程廣超 楊萍 赫晨
摘要:雌激素受體(ERα)和多巴胺(DA)可參與雌性動物動情周期調(diào)節(jié),故本研究通過酪氨酸羥化酶(TH)標(biāo)記DA神經(jīng)元,探討了社會隔離對雌性動情周期及ERα和DA的影響。成年雌性ICR小鼠社會隔離10 d后,檢測其動情周期變化及動情期和動情間期中樞ERα-IR和TH-IR神經(jīng)元表達。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),社會隔離延長了雌鼠的動情前期和動情期(P<0.05),但對動情后期和動情間期沒有影響;社會隔離和動情周期均會顯著影響終紋床核(BNST)、內(nèi)側(cè)視前區(qū)(MPOA)和下丘腦弓狀核(AR)的ERα-IR神經(jīng)元表達(P<0.05),并對AR的ERα-IR表達和中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(VTA)的TH-IR神經(jīng)元表達有交互影響(P<0.05),表現(xiàn)為社會隔離減少動情期AR的ERα-IR表達(P<0.05),增加動情期和動情間期TH-IR表達(P<0.05),且對動情期的影響更明顯。提示社會隔離會干擾雌鼠的動情周期,ERα和DA在特定腦區(qū)的變化對此具有重要調(diào)制作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:隔離;雌性小鼠;動情周期;雌激素;多巴胺;免疫活性表達
中圖分類號: Q492 ?文獻標(biāo)志碼: A ?文章編號:1002-1302(2019)14-0197-05
雌性哺乳動物的動情周期分為動情前期(proestrus)、動情期(estrus)、動情后期(metestrus) 和動情間期(diestrus)4 個階段。在雌性的非妊娠生殖活動中,動情狀態(tài)呈周期性變化,卵子的形成和性激素的分泌也呈周期性波動。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),動情周期會影響雌性動物的行為和情緒,如配偶選擇[1]、焦慮水平[2]、社會性學(xué)習(xí)[3]、空間記憶或目標(biāo)識別[4-5]以及對成癮藥物的敏感性等[6-7]。內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)紊亂如免疫或炎癥應(yīng)激會干擾大鼠、母羊和獼猴(rhesus macaques)的排卵周期[8-10]。此外,心理社會性應(yīng)激也會抑制促性腺激素分泌。對獼猴研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心理應(yīng)激增加再結(jié)合其他應(yīng)激源能干擾生殖激素分泌,破壞月經(jīng)周期[11-12];母羊的動情周期對于急性及反復(fù)的心理社會應(yīng)激具有低抗性[13]。動情周期的變化是下丘腦-垂 體- 性腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal,HPG)軸周期變化所致。雌激素α受體(estrogen receptor alpha,ERα)參與對HPG軸的調(diào)節(jié),在調(diào)制生殖行為中具有關(guān)鍵作用[14-15]。多巴胺(dopamine,DA)也會影響動情周期和排卵[16]。作為一種心理社會性應(yīng)激,長期社會隔離會影響嚙齒動物的行為、情緒和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌反應(yīng)[17-18]。酪氨酸羥化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)是DA合成的限速酶,本研究探討了長期社會隔離對雌性小鼠動情周期的影響及ERα和TH在動情期和動情間期的變化,以期探討隔離應(yīng)激對動情周期影響的可能機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗動物
SPF級ICR雌性小鼠由寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供,飼養(yǎng)于北方民族大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院實驗動物飼養(yǎng)房,塑料飼養(yǎng)籠(32 cm×21.5 cm×17 cm)飼養(yǎng),飼料和飲水充足。室溫25 ℃,光—暗周期12 h—12 h,食物、飲水充足。2016年5月開始試驗,小鼠10周齡,共44只,平均體質(zhì)量約32 g,其中22只進行單獨飼養(yǎng)(社會隔離),另外22只進行群居飼養(yǎng)(每籠4~6只)。隔離10 d后,隨機取隔離和群居鼠各10只檢測動情周期,剩下24只檢測動情期和動情間期的ERα和TH表達,共分為4組:隔離動情期組(IE,n=6)、隔離動情間期組(ID,n=6)、群居動情期組(CE,n=6)和群居動情間期組(CD,n=6)。
