In her new biography， Influencing Hemingway： The People and Places That Shaped His Life and Work， Nancy W. Sindelar ranks the fiction works of Hemingway. 在她新出版的傳記《改變海明威：影響海明威生活和工作的人物與地點(diǎn)》里，南希·W.辛德拉爾對海明威的小說做了一個排序。

Ernest Hemingway created memorable characters in his short stories and novels by drawing on real people—parents， friends， and fellow writers， among others. He also drew on real places and events to create settings and engaging plots.

Since Hemingway’s works reflect interests and adventures at different stages of his life， creating a ranking for his fiction is difficult. However， the following ranks his most broadly acclaimed works and comments on their contribution to the Hemingway legacy.

1. The Sun Also Rises

Hemingway’s first novel is at the top of my list because it reflects his reliance on his traditional Midwestern values as he encountered new experiences and values in post-World War I Europe. Using friends and acquaintances that populated the cafes along Boulevard Montparnasse in Paris， he reveals his concern about the valueless life of these Lost Generation characters and begins his personal and literary search for meaning in what appears to be a godless world. In the midst of their heavy drinking and meaningless revelry during a fiesta in Spain， Pedro Romero， the matador， becomes a hero. He conducts himself with honor and courage， and it is here we see the beginnings of what will become the Hemingway Code.

The book also tops my list because it reveals Hemingway’s courageous attempt to write in a new and different way by portraying the bad and the ugly as well as the beautiful. Though The Sun Also Rises was well received by the critics， it was not well received by Hemingway’s acquaintances who saw themselves portrayed as self-indulgent， alcoholic and sexually promiscuous in his unflattering， but honest， characterizations. Nor was it well received by his mother， who said he had produced “one of the filthiest books of the year.”

2. A Farewell to Arms

Hemingway’s second novel is a high on my list because it is the fictional account of events that changed and informed his world view. When Hemingway left the security of the Midwest and went to Italy looking for adventure as an ambulance driver in World War I， he got more than he had bargained for. The idealistic Midwesterner joined the war to end all wars1， ready to display honor and courage， but was blown up in a trench. Then he fell in love， contemplated marriage and was rejected by the woman he loved. His confrontation with death， his subsequent wound， and his first experience with love all became catalysts for developing a code of behavior for facing life’s challenges.

A Farewell to Arms was the fictional result of Hemingway’s experiences in Italy and initiates what would become one of the most dominant themes in his novels， the confrontation of death. Though Catherine Barkley’s character seems dated to contemporary female readers， the book still demonstrates that Hemingway used what he learned in Italy to show that war brings out the best and worst in men and women.

3. The Old Man and the Sea

After the unsuccessful reception to Across the River and into the Trees， Hemingway wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning novel to defend his reputation as a writer. Based on his experiences in Cuba， he created a character of an old fisherman. Alone in a skiff， the old man catches a great marlin， only to have it destroyed by sharks. The old man， who had been a champion arm-wrestler and a successful fisherman， was， like Hemingway， trying for a comeback.

The old man embraces the code for living that Hemingway first developed based on his experiences in World War I—the experiences in which a man confronts an unconquerable element. In fighting the sharks， the old man exhibits courage and grace under pressure， believing “a man can be destroyed， but not defeated.”

The reviews and success of the book were nothing less than phenomenal. Appropriately， Hemingway was aboard his boat and out on the Gulf Stream when he heard via the ship’s radio that the book had been awarded the Pulitzer Prize.

4. To Have and Have Not

Hemingway’s growing awareness of financial and social strata are reflected in To Have and Have Not. The characters are based on people the now famous author met in Key West—the working class he encountered on the docks and at Sloppy Joe’s， the rich who moored their boats in Key West harbor， and the illegal Chinese immigrants who were being smuggled from Cuba to Key West to promote tourism in newly formed Chinatowns.

In this Depression-era novel Hemingway comes close to arguing for social and political changes needed to help the working man. However， Hemingway does not see the New Deal remedies as the solution. As a result， the fate of the novel’s main character， Harry Morgan， outlines the limits of personal freedom， self-reliance and the absence of grace under pressure， and the closest Hemingway comes to a solution is for Harry to say， “No matter how a man alone ain’t got no bloody chance.”

5. The Nick Adams Stories

This collection of short stories is a favorite because it provides insight into the life of the young Hemingway. As a child Ernest would accompany his father， Dr. Clarence Hemingway， as he provided pro bono medical services and attended to injured Indians， women in child-birth， and individuals in a variety of life-threatening situations in the Indian camps of northern Michigan. The memory of one of these trips appears in “Indian Camp.” Young Nick is with his father on a medical mission to deliver a baby. A Native American woman’s been in labor for two days， and Nick observes his father perform a Caesarian with a jackknife sterilized in a basin of boiled water.

