2[1-2]。新疆、甘肅等地是地膜應(yīng)用最為廣泛的區(qū)域,2016年甘肅省農(nóng)作物地膜覆蓋面積達(dá)到191萬(wàn)hm2[3-4]。根據(jù)自回歸移動(dòng)平均模型(auto-regressive integrated moving average model,ARIMA)預(yù)測(cè),未來(lái)中國(guó)地膜年使用量和作物地膜覆蓋面積將繼續(xù)增加,2020年使用量將達(dá)199.3萬(wàn)t,2025年達(dá)227.9萬(wàn)t;2020年覆蓋面積為2 033萬(wàn)hm2,2025年將達(dá)2 340萬(wàn)hm2(模型數(shù)據(jù)未顯示)。地膜覆蓋作為中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中重要的農(nóng)藝技術(shù)之一,具有良好的增溫保墑和防草功能,可顯著增加糧食單產(chǎn)和作物水分利用效率24.3%和27.6%[5],尤其是對(duì)西北干旱半干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)作物種植的貢獻(xiàn)較為顯著。Li等[6]認(rèn)為地膜覆蓋技術(shù)對(duì)增加河西走廊灌溉水生產(chǎn)力的貢獻(xiàn)高達(dá)42.3%。
地膜的廣泛應(yīng)用在保障糧食安全的同時(shí),也帶來(lái)了殘膜在農(nóng)田中大量積累的問(wèn)題[1-2,7]。隨著農(nóng)膜產(chǎn)品的大量投入,農(nóng)膜殘留污染的問(wèn)題日益突顯[8-9]。大部分塑料殘膜直至作物收獲都沒(méi)有移出地表[1],西北地區(qū)是殘膜污染最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),土壤中殘膜量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于華北和西南地區(qū)[8]。在中國(guó)新疆棉花地中地膜殘留量平均達(dá)259 kg/hm2,局部殘留量最高達(dá)381 kg/hm2[2]。研究表明,殘留塑料在土壤中積累會(huì)對(duì)地表和上層土壤的理化性質(zhì)造成負(fù)面影響[10]。塑料薄膜的大量使用不僅增加了微塑料在土壤中的累積,還可以破壞土壤團(tuán)聚體,從而降低土壤的通氣和透水性,影響土壤結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而損害作物生長(zhǎng)[11-13]。Moreno等[14-15]指出地膜覆蓋降低了土壤微生物量碳氮含量,且土壤微生物量碳氮含量隨地膜殘留量的增加而顯著降低。Ramos等[16]認(rèn)為塑料殘?bào)w可以富集土壤中的有機(jī)農(nóng)藥并引起有機(jī)農(nóng)藥向塑料基質(zhì)內(nèi)部遷移,引起土壤生境變化。因此,開(kāi)展地膜回收及殘膜污染防控工作十分迫切和必要。
隨著國(guó)家相關(guān)政策的出臺(tái),甘肅省相關(guān)人員積極推動(dòng)殘膜回收工作,雖取得一定的成效[17-19],仍存在一些亟待解決的問(wèn)題[3,20-21],尤其是地膜應(yīng)用和回收狀況和進(jìn)度的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)缺乏。常規(guī)調(diào)查方法獲得的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)大多在地膜覆蓋和回收的作業(yè)“窗口期”之外,無(wú)法滿足管理部門迅速及時(shí)掌握第一手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),有效應(yīng)對(duì)生產(chǎn)中可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題和需要。因此,本研究基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù),開(kāi)展地膜應(yīng)用及回收快速調(diào)查系統(tǒng)的研究,并以甘肅中東部農(nóng)戶為單元通過(guò)該系統(tǒng)開(kāi)展調(diào)查工作,其主要目的有2個(gè)方面:1)了解甘肅中東部農(nóng)戶地膜應(yīng)用、回收狀況和主要影響因素,為推動(dòng)地膜回收和殘膜污染防控工作提供理論支撐;2)建立快速地膜應(yīng)用及回收的調(diào)查系統(tǒng),為未來(lái)全面快速獲取中國(guó)地膜應(yīng)用回收的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)提供借鑒。
