牛兆倬 邵一兵 孫立新 戴紅艷 畢曉磊 池一凡
[摘要]目的總結經(jīng)導管主動脈瓣膜置換(TAVI)手術結合小切口不停搏冠狀動脈旁路移植手術(MID`-CAB)的治療體會。方法1例主動脈瓣膜重度狹窄老年女性,合并冠狀動脈前降支嚴重鈣化狹窄,在雜交手術室全麻下完成經(jīng)左側第4肋間小切口的MID`-CAB手術,后經(jīng)左側頸總動脈植入TAVI瓣膜。結果病人手術后恢復順利,因術后并發(fā)Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯安裝心臟永久起搏器,無其他并發(fā)癥。結論TAVI+MID`-CAB治療高危的主動脈瓣膜疾病合并冠心病病人安全有效。
[關鍵詞]人工心臟瓣膜;冠狀動脈旁路移植術,非體外循環(huán);主動脈瓣狹窄;冠狀動脈疾病;最小侵入性外科手術;病例報告
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo summarize the experience in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) combined with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery (MID`-CAB). MethodsAn elderly woman with severe aortic valve stenosis and severe calcification and stenosis of the anterior descending coronary artery underwent MID`-CAB via a small incision at the left fourth intercostal space, followed by TAVI via the left common carotid artery. ResultsThe patient recovered well after surgery, and a pacemaker was implanted due to grade Ⅲ atrioventricular block. No other complications were observed. ConclusionTAVI combined with MID`-CAB and TAVI is safe and effective in the treatment of high`-risk aortic valve disease with coronary heart disease.
[KEY WORDS]heart valve prosthesis; coronary artery bypass, off`-pump; aortic valve stenosis; coronary artery disease;?minimally invasive surgical procedures; case reports
符合經(jīng)皮主動脈瓣膜置換(TAVI)手術指征的病例中冠心病的比例占40%~70%[1`-3]。美國和歐洲心臟病指南要求對于主動脈瓣膜手術中合并嚴重的冠狀動脈病變病例,需要同期接受再血管化治療,即在TAVI手術前先進行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈支架介入手術(PCI)[4`-5]。然而,部分冠狀動脈病變不適合進行PCI,近10年來多個中心報道了小樣本的不停搏冠狀動脈旁路移植手術(off`-pump CABG)聯(lián)合TAVI雜交技術治療此類疾病,結果理想[6`-9]。其中小切口不停搏冠狀動脈旁路移植手術(MID`-CAB)結合TAVI手術的例數(shù)不多,但由于該項手術結合了目前最微創(chuàng)的冠狀動脈旁路移植技術和TAVI技術,顯示了良好的應用前景。我們完成了MID`-CAB聯(lián)合TAVI雜交技術治療主動脈瓣膜重度狹窄合并嚴重冠心病1例,取得了較好的效果,現(xiàn)將手術結果并文獻復習報告如下。
1病例報告
