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桂南山姜莖精油化學(xué)成分及抗菌活性研究

2019-09-10 18:07趙東升鄧景丹郭幼紅
福建農(nóng)業(yè)科技 2019年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:精油化學(xué)成分

趙東升 鄧景丹 郭幼紅

摘 要:為研究桂南山姜莖精油化學(xué)成分及精油對食源性細(xì)菌的抑菌能力,用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取桂南山姜莖精油,采用氣相色譜氫火焰離子化檢測器(GCFID)和氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用法(GCMS)鑒定精油化學(xué)成分,用紙片擴(kuò)散法及96孔板微量稀釋法測定精油對4種食源性細(xì)菌的抑菌能力。結(jié)果表明:桂南山姜莖部位的精油提取得率為0.034%;共鑒定出桂南山姜莖精油化學(xué)成分23種,主要由單萜類化合物及其含氧衍生物、倍半萜類化合物及其含氧衍生物、醇類化合物組成,占精油總量的94.19%,其中1,8桉葉油素和β蒎烯含量較高,分別占32.39%和23.99%;桂南山姜莖精油對銅綠色假單胞菌的最小抑菌濃度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)為10.0 mg·mL-1,對金黃色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢桿菌的最小抑菌濃度均為5.0 mg·mL-1。綜上表明,桂南山姜莖精油中以1,8桉葉油素含量最高,桂南山姜精油對4種食源性致病菌有一定的抑制作用。

關(guān)鍵詞:桂南山姜;精油;化學(xué)成分;抗菌活性

Abstract:In order to study the chemical constituents of essential oil of Alpinia japonica stem in South Guangxi and its bacteriostasis against foodborn bacteria, the essential oil of Alpinia Guinanensis Stem was extracted by steam distillation, and its chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatographyflame ionization detector (GCFLD) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS). The antibacterial activity of essential oil against 4 kinds of foodborn bacteria was determined by the method of paper diffusion and 96well plate microdilution method. The results showed that the extraction rate of essential oil from Alpinia Guinanensis Stem was 0.034%. A total of 23 chemical constituents of essential oil from Alpinia Guinanensis Stem were identified, which were mainly composed of monoterpenoids and their oxygenated compounds, sesquiterpenoids and their oxygenated compounds, and alcohol components, accounting for 94.19% of the total amount of essential oil. The contents of 1,8cineole and βpinene were higher, accounting for 32.39% and 23.99%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil from Alpinia Guinanensis Stem was 10.0 mg·mL-1 for the pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 5.0 mg·mL-1 for staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis. In conclusion, the content of 1,8cineole was the highest in the essential oil from Alpinia Guinanensis Stem, and the essential oil from Alpinia japonica in South Guangxi had certain inhibitory effect on the 4 kinds of foodborn bacteria.

Key words:Alpinia Guinanensis Stem; Essential oil; Chemical composition; Antibacterial activity

微生物是食物腐敗、甚至是導(dǎo)致食物中毒和食源性疾病的主要原因[1]。合成防腐劑對人體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,具有累積毒性、致癌性、致畸性和降解緩慢等缺點(diǎn)[2-4],因此,尋找一種安全的防腐劑意義重大。植物精油作為食品工業(yè)中更安全的生物防腐劑,已有大量的研究[5-7],姜科植物是一種原產(chǎn)于熱帶地區(qū)的物種,已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)多的證據(jù)表明,部分山姜屬植物具有殺菌活性并被用作食物香料,甚至可以作為民間藥物用于緩解胃痛[8-9]。桂南山姜在其葉片與莖部分散發(fā)出獨(dú)特的芳香氣味,富含精油[10]。桂南山姜葉片部位精油的研究已有報(bào)道[11],但未見莖部精油成分及抗菌活性的報(bào)道。本研究利用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取桂南山姜新鮮莖部位的精油,采用GCFID和GCMS技術(shù)分析所提取的桂南山姜莖化學(xué)成分,并進(jìn)行桂南山姜莖精油對4種食源性致病菌抗菌活性的試驗(yàn),以期為開發(fā)和利用桂南山姜莖精油提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料與儀器

桂南山姜鮮莖樣品采集于廣州市,由中國科學(xué)院南方植物園的高澤正博士鑒定。革蘭氏陽性菌株金黃色葡萄球菌(CMCC 26003)、枯草芽孢桿菌(CMCC 63501)、革蘭氏陰性菌株銅綠假單胞菌(ACTT 27853)和大腸桿菌(CMCC 44825)均由廣州工業(yè)微生物檢測中心提供。