調(diào)查在2019年3月26日-4月1日進(jìn)行,調(diào)查2018年以來(lái)農(nóng)戶為單元的地膜應(yīng)用與回收情況,截止時(shí)間為2019年3月31日。通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù),由被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶通過(guò)手機(jī)掃描二維碼填寫問(wèn)卷并提交,通過(guò)后臺(tái)匯總得到相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。農(nóng)戶地膜應(yīng)用及回收調(diào)查手機(jī)客戶端掃描二維碼,計(jì)算機(jī)終端填報(bào)鏈接為https://jinshuju.net/f/RCImSX。
此次調(diào)查工作,獲得問(wèn)卷775份,其中有效問(wèn)卷769份。調(diào)查區(qū)域主要集中在甘肅省中東部的11個(gè)縣(區(qū)),具體分布情況如圖1所示。調(diào)查區(qū)域具體上報(bào)農(nóng)戶數(shù)如表1所示,上報(bào)農(nóng)戶數(shù)為永登縣1戶、康樂(lè)縣225戶、臨夏縣333戶、合水縣14戶、華池縣43戶、環(huán)縣10戶、寧縣2戶、慶城縣54戶、西峰區(qū)1戶、鎮(zhèn)原縣50戶、正寧縣36戶。對(duì)地膜來(lái)源、覆蓋狀況、回收成本等進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,并計(jì)算了地膜回收作業(yè)率和回收率。地膜回收作業(yè)率是農(nóng)戶的某種作物的地膜回收作業(yè)面積與該作物覆膜總面積的比,而地膜回收率是地膜回收作業(yè)過(guò)程中收獲的地膜數(shù)量與投入數(shù)量的比。
圖1 甘肅省中東部地膜回收調(diào)查點(diǎn)
表1 甘肅省中東部地膜回收調(diào)查區(qū)域上報(bào)農(nóng)戶數(shù)
調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,甘肅中東部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶獲取地膜的途徑主要包括4種方式,即從當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)資銷售點(diǎn)購(gòu)買、廠家直供、網(wǎng)點(diǎn)購(gòu)買和其他。769戶調(diào)查對(duì)象中,543戶農(nóng)民是當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)資銷售點(diǎn)購(gòu)買,占81.7%;9戶是廠商直供,占1.2%;3戶是從網(wǎng)店購(gòu)買,占0.4%;129戶是通過(guò)國(guó)家旱作農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目、個(gè)體戶和政府資助等獲得,占16.8%(表2)。此次調(diào)查對(duì)象中75.8%的農(nóng)民年齡在40歲以上,他們對(duì)地膜銷售途徑認(rèn)知度不夠,且更愿意相信當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)資銷售點(diǎn)的推銷,這也是大部分農(nóng)戶選擇在當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)資銷售點(diǎn)購(gòu)買地膜的主要原因。
表2 甘肅省中東部地區(qū)調(diào)查農(nóng)戶地膜來(lái)源情況
為了提高地膜質(zhì)量及其可回收性,2017年國(guó)家出臺(tái)了強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《聚乙烯吹塑農(nóng)用地面覆蓋薄膜GB13735-2017》[22],規(guī)定地膜厚度不得低于0.01 mm,并要求增加地膜強(qiáng)度和耐老化性。但部分廠家為節(jié)約成本,仍違規(guī)生產(chǎn)和銷售超薄地膜。對(duì)甘肅省地膜樣品進(jìn)行抽檢,結(jié)果顯示10家生產(chǎn)商只有3家的地膜樣品厚度及力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)符合地膜新國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其余7家生產(chǎn)商的地膜厚度均小于0.01 mm(表3)。此次調(diào)查中對(duì)于應(yīng)使用符合國(guó)家新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(厚度≥0.01 mm)地膜,71.0%農(nóng)戶表示知道,仍有29.0%農(nóng)戶表示不知道該項(xiàng)要求,而且有一定比例農(nóng)戶購(gòu)買地膜時(shí)根本沒(méi)有考慮這一點(diǎn)。
表3 甘肅省地膜樣品抽檢情況
注:此表中新國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)為地膜厚度為0.01~0.015 mm時(shí)的指標(biāo)參數(shù)。
Note: Mechanical properties in new GB are the index parameters when the mulching film thickness is 0.01~0.015 mm.