Similarly， the reader gains insight into the relationship of Hemingway’s parents in “The Doctor and the Doctor’s Wife” and understands Hemingway’s feelings of separation from his family and life in Oak Park after returning from World War I in “A Soldier’s Home.”

6. For Whom the Bell Tolls

Based on his experiences as a war correspondent during the Spanish Civil War， this novel contains the classic Hemingway elements—a main character demonstrating grace under pressure and a plot that combines the interest and conflicts associated with love and war. As with his other works， Hemingway uses his friendships and personal experiences. Robert Jordan is modeled after Robert Merriman， an American professor who left his research on collective farming in Russia to become a commander in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and was killed during the final assault on Belchite. Maria is based on a young nurse of the same name who was gang raped by Nationalist soldiers early in the war. The novel’s three days of conflict takes place near the El Tajo gorge that cuts through the Andalusian town of Rondo， where a political massacre like the one led by Pablo occurred early in the Spanish Civil War.

Though some readers find the details of the battles tedious， it is one of Hemingway’s most popular novels.

歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威以真實(shí)人物——如父母、朋友、同儕作家等——為原型，創(chuàng)造了他短篇和長篇小說中那些令人難忘的角色。同樣，他也選取了真實(shí)的地點(diǎn)和事件創(chuàng)造故事背景并構(gòu)筑引人入勝的情節(jié)。

海明威的作品反映了他在不同生活階段的興趣和經(jīng)歷，給他的小說排名并不容易。不過，以下還是對他最受贊譽(yù)的作品做了排名，并就這些作品在海明威作品中的重要性略作簡評。

1. 《太陽照常升起》

海明威的第一部長篇小說位列我的排行榜榜首。這部作品反映出在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后的歐洲，海明威遭遇了前所未有的經(jīng)歷和新價值觀的沖擊之后，仍然倚重他的美國中西部傳統(tǒng)價值觀。海明威用聚集在巴黎蒙帕納斯大街咖啡館里的朋友和熟人形象，展現(xiàn)他對“迷惘的一代”無意義生活的不安，并開始從個人角度和文學(xué)角度探尋這個貌似無神的世界有何意義。在一個西班牙節(jié)日上，斗牛士佩德羅·羅梅羅在酣飲爛醉、無意義的狂歡作樂中變成英雄式人物。他的行為體現(xiàn)榮譽(yù)和勇氣，而就在此處我們窺見日后稱為“海明威準(zhǔn)則”的源起。

這部作品居于榜首的另一理由是它體現(xiàn)了海明威富有勇氣的嘗試，即以一種嶄新的、迥異的方式同時刻畫惡丑和美好?！短栒粘Ｉ稹帆@得文學(xué)評論家的廣泛贊譽(yù)，但是，海明威的熟人看到自己被刻畫成放縱、濫飲、性關(guān)系混亂的形象可是相當(dāng)不滿，雖然海明威塑造人物的筆法算得上不事取悅、直言不諱。海明威的母親對此書也不買賬，她說海明威寫出了“本年度最惡心的作品之一”。

2. 《永別了，武器》

海明威的第二部長篇小說在我的排行榜上位置也很高，因?yàn)檫@部作品對改變又啟示了他世界觀的系列事件做了虛構(gòu)敘述。海明威在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)時離開安穩(wěn)的美國中西部，到意大利當(dāng)了一名救護(hù)車司機(jī)，意圖歷險，結(jié)果得到的收獲比他想要的還多。這個來自中西部的理想主義者參加了一戰(zhàn)，準(zhǔn)備好展示榮譽(yù)和勇氣，結(jié)果在戰(zhàn)壕里被炸飛。后來他陷入戀愛，考慮結(jié)婚，但是被他的心上人拒絕了。直面死亡、之后受傷和初戀失敗的經(jīng)歷都成為催化劑，促使他養(yǎng)成直面生活挑戰(zhàn)的行為準(zhǔn)則。

《永別了，武器》把海明威的意大利經(jīng)歷演化為小說，也開啟了他小說中最為顯著的主題之一：直面死亡。盡管凱瑟琳·巴克萊的形象對現(xiàn)代女性讀者來說好像有些過時，這部作品仍然體現(xiàn)了海明威在意大利獲得的領(lǐng)悟：戰(zhàn)爭會發(fā)掘男人和女人最美好和最卑劣的一面。