1.2 動情周期的檢測
取小鼠陰道上皮組織涂片進行亞甲基藍染色,根據(jù)上皮細胞形態(tài)特點確定動情周期各階段[19],并記錄各階段的持續(xù)時間。
1.3 免疫組織化學(xué)試驗
動物經(jīng)腹腔注射戊巴比妥鈉麻醉。先用4%多聚甲醛進行灌注固定;取出腦組織放入4%多聚甲醛后固定過夜(4 ℃),后4 ℃置于30%蔗糖溶液直至組織沉底。用冰凍切片機將腦作冠狀切,片厚40 μm。用山羊血清封閉液37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)封閉1 h。滴加由抗體稀釋液稀釋的一抗:ERα(1 ∶ 100;sc-542,Santa Cruz,中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司分裝)和TH(1 ∶ 2 000;ab112,Abcam,Hong Kong),4 ℃孵育72 h。0.01 mol/L PBS漂洗5 min/次,共3次。滴加生物素化羊抗兔IgG(博士德生物工程有限公司,武漢),37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)孵育 1.5 h。0.01 mol/L PBS漂洗5 min/次,共3次。滴加SABC試劑(博士德生物工程有限公司,武漢),37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)孵育2.5 h。采用0.01 mol/L的PBS漂洗10 min/次,共4次。DAB顯色劑顯色。常規(guī)乙醇脫水,二甲苯透明,中性樹膠封片。
終紋床核(bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,BNST)、內(nèi)側(cè)視前區(qū)(medial preoptic area,MPOA)、下丘腦腹內(nèi)側(cè)核(ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus,VMH)和下丘腦弓狀核(arcuate hypothalamic nucleus,AR)是ERα的重要分布區(qū)域。中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(ventral tegmental area,VTA)、未定帶(zona incerta,ZI)和下丘腦室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)是TH的重要分布區(qū)域,因此本研究檢測了這些腦區(qū)的ERα和TH神經(jīng)元表達。各腦區(qū)參照Paxinos & Franklin的著書以定位[20]。每只鼠選擇3張連續(xù)的切片量化,利用顯微測微尺,計算1 mm2內(nèi)單側(cè)腦區(qū)核團的陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)目。
1.4 統(tǒng)計方法
數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。采用獨立樣本t檢驗比較隔離組與對照組(群居組)的動情周期。以隔離和動情周期作為2個固定因素,采用two-way ANOVA分析及post hoc檢驗ERα-IR和TH-IR神經(jīng)元數(shù)量的組間差異。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 動情周期
3 討論
動情周期的規(guī)律性是卵巢生殖功能正常的直接標(biāo)志。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),社會隔離后雌性ICR小鼠的動情前期和動情期延長,動情后期和動情間期沒有變化,總的動情周期變長。動情前期和動情期是排卵期,動情后期是分泌孕酮及黃體形成的時期,該結(jié)果暗示社會隔離延長了排卵時間。與本試驗結(jié)果不同的是, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隔離14 d的成年雌性C57BL/6J小鼠動情周期縮短并且腎上腺質(zhì)量增加[21]。有種觀點認為,在低群體密度下,延長動情期能增加受孕的可能性,這可能是對隔離應(yīng)激的一種適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)[22]。生殖周期的形成是性類固醇激素通過作用于腦和垂體的正反饋和負反饋機制調(diào)制了黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)和促卵泡激素( follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)分泌產(chǎn)生的,其中雌二醇扮演了關(guān)鍵作用。