受調(diào)查農(nóng)戶各作物種植面積、覆膜面積及農(nóng)膜回收面積情況見(jiàn)表4。調(diào)查農(nóng)戶作物種植面積為588.4 hm2,覆膜面積為430.6 hm2,占種植面積的73.2%。其中,玉米覆膜率95.3%,蔬菜覆膜率為84.7%,馬鈴薯覆膜率為73.2%,小麥覆膜率僅為14.8%,其他作物覆膜率為63.3%。玉米(主要用作育種或青貯飼料)、蔬菜、馬鈴薯等作物覆膜率較高,能顯著增加農(nóng)戶經(jīng)濟(jì)效益;小麥播種密度大,覆膜技術(shù)尚不成熟,人工成本高,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不明顯,故甘肅省中東部地區(qū)小麥基本不采用覆膜技術(shù)。
表4 甘肅省中東部地區(qū)調(diào)查農(nóng)戶種植作物和覆膜回收情況
在甘肅省中東部地區(qū)769戶調(diào)查對(duì)象中,種植玉米的農(nóng)民有729戶,其中99.3%的農(nóng)戶對(duì)玉米進(jìn)行覆膜;種植小麥的農(nóng)民有221戶,其中28.5%的農(nóng)戶對(duì)小麥進(jìn)行了覆膜;種植蔬菜的農(nóng)民有157戶,其中77.1%的農(nóng)戶對(duì)蔬菜進(jìn)行了覆膜;種植馬鈴薯的農(nóng)民有202戶,其中57.9%的農(nóng)戶對(duì)馬鈴薯進(jìn)行了覆膜;167戶種植其他作物的農(nóng)民中,有52.1%的農(nóng)戶應(yīng)用了覆膜技術(shù)(表5)。其中,調(diào)查對(duì)象中對(duì)小麥進(jìn)行覆膜的用戶均為種植面積小于1.3 hm2的小規(guī)模種植用戶。
表5 甘肅省中東部地區(qū)農(nóng)作物種植和覆膜農(nóng)戶數(shù)調(diào)查情況
調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,甘肅中東部農(nóng)戶對(duì)地膜的回收方式主要以人工撿拾為主,機(jī)械化程度較低。769戶農(nóng)戶中有687戶采用人工撿拾地膜,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的89.3%,4戶采用回收機(jī)具進(jìn)行地膜回收,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的0.5%,還有78戶沒(méi)有對(duì)地膜進(jìn)行任何處理,直接翻耕到農(nóng)田中,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的10.1%。甘肅省中東部地區(qū)主要采用人工撿拾而較少使用機(jī)械回收地膜的主要原因是調(diào)查對(duì)象種植作物規(guī)模較?。?3.5%的為種植面積小于1.3 hm2的小規(guī)模用戶),機(jī)械地域適應(yīng)性較差且回收成本較高;也與甘肅省建立專業(yè)的人工撿拾服務(wù)隊(duì)有關(guān)[23]。
此外,農(nóng)戶對(duì)回收的地膜主要采取網(wǎng)點(diǎn)回收的方式進(jìn)行處理;不回收地膜的原因主要是農(nóng)戶認(rèn)為回收難度大,且會(huì)處理不好等(表6)。
表6 甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜處理方式和不回收原因
對(duì)于回收后的地膜,回收后采取合適的方式處理是一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),農(nóng)膜回收的去向調(diào)查結(jié)果表明(表6),有償交給農(nóng)膜回收網(wǎng)點(diǎn)占主流,有367戶,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的47.7%,218戶在地頭進(jìn)行了焚燒,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的28.3%,106戶將其堆放田間,61戶對(duì)回收地膜進(jìn)行填埋處理,分別占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的13.8%和7.9%,還有17戶采用了其他方式,主要是直接交給回收企業(yè),占調(diào)查用戶的2.2%。集中處理殘膜會(huì)產(chǎn)生集中、運(yùn)輸和處理等額外成本,大部分農(nóng)戶在沒(méi)有任何補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下,為了便利和效益不會(huì)主動(dòng)對(duì)農(nóng)膜進(jìn)行集中處理[4]。
農(nóng)田地膜不回收的原因主要有回收難度大、回收后處理不好、回收成本高等(表6)。在此次調(diào)查中,367戶認(rèn)為地膜“回收難度大”是主要原因,占調(diào)查用戶的47.7%;187戶認(rèn)為回收地膜不好處理是主要原因,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的24.3%,99戶認(rèn)為回收成本高是限制因素,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的12.9%;另外有116戶認(rèn)為回收后對(duì)地膜進(jìn)行處理時(shí)運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用高、農(nóng)民缺乏回收意識(shí)是主要因素,占調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的15.1%。