病人為80歲女性,因為反復胸悶不適1月余入院。病人高血壓病史30年,否認糖尿病病史和其他疾病病史。入院查體:心率65 min-1,血壓16.0/9.3 kPa,神志清,頸靜脈輕度充盈,雙肺呼吸音清晰,未聞及干濕性啰音,心律齊,主動脈瓣膜第一聽診區(qū)可以聞及Ⅲ級收縮期噴射性雜音,向頸部傳導,余瓣膜聽診區(qū)未聞及有雜音。肝脾肋下未觸及,雙下肢無水腫。入院血常規(guī)和肝腎功能大致正常,肌鈣蛋白I正常,B型鈉尿肽(BNP)1 100 ng/L(正常范圍0~100 ng/L),入院心臟超聲提示主動脈瓣膜口面積為0.4 cm2大小,跨主動脈瓣膜平均壓差為4.8 kPa,室間隔厚度為13 mm,左心室后壁厚度12 mm,左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑為54 mm,心臟射血指數(shù)(EF)為35%。冠狀動脈造影提示前降支近中段彌漫性鈣化,近端狹窄80%,右冠狀動脈陳舊性閉塞,前降支和后降支側支循環(huán)形成。見圖1、2。歐洲心血管病手術危險因素評分(EURO score)為14分,心內(nèi)科評估前降支近中段嚴重鈣化,不適行PCI。TAVI團隊評估病人雙側髂動脈嚴重狹窄,常規(guī)股動脈入路無法通過,擬采用左側頸總動脈作為手術入路。
TAVI手術常規(guī)在雜交手術室進行,手術團隊包括了心內(nèi)科介入醫(yī)生、心臟外科醫(yī)生、心臟麻醉師、心臟食管超聲人員、放射技師和護理人員等。全麻成功后,左前斜位經(jīng)左側第4肋間小切口入胸,切口長8 mm,取左側乳內(nèi)動脈作為旁路移植材料,在心臟固定器輔助下,行左側乳內(nèi)動脈和前降支中段吻合,7`-0 普理靈(prolene)絲線連續(xù)法吻合,吻合完畢后測血流為12 mL/min,搏動指數(shù)為2.3。
手術關胸后,左鎖骨上3 cm垂直切口游離左側頸總動脈,注意避免損傷迷走神經(jīng),5`-0 prolene線縫荷包以便利操作時控住出血。靜脈推注肝素維持活化凝血時間(ACT)在250 s以上。股動脈穿刺送入5 F鞘管,在0.035 J頭軟導絲導引下送入直頭豬尾導管至無冠竇底部,以進行主動脈根部造影和釋放標識。經(jīng)股靜脈穿刺送入6 F鞘管,送入臨時起搏導線至右心室。經(jīng)左側頸總動脈荷包內(nèi)穿刺送入8 F鞘管,將Amplaz導管送至主動脈瓣膜上3 cm左右,使用260 cm直頭加硬超滑導絲穿過主動脈瓣膜送入左心室內(nèi),交換送入彎頭豬尾導管,測量主動脈根部壓力(17.3/8.7 kPa)和左心室壓力(22.0/1.3 kPa)。 我們選擇的是26# 國產(chǎn)VENUS`-A自膨式瓣膜,COOK的超硬導絲頭部卷曲后送入左心室內(nèi)部,在頸動脈穿刺送入20 F的親水涂層鞘管至主動脈瓣上方4~5 cm處,心室起搏180 min-1,18 mm球囊預擴主動脈瓣膜。期間監(jiān)測雙側腦氧飽和度。然后退出擴張球囊,送入預先安裝好的VENUS主動脈瓣膜至主動脈內(nèi)部,以左冠竇底部的豬尾導管作為定位參照,同時行主動脈根部造影,明確支架瓣膜的最低位置位于主動脈瓣環(huán)平面下5 mm,定位在主動脈瓣環(huán)以下,主動脈根部造影予以明確。同時將起搏心率調至180 min-1,緩慢釋放瓣膜支架一半至瓣膜完全展開,主動脈根部再次造影觀察支架瓣膜位置無誤后釋放支架。釋放后存在中量瓣周漏情況,以22 mm球囊再次擴張1次,瓣周漏顯著減少。手術后食管超聲提示主動脈瓣膜壓力差為0.75 kPa,微量瓣周漏。
病人手術后恢復平穩(wěn),術后14 h拔除氣管插管。術后當天病人出現(xiàn)Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室傳導阻滯,在手術后第1天出現(xiàn)Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯,觀察1周后,仍存在Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯,安裝雙電極永久起搏器。手術后1周心臟超聲提示跨主動脈瓣膜平均壓差為1.1 kPa,左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑為53 mm, EF為55%。手術后14 d治愈出院。
2討論
TAVI技術是治療主動脈瓣膜退行性變的新技術,國際上已經(jīng)得到廣泛開展[10`-13],我國的TAVI手術量每年也以幾何指數(shù)增加。目前部分TAVI手術病例合并冠心病,多采取PCI技術在TAVI手術前進行治療[4`-5]。但是仍有較多不適合進行PCI治療的冠狀動脈病變,需要通過冠狀動脈旁路移植手術方能解決。困難在于,接受TAVI手術的病例大多屬于手術高危群體,常規(guī)的心臟手術難以耐受,如何將微創(chuàng)的TAVI技術和心臟冠狀動脈旁路移植手術結合起來,是目前研究的熱點[6`-14]。