儀器:Focus GC氣相色譜儀(Thermo科技有限公司)、GCMSQP2010氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀(島津公司)。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法

1.2.1 桂南山姜莖精油提取 稱取桂南山姜新鮮莖220 g,適度破碎后用Clevenger types水蒸氣蒸餾裝置蒸餾4 h,將得到的精油用無水硫酸鈉干燥,并于4℃條件下儲存于密封離心管中。

1.2.2 桂南山姜莖精油成分定量分析與定性分析 采用Thermo科技有限公司Focus GC氣相色譜儀對精油成分進(jìn)行定量分析,檢測器為氫火焰離子化(FID)檢測器,色譜柱為安捷倫DB5柱(30 m×0.25 mm,膜厚0.25 μm),載氣為氮?dú)?,柱流量?.0 mL·min-1;樣品采用乙醚稀釋,進(jìn)樣量1 μL(使用微量進(jìn)樣針進(jìn)樣),分流比設(shè)定為1∶50;進(jìn)樣口汽化溫度和FID檢測器溫度均保持在270℃;柱箱起始溫度50℃,保留4 min,以5 ℃·min-1速率升溫至250℃,保留10 min至分析結(jié)束。采用GCFID色譜圖峰面積歸一化法計(jì)算每種組分的相對百分比。采用GCMSQP2010氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀對精油成分進(jìn)行定性分析,氣相色譜條件與定量分析時(shí)相同,載氣為氦氣,流量設(shè)定為1.69 mL·min-1,離子源的溫度設(shè)定為200℃,質(zhì)譜掃描范圍設(shè)定為30~600 m·z-1。將質(zhì)譜分析結(jié)果與質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(NIST08)匹配,進(jìn)行相似度分析,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的相似化合物的保留指數(shù),最終鑒定出精油化學(xué)成分及含量[12],采用正構(gòu)烷烴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(C7C30),在相同色譜分析條件下,分析各組分保留時(shí)間,通過Kovats公式計(jì)算保留指數(shù)。

1.2.3 桂南山姜莖精油抗菌活性測定 (1)致病菌培養(yǎng)。針對食源性致病菌進(jìn)行了精油抗菌活性測定,將金黃色葡萄球菌(CMCC 26003)、枯草芽孢桿菌(CMCC 63501)、銅綠假單胞菌(ACTT 27853)和大腸桿菌(CMCC 44825)于37℃在滅菌后的水解酪蛋白胨培養(yǎng)基(MuellerHinton,MH肉湯)或牛肉膏蛋白胨瓊脂(MuellerHinton,MH瓊脂)培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)。

(2)抑菌圈直徑測定。使用美國臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)會(2012)推薦的紙片擴(kuò)散法測定桂南山姜莖精油對選定的食源性細(xì)菌病原體的抗菌活性。將每種菌株在MH肉湯中孵育12 h,然后將菌懸液濃度調(diào)節(jié)至1×108 CFU·mL-1,吸取100 μL細(xì)菌懸浮液涂布在MH瓊脂培養(yǎng)基上,在其上放置浸有測試精油的濾紙盤(6.0 mm),將培養(yǎng)基在37℃下孵育24 h,測量抑菌圈直徑,使用鏈霉素(10 μg·dusc-1)作為陽性對照。所有樣品進(jìn)行3組平行測試。(3)最小抑菌濃度測定。按照Piras等[13]推薦的培養(yǎng)基微量稀釋方法測定精油的最小抑菌濃度(MIC)值。菌懸液濃度由1×108 CFU·mL-1稀釋至0.5×106 CFU·mL-1,精油采用等體積的二甲基亞砜(DMSO)(分析純級別)溶解,并加入MH肉湯稀釋,在96孔板中,每孔加入100 μL含有精油的MH肉湯與100 μL稀釋后的菌懸液,每孔加入的精油濃度梯度為10.0000、5.0000、2.5000、1.2500、0.6250、0.3125 mg·mL-1,以含有和精油等體積的DMSO培養(yǎng)液作為陰性對照,96孔板在37 ℃下培養(yǎng)24 h后,用酶標(biāo)儀測定吸光度,得出最小抑菌濃度值,所有試驗(yàn)平行測試3次。

1.2.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 抗菌活性試驗(yàn)均平行測定3次,試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以平均值±SD表示,使用SPSS軟件計(jì)算平均值與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 桂南山姜精油化學(xué)成分分析