甘肅省主要采用集體撿拾-定點(diǎn)收購(gòu)-企業(yè)再加工的模式回收地膜,地膜回收過(guò)程包括撿拾、打包、運(yùn)輸、回收、再加工等,根據(jù)地膜回收及處理過(guò)程中投入的人力、電力等。筆者對(duì)地膜回收成本進(jìn)行了估算,民勤縣農(nóng)戶從地里到地頭撿拾地膜的人工費(fèi)用120元/m3,假設(shè)10×667 m2覆膜農(nóng)田回收1 m3殘膜,按每人每天撿拾面積5×667 m2計(jì)算,每人每天撿拾地膜的收入只有60元,費(fèi)用相對(duì)較低,農(nóng)民撿拾地膜的積極性不大;企業(yè)收購(gòu)殘膜的價(jià)格為120元/m3、打包和運(yùn)輸(距離在150 km以內(nèi))費(fèi)用為50元/m3~60元/m3,回收后加工處理費(fèi)150元/m3,按每12~13 m3殘膜可產(chǎn)出1 t塑料顆粒計(jì)算,加上設(shè)備折舊、財(cái)務(wù)成本和環(huán)保成本等,生產(chǎn)1 t塑料顆粒的總成本為5 200元/t~5 500元/t,目前聚乙烯新料價(jià)格為8 300元/t~8 650元/t[24],再生塑料顆粒的售價(jià)只能維持在5 000元/t~5 500元/t,企業(yè)回收地膜再加工生產(chǎn)塑料顆?;緵](méi)有利潤(rùn)。據(jù)調(diào)查甘肅省酒泉市廢舊農(nóng)膜加工企業(yè)回收加工成本也普遍較大,利潤(rùn)相對(duì)較低,投入和產(chǎn)出不成正比,嚴(yán)重影響企業(yè)回收加工廢舊農(nóng)膜的積極性[25]。
地膜回收率的高低決定于回收作業(yè)率和地膜回收作業(yè)的離田率2個(gè)主要因素。根據(jù)農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),甘肅省中東部地區(qū)農(nóng)戶幾種作物地膜回收作業(yè)率均在80%以上,其中蔬菜地膜回收作業(yè)率最高,高達(dá)99.3%(圖2)。
圖2 甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜回收作業(yè)率
考慮到作業(yè)方式不同,回收率會(huì)產(chǎn)生變化的實(shí)際情況,在目前條件下,按照人工回收作業(yè)的地膜離田率為80%和90%分別估算,2018年甘肅中東部農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)田地膜回收情況總體不錯(cuò),達(dá)74.2%和83.5%。其中蔬菜的地膜回收情況最好,地膜回收率分別為79.4%和89.4%,這說(shuō)明農(nóng)戶對(duì)種植蔬菜的高效益農(nóng)田的地膜殘留問(wèn)題關(guān)注度比較高,投入也比較大;其次是其他經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,地膜回收率分別為78.6%和88.5%;玉米地膜回收率分別為71.9%和80.9%,在幾類作物中回收率一般,這是該地區(qū)最大面積的種植作物,回收率不高受多種因素影響,包括種植面積大、玉米氣生根與地膜的相互纏繞導(dǎo)致回收困難等;馬鈴薯農(nóng)田地膜回收率最低,在2種情景下分別只有66.8%和75.2%(表7)。
表7 甘肅中東部主要作物不同離田率下地膜回收率
在此次調(diào)查中,筆者于2019年3月26日啟用手機(jī)調(diào)查系統(tǒng),4月1日結(jié)束,在為期8 d的時(shí)間里快速獲得和分析了769份有效數(shù)據(jù)。手機(jī)快速調(diào)查系統(tǒng),不受時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)限制,且后臺(tái)匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)快捷準(zhǔn)確,不僅解決了常規(guī)調(diào)查方法受地膜覆蓋和回收作業(yè)時(shí)間限制的問(wèn)題,還彌補(bǔ)了實(shí)地調(diào)查費(fèi)工費(fèi)時(shí)和統(tǒng)計(jì)效率低等缺點(diǎn)。為未來(lái)全面快速獲取中國(guó)地膜應(yīng)用回收的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)提供借鑒。
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,盡管甘肅農(nóng)膜回收工作取得一定的成效,但還存在地膜回收難度大、回收機(jī)械化強(qiáng)度不夠、回收地膜處置不當(dāng),政府支持力度不夠等問(wèn)題。
部分生產(chǎn)商和企業(yè)為節(jié)約成本,仍會(huì)違規(guī)生產(chǎn)和銷售不符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的超薄地膜,超薄地膜的使用,會(huì)增加地膜回收難度和殘留污染程度[26]。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)地膜新國(guó)標(biāo)的宣貫力度,強(qiáng)制農(nóng)戶使用符合新國(guó)標(biāo)的地膜,嚴(yán)格禁止超薄地膜流入市場(chǎng),同時(shí)制訂相關(guān)的監(jiān)管和處罰條例,加強(qiáng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)的不合格地膜管制,從源頭上降低地膜回收難度。
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜機(jī)械化回收比例較低。農(nóng)民認(rèn)為主要有以下3個(gè)原因:1)甘肅中東部地形對(duì)機(jī)械要求較高,機(jī)械的地域適應(yīng)性較差;2)超薄、低強(qiáng)度地膜占有一定比例,破碎程度較高;3)機(jī)械化回收成本較高。因此,研發(fā)部門應(yīng)加快地膜撿拾機(jī)械的研發(fā),根據(jù)地域特征及機(jī)具的結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理等[27],研究開(kāi)發(fā)出適用性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的撿拾機(jī)械,提高地膜回收的機(jī)械化程度。
目前,地膜回收的主要處置方式有網(wǎng)點(diǎn)回收、焚燒處理、堆放田間和深埋等。如果回收網(wǎng)點(diǎn)不妥善處理回收的廢舊農(nóng)膜,會(huì)造成新的環(huán)境污染;焚燒、堆放田間和填埋地膜的方式均會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境造成二次污染。因此,政府應(yīng)根據(jù)管理對(duì)象的不同,充分考慮農(nóng)戶、企業(yè)及管理者的相關(guān)利益,選擇有效的政策手段[28]。如加大對(duì)農(nóng)膜回收的扶持力度,監(jiān)督建設(shè)回收網(wǎng)點(diǎn);根據(jù)“誰(shuí)污染,誰(shuí)治理”的原則,督促生產(chǎn)企業(yè)對(duì)農(nóng)膜進(jìn)行回收,并建立相應(yīng)獎(jiǎng)懲機(jī)制,推動(dòng)農(nóng)膜回收和資源化利用。此外,相關(guān)部門應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)廢舊農(nóng)膜回收加工企業(yè)的補(bǔ)貼力度,鼓勵(lì)回收加工企業(yè)對(duì)廢舊農(nóng)膜進(jìn)行深加工以提高收益。