3. 《老人與?！?/p>

《過河入林》未獲成功，之后，為捍衛(wèi)作為作家的聲譽(yù)，海明威寫了這部獲得普利策文學(xué)獎的小說。基于在古巴的經(jīng)歷，他創(chuàng)造了一個老年漁夫的形象。老人獨(dú)自在一只小船上捕獲了一條巨大的馬林魚，結(jié)果魚竟被鯊魚吃光了。這個老人，曾經(jīng)是掰腕子比賽的冠軍、成功的漁夫，他正像海明威本人一樣，試圖重振雄風(fēng)。

老人遵循了海明威在一戰(zhàn)經(jīng)歷中初次形成的生活準(zhǔn)則，在這些經(jīng)歷里人需要對抗不可戰(zhàn)勝的因素。在和鯊魚對敵的過程中，老人展現(xiàn)出壓力之下的勇氣和優(yōu)雅，相信“人可以被毀滅，但不能被擊敗”。

這部作品獲得的評價和成功可謂盛況空前。巧合的是，海明威正是在登船駛出墨西哥灣流時，從船上的收音機(jī)里聽到小說獲得普利策獎的消息。

4. 《有錢人和沒錢人》

這部作品反映了海明威對財富和社會等級分化日益強(qiáng)烈的感受。小說里的人物基于此時已然成名的海明威在（佛羅里達(dá)）基韋斯特遇到的各色人等：有在碼頭和“傷感喬”酒吧結(jié)識的工人，有私家船停泊在基韋斯特港口的富人，還有非法華裔移民，他們從古巴偷運(yùn)至基韋斯特，以促進(jìn)新形成的唐人街的旅游業(yè)。

在這部大蕭條年代創(chuàng)作的小說里，海明威可以算作為幫助工人階級而疾呼社會和政治變革。然而，海明威并未認(rèn)同羅斯福新政是治病良方。于是乎，小說主要人物哈里·摩根的命運(yùn)便展現(xiàn)出個人自由、自力更生和壓力之下失雅的種種局限，而海明威提供的最可能成功的解決方法不過是讓哈里說出：“單打獨(dú)斗，再怎樣也壓根兒沒有任何機(jī)會?！?/p>

5. 《尼克·亞當(dāng)斯故事集》

這部短篇故事集是我的心愛之一，因?yàn)榭梢杂善涔芨Q海明威的早年生活。孩提時代的海明威會在父親克拉倫斯·海明威醫(yī)生提供公益性醫(yī)療服務(wù)時陪伴左右，比如照顧受傷的印第安人、臨產(chǎn)的婦女，以及北密歇根州印第安人營地里瀕危的各種人。這種經(jīng)歷的某次記憶就出現(xiàn)在《印第安人營地》這篇故事里。年輕的尼克跟隨父親參加了一次助產(chǎn)醫(yī)務(wù)行動。一名美國印第安土著婦女臨盆兩天之后，尼克看到父親用在一盆開水里消毒過的折疊刀為她做了剖腹產(chǎn)。

與此類似，通過《醫(yī)生和醫(yī)生妻子》這篇故事，讀者得以一窺海明威父母的關(guān)系;而從《士兵之家》這篇，讀者可以了解海明威自一戰(zhàn)歸家之后所體會到的與家庭和故鄉(xiāng)橡樹園鎮(zhèn)生活的隔閡。

6. 《喪鐘為誰而鳴》

這部長篇小說基于海明威在西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間作為戰(zhàn)地記者的經(jīng)歷，包含了經(jīng)典的海明威式元素：主人公在壓力之下展現(xiàn)優(yōu)雅，情節(jié)則結(jié)合了與愛情和戰(zhàn)爭相關(guān)的利益和沖突。一如其他作品，海明威同樣在這部小說里借用了他的友人關(guān)系和個人經(jīng)歷。羅伯特·喬丹源于羅伯特·梅里曼，這個美國教授放棄了對俄羅斯集體農(nóng)莊的研究，跑到林肯旅當(dāng)指揮官，結(jié)果在對貝爾奇特的終戰(zhàn)中陣亡。瑪麗亞的原型是一個同名的年輕護(hù)士，她在戰(zhàn)爭初期曾被國民軍士兵輪奸。小說所描寫的三天之內(nèi)的沖突發(fā)生在埃爾塔霍峽谷附近。埃爾塔霍峽谷貫穿安達(dá)盧西亞的龍達(dá)市，那里在西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)早期曾發(fā)生過類似書中巴勃羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政治屠殺。

盡管有些讀者覺得戰(zhàn)斗細(xì)節(jié)的描繪太過冗長乏味，這部作品仍然是海明威最受歡迎的小說之一。