將桂南山姜新鮮莖220 g進(jìn)行水蒸氣蒸餾,得到0.075 g淡黃色油狀物,得率為0.034%。將桂南山姜精油進(jìn)行GCFID分析,結(jié)果如圖1所示。從圖1可以看出,試驗(yàn)共檢出28個(gè)較明顯的峰,分析其中25個(gè)峰共鑒定出23種成分,占精油總量的94.19%。桂南山姜莖精油的化學(xué)成分列于表1,結(jié)果表明,精油成分主要由單萜類化合物(48.15%)及其含氧衍生物(36.44%)、倍半萜類化合物(2.28%)及其含氧衍生物(6.81%)、醇類化合物(0.51%)組成。其中1,8桉葉油素(32.39%)、β蒎烯(23.99%)、α水芹烯(10.25%)、α蒎烯(6.05%)和胡蘿卜醇(4.99%)為含量最多的前5種化合物。

2.2 桂南山姜精油抗菌活性測定

以紙片擴(kuò)散法測定桂南山姜莖精油對金黃色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、大腸桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌的抗菌活性,結(jié)果(表2)表明,4種細(xì)菌菌株對桂南山姜莖精油敏感,抑菌圈直徑為14.0~17.5 mm。桂南山姜莖精油對枯草芽孢桿菌具有最高抑菌活性,抑菌圈直徑為17.5 mm;其次是金黃色葡萄球菌(17.0 mm)和大腸桿菌(17.0 mm);對銅綠假單胞菌的抑菌活性較弱,抑菌圈為14.0 mm。桂南山姜莖精油10

μL·dusc-1對4種菌株的抗菌作用與鏈霉素10 μg·dusc-1接近。

以微量肉湯稀釋法測定桂南山姜莖精油對金黃色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、大腸桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌的抗菌活性。結(jié)果(表2)表明,桂南山姜莖精油對枯草芽孢桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和大腸桿菌的MIC值均為5.0 mg·mL-1,而桂南山姜莖精油對銅綠假單胞菌的活性較弱,MIC值為10.0 mg·mL-1,陰性對照(2%DMSO)對任何測試的細(xì)菌都沒有抗菌作用

3 討論與結(jié)論

桂南山姜莖部位提取精油得率為0.034%,共鑒定23種化學(xué)成分,主要由單萜類化合物(48.15%)及其含氧衍生物(36.44%)、倍半萜類化合物(2.28%)及其含氧衍生物(6.81%)、醇類化合物(0.51%)組成。其中主要化學(xué)成分為1,8桉葉油素,占精油總量的32.39%。DENG等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以相同方式提取桂南山姜葉精油主要化學(xué)成分為1,8桉葉油素(43.11%)>α水芹烯(17.17%)>β蒎烯(14.51%)>α蒎烯(5.56%),而本研究中桂南山姜莖精油化學(xué)成分含量高低為1,8桉葉油素(32.39%)>β蒎烯(23.99%)>α水芹烯(10.25%)>α蒎烯(6.05%),莖精油中的β蒎烯含量比葉精油多9.5%左右。1,8桉葉油素廣泛應(yīng)用于食品加工、醫(yī)藥、化妝品及化工領(lǐng)域[14],桂南山姜莖部位富含1,8桉葉油素成分,故桂南山姜可作為1,8桉葉油素新的天然來源。

精油的抗菌活性可歸因于其主要組分如1,8桉葉油素、β蒎烯及其異構(gòu)體α蒎烯的存在。研究表明,1,8桉葉油素具有各種藥理活性,包括抗炎、抗微生物、抗癌、抗氧化、除草等[15-19]。1,8桉葉油素對各種昆蟲的幼蟲及成蟲有殺滅作用,對昆蟲有拒食活性[20-21],它能穿透細(xì)胞膜,增加細(xì)胞膜的滲透性并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物損失[22-23]。有證據(jù)表明蒎烯可以限制生物膜的形成從而抑制細(xì)菌的繁殖與生長[23]。精油中其他含量較低的成分也可以通過協(xié)同作用在抗菌性能中發(fā)揮重要作用[24]。本研究表明,桂南山姜莖精油具有一定的抑菌作用,對供試的金黃色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、大腸桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌4種食源性致病菌均有較好的抑制作用,抗菌譜廣,有望作為潛在的新型食源性細(xì)菌天然抗菌劑開發(fā)利用。

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(責(zé)任編輯:林玲娜)

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