對于成年雌性,促性腺激素釋放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)的分泌受到性激素正反饋和負反饋調(diào)節(jié),排卵前高水平的雌二醇通過正反饋使GnRH形成高峰,誘導(dǎo)LH釋放并促進排卵[23]。應(yīng)激對促性腺激素的分泌有損害,皮質(zhì)酮和促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放因子(corticotropinreleasing factor,CRF)可以干擾促性腺激素對性激素生成細胞的刺激作用[24],并且心理社會應(yīng)激可通過減少GnRH抑制LH的分泌[25]。因此,本試驗中小鼠動情前期和動情期的延長,可能也是一種對隔離應(yīng)激的適應(yīng),通過延長動情期和動情前期補償排卵的下降。
動情期隔離組與動情期群居組相比,在BNST、MPOA和AR的ERα-IR表達減少;動情間期隔離組與動情間期群居組相比ERα-IR表達僅在MPOA減少,說明社會隔離在動情期和動情間期均會在一定腦區(qū)減少ERα的表達,但動情期的影響似乎更廣泛。BNST的活動與焦慮和應(yīng)激有關(guān),BNST的差異表明社會隔離更易引起動情期應(yīng)激和情緒的變化。ERα 表達受到外周雌激素的影響,MPOA區(qū)的雌激素受體mRNA水平在動情期比動情間期高[26];對雌性布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)研究表明,動情期較動情間期和動情前期在MPOA有更高的ERα-IR細胞[27]。動情期和動情間期的雌二醇的基礎(chǔ)水平不同,這可能是社會隔離引起ERα 在2個階段表達水平不同的一個重要原因。MPOA主要調(diào)節(jié)性行為,并影響對異性氣味的偏好[28]。AR可調(diào)節(jié)不同的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能,其功能依賴于內(nèi)在的不同神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細胞,其中GnRH 神經(jīng)元分泌GnRH[29],AR的ERα神經(jīng)元對雌性小鼠動情周期和雌激素負反饋機制具有關(guān)鍵作用。雌二醇通過
AR細胞間接、跨突觸地抑制GnRH神經(jīng)元的活動,從而抑制GnRH分泌進入正中隆起(median eminence) [30]。因此,社會隔離可通過調(diào)節(jié)ERα繼而影響動情周期。至于VMH,雖然參與雌性性行為[31],但沒有證據(jù)表明VMH神經(jīng)元參與GnRH神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)[30]。
隔離組的動情期和動情間期分別與群居組的相比,VTA的TH表達增加,隔離組的動情期與群居組的相比,ZI的TH表達也有增加。此外,社會隔離和動情周期對VTA的TH表達有交互作用,隔離動情期組和群居動情期組分別與隔離動情間期組及群居動情間期組相比TH表達顯著增加。DA能神經(jīng)元的胞體主要位于VTA,TH是DA合成的限速酶,因此,這些結(jié)果說明社會隔離增加了動情期和動情間期的VTA的DA合成,且在動情期這種影響更明顯。對八齒鼠(Octodon degus)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期親本隔離及斷乳隔離會增加伏核(NAc)核區(qū)和殼區(qū)的TH-IR神經(jīng)纖維密度[32];大鼠長期隔離后額葉皮質(zhì)中TH活性也會增加[33]。從斷乳后至成年的社會隔離會引起大鼠在VTA和NAc的DA釋放和攝取增強[34]。DA通過控制黃體生成激素釋放因子(luteinizing hormone releasing factor,LRF)誘導(dǎo)LH釋放[35],并可刺激促卵泡激素釋放因子(follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor,F(xiàn)SF)分泌和LRF釋放[36],LRF可促進排卵,而DA水平的改變可以影響動情周期的持續(xù)時間,例如,高水平DA會延長大鼠的動情期[16]。本研究中,隔離組在動情期高水平的TH表達,暗示了更多的DA釋放,這可能是引起動情期延長的重要機制之一。此外,DA可以調(diào)節(jié)情緒和社會行為[37],邊緣系統(tǒng)如BNST、MPOA、VMH的ERα也與調(diào)節(jié)社會行為有關(guān)[38]。因此,隔離應(yīng)激引起的動情期和動情間期ERα和TH的不同表達,改變動情周期,并可能影響到雌性在不同動情階段的情緒和行為。
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