TAVI手術的優(yōu)勢在于通過介入的方法將折疊的人工主動脈瓣膜送入體內(nèi),在主動脈瓣膜原位釋放,利用原鈣化瓣膜作為支撐固定在主動脈瓣環(huán)上,達到瓣膜置換的目的。由于手術不需要體外循環(huán)和心臟停搏,所以大大降低了手術的損傷;對于升主動脈有嚴重病變病例,在無法行主動脈切開或者阻斷的情況下,也可以避免主動脈上操作,降低栓塞和大出血的風險[15`-17]。目前的研究結果表明,對于高危的心臟手術病例,TAVI手術的死亡率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均低于常規(guī)的心臟瓣膜手術[18`-20]。同時,off`-pump CABG也可以避免體外循環(huán)和心臟停搏,所以對于器官的保護作用優(yōu)于體外循環(huán)下的冠狀動脈旁路移植手術[21`-22]。近年來開展的MID`-CAB技術,多選擇左側第4肋間8~10 cm長切口進行,與常規(guī)經(jīng)胸骨正中切口比較,手術創(chuàng)傷更小,輸血量顯著降低,病人的恢復更快[23`-24]。
多個心臟中心對于此類病例進行了小樣本經(jīng)驗報道,這些病例均采用off`-pump CABG,目的是避免病人體外循環(huán)帶來的全身炎性反應和器官低灌注狀態(tài),降低手術創(chuàng)傷。2010年,CHEUNG等[25]報道了首例off`-pump CABG結合經(jīng)心尖部TAVI技術治療此類疾病成功病人,他們采用了常規(guī)的off`-pump CABG,并利用正中手術切口選擇經(jīng)心尖部路徑進行TAVI手術,手術獲得成功,病人順利康復。KOBAYASHIBA等[6]回顧性分析了12例美國胸外科風險評分(STS score)平均為6.1%的病人,他們接受了off`-pump CABG加TAVI雜交手術,手術為胸骨正中切口完成off`-pump CABG,然后在介入手術室經(jīng)升主動脈路徑完成TAVI手術,無住院死亡情況。AHAD等[7,26]觀察了70例TAVI+off`-pump CABG雜交手術病例,其中部分病例采用的是MID`-CAB技術,手術的成功率為94.3%,但是30 d的死亡率為14.3%,這可能和手術前的邏輯歐洲心血管外科手術和風險因素評分高達35.9%以及STS score為12.2%有關。各項報道中均提出了off`-pump CABG結合TAVI手術形成新的雜交技術可以降低手術并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率,提高手術安全性。
我們選擇的TAVI+MID`-CAB技術,是將兩種手術的微創(chuàng)方式結合起來,對此相關的報道尚不多。手術病例為80歲高齡,主動脈瓣嚴重狹窄,術前EF為35%,術前有反復心衰癥狀,合并冠狀動脈嚴重病變,術前評估為高風險手術,如果采用常規(guī)的體外循環(huán)下TAVI加冠狀動脈旁路移植手術,手術創(chuàng)傷大,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高。由于冠狀動脈存在嚴重鈣化,并不適合PCI技術。單純進行TAVI手術存在嚴重心肌梗死的風險,經(jīng)過反復討論后決定采用MID`-CAB聯(lián)合TAVI技術,由于病人雙側髂動脈嚴重狹窄,因此我們選頸動脈入路,術中監(jiān)測雙側腦氧飽和度。病人首先經(jīng)左胸第4肋間行小切口off`-pump CABG,再經(jīng)左側頸動脈入路行TAVI手術。手術后病人恢復順利,植入瓣膜后瓣膜功能良好,冠狀動脈病變在接受MID`-CAB后無心肌缺血表現(xiàn),在圍術期無相關心、腦、腎或者感染等常見并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。術后出現(xiàn)的Ⅲ度房室傳導阻滯屬于TAVI手術常見并發(fā)癥,給予安裝心臟永久起搏器。
隨著TAVI技術不斷成熟和手術指征的進一步放寬,越來越多的主動脈瓣膜病變合并冠心病的病例會面對如何同時解決二者罹患的問題,單純PCI技術并不能完全解決所有問題,外科冠狀動脈旁路移植手術包括使用乳內(nèi)動脈旁路移植,在手術的安全性和遠期通暢率方面具有一定的優(yōu)勢[8]。MID`-CAB屬于微創(chuàng)心臟手術,切口小,恢復快,對于主要是前降支病變或者合并對角支病變的冠心病病人有良好的遠期效果[27`-31]。所以,MID`-CAB結合TAVI可以擴展目前的手術范圍,對于各種復雜心血管疾病,通過術前的全面評估,選擇最有利于病人的雜交手術方案,可以有效提高手術的安全性和遠期效果。
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