目前,甘肅中東部71.4%的調(diào)查農(nóng)戶表示沒(méi)有地膜回收補(bǔ)貼,28.6%調(diào)查農(nóng)戶獲得了回收補(bǔ)貼。地膜撿拾工作費(fèi)工費(fèi)時(shí),直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益低,農(nóng)戶回收地膜的積極性不夠,寧愿地膜殘留在農(nóng)田。因此,應(yīng)加大對(duì)地膜回收工作的宣傳力度,增強(qiáng)農(nóng)民對(duì)農(nóng)膜污染危害性的認(rèn)識(shí),提高其自覺(jué)回收農(nóng)膜的意識(shí);可直接補(bǔ)貼集約經(jīng)營(yíng)區(qū)種植戶購(gòu)買地膜回收機(jī)械,對(duì)聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任區(qū)撿拾和回收的地膜進(jìn)行回購(gòu)等。
1)手機(jī)快速調(diào)查系統(tǒng)方便快捷,能高效地獲得一手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),為全面獲取中國(guó)地膜應(yīng)用回收基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)提供借鑒。
2)玉米為覆膜比例最高作物,覆膜率95.3%,小麥覆膜率較低,農(nóng)膜回收大多采取網(wǎng)點(diǎn)回收辦法,回收難度大、回收后不好處理等仍是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民不回收地膜的主要原因。
3)2018年甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜回收工作具有一定的成效,地膜回收作業(yè)率均在80.0%以上,按照人工回收作業(yè)的地膜離田率為80%和90%分別估算,地膜回收率達(dá)74.2%和83.5%。
4)甘肅省中東部地區(qū)地膜應(yīng)用及回收存在的問(wèn)題:地膜不達(dá)標(biāo)仍然存在,可回收性差;回收方式落后,機(jī)械化程度較弱;回收后地膜處置困難,易形成二次污染問(wèn)題;政府支持力度有限,農(nóng)民積極性不高。政府和相關(guān)部門應(yīng)加大地膜新國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宣傳及執(zhí)行力度,制定相關(guān)扶持和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制,提高地膜回收的機(jī)械化程度,快速推動(dòng)農(nóng)膜回收及資源化利用工作。
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Application and recovery of plastic mulching film by farmers in central and eastern Gansu Province
Yan Changrong1, Qi Ruimin1, Xue Yinghao2, Dong Yanyan1, Li Zhen1, Liu Qin1, Xu Zhiyu2
(1.,/,,100081,; 2.,,100125,)
In order to investigate the application and recovery of plastic mulching film among farmers in central and eastern Gansu Province and its main influencing factors, we used mobile phone to carry out a questionnaire survey from March 26 to April 1, 2019. In the questionnaire, mulching area, recovery method, purchasing ways and et al were required to fill out. A total of 769 valid questionnaires were collected. The included areas were 11 counties (districts) in the central and eastern of Gansu province: Yongdeng, Kangle, Linxia, Heshui, Huachi, Huanxian, Ningxian, Qingcheng, Xifeng, Zhenyuan and Zhengning county. The main contents of the survey included: 1) access to plastic mulching film; 2) planting crops and mulching; 3) plastic mulching film recovery and treatment methods; 4) the rate of recycling mulching film. The results showed that the total planting area was 588 hm2and the main crops were maize, wheat, vegetables, potatoes, and so on. The mulching area of these crops accounted for 73.2% of planting area. In this survey, 99.3% of farmers adopted film mulching technology for maize, and 28.5%, 77.1%, 57.9% and 52.1% for wheat, vegetables, potatoes and other crops, respectively. In the central and eastern Gansu Province, 89.3% of farmers in this survey recycled mulching film by artificial picking up. Of the farmers who recycled the residual film, 47.7% gave it to the recycling networks, 28.3% burned it in the field, 13.8% piled it up in the field, 7.9% disposed it by landfill, and 2.2% adopted the other methods to treat the residual film. The mulching film recovery rates of the surveyed crops were all above 80.0%, among which the vegetable was up to 99.3%. When the leaving field rate of mulching film was 80% and 90%, the recovery rate of mulching film in vegetables was the best, reached to 79.4% and 89.4% in 2018, respectively. To sum up, there were 4 main problems of plastic mulching film recycling process: 1) the non-standard and non-recyclability of plastic mulching film; 2) backward recovery method and weak degree of mechanization; 3) difficult to dispose after plastic film recovery, and easy to cause secondary pollution; 4) limited government support and low enthusiasm of farmers. The government and relevant departments should strengthen the publicity and implementation of the new national standards of plastic film, improve the mechanization degree of plastic mulching film recycling. Thus, promoting the recycling and resource utilization of agricultural film, and providing data support for the rational application of plastic film and the prevention and control of agricultural film pollution. In addition, mobile phone survey of plastic mulching film application and recycling system can quickly and effectively obtain primary data, and is an effective and rapid acquisition method of basic data of plastic film application recycling in China in the future.
films; recycling; crops; mobile phone survey; problems; policy recommendations
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.15.026
S19
A
1002-6819(2019)-15-0211-06
2019-04-24
2019-07-10
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“政府間國(guó)際科技創(chuàng)新合作”重點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)(2017YFE0121900);國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)“殘膜污染農(nóng)田綜合治理技術(shù)方案”(201503105);農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)專項(xiàng)(2110402)
嚴(yán)昌榮,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事旱作節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)、地膜應(yīng)用與污染防控研究。Email:yanchangrong@caas.cn
嚴(yán)昌榮,戚瑞敏,薛穎昊,董閆閆,李 真,劉勤,徐志宇. 甘肅省中東部農(nóng)戶地膜應(yīng)用及回收現(xiàn)狀[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(15):211-216. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.15.026 http://www.tcsae.org
Yan Changrong, Qi Ruimin, Xue Yinghao, Dong Yanyan, Li Zhen, Liu Qin, Xu Zhiyu. Application and recovery of plastic mulching film by farmers in central and eastern Gansu Province[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(15): 211-216. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.15.026 http://www.tcsae.org
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)2019年15期