陳冠宏 馬金朋 王英振 李洪彪 趙留靜 翟喜成
[摘要]目的探討內(nèi)軸型(MP)膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中脛骨平臺(tái)后傾角(PSA)對(duì)全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(TKA)后關(guān)節(jié)功能的影響及其相關(guān)因素。方法隨訪40例老年女性單側(cè)膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎終末期行單側(cè)TKA手術(shù)病人(術(shù)中均采用MicroPort公司MP膝關(guān)節(jié)2號(hào)Advance stature假體),隨訪時(shí)間至少4個(gè)月,記錄病人術(shù)前和術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(ROM)、膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)評(píng)分表(KSS)評(píng)分、脛骨平臺(tái)PSA等指標(biāo),分析不同脛骨平臺(tái)PSA角度病人術(shù)后ROM的差異,以及BMI、術(shù)前ROM、術(shù)前KSS評(píng)分對(duì)術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)的影響。結(jié)果術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM、術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA、術(shù)前KSS評(píng)分與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(r=0.389~0.825,P<0.05),BMI與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.623,P<0.05)。術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA為5°~7°病人術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)最優(yōu)。結(jié)論病人BMI增高不利于TKA后功能恢復(fù),較高的術(shù)前ROM和KSS評(píng)分有利于術(shù)后的功能恢復(fù);術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA 5°~7°有可能是MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的最適宜PSA。
[關(guān)鍵詞]關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,膝;MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng);脛骨平臺(tái)后傾角;關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)度測(cè)量法,關(guān)節(jié)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the posterior slope angle (PSA) of the tibial plateau in a medial`-pivot (MP) knee system on the knee joint function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and its related factors. MethodsA follow`-up lasting at least 4 months was conducted in 40 elderly female patients who had undergone a TKA (size 2 Advance Stature MP knee prosthesis from MicroPort was used) for end`-stage unilateral knee arthritis; the patients were evaluated for preoperative and postoperative knee range of motion (ROM), Knee Society Score (KSS), and PSA of the tibial plateau; analyses were conducted on the difference in the postoperative ROM in patients with different PSAs of the tibial plateaus and the effects of body mass index (BMI), preoperative ROM, and preoperative KSS on postoperative functional recovery. ResultsThe preoperative knee ROM, postoperative PSA of the tibial plateau, and preoperative KSS were positively correlated with the postoperative KSS (r=0.389-0.825,P<0.05); BMI was negatively correlated with the postoperative KSS (r=-0.623,P<0.05). Patients with a postoperative PSA of the tibial plateau of 5°-7° had optimal postoperative functional recovery. ConclusionIncreased BMI negatively contri`-butes to functional recovery after TKA, while higher preoperative ROM and KSS positively contribute to functional recovery. The best PSA for a MP knee system may be 5°-7°.
[KEY WORDS]arthroplasty, replacement, knee; posterior slope angle; medial pivot; arthrometry, articular
人工膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的歷史可以追溯至20世紀(jì)40年代,但全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(TKA)術(shù)后病人存在多種不適,主要是疼痛、關(guān)節(jié)異響、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)[1`-2],TKA術(shù)后滿意率并不高。在多種影響TKA術(shù)后病人滿意率的因素中,假體設(shè)計(jì)與手術(shù)技術(shù)最為重要[3],其中膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)假體不符合自然膝關(guān)節(jié)的生理運(yùn)動(dòng)是TKA術(shù)后滿意率相對(duì)較低的一個(gè)重要原因。內(nèi)軸型(MP)膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)由于避免了凸輪和立柱的撞擊,從而延長(zhǎng)了假體壽命[4]。另外,MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)取消了股骨髁的凸輪,減少股骨髁間截骨,保留了更多的骨量,為可能存在的翻修留有余地。大量的膝關(guān)節(jié)翻修資料證實(shí),脛骨假體的位置改變?nèi)缢蓜?dòng)移位等仍是導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)假體翻修的主要原因。關(guān)于術(shù)中脛骨截骨的角度仍未達(dá)成共識(shí),起初部分膝關(guān)節(jié)假體并未設(shè)計(jì)后傾角(PSA),但有學(xué)者認(rèn)為自然膝關(guān)節(jié)均存在一定PSA[6],一旦水平截骨可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)載荷不均勻,因其前方皮質(zhì)骨量丟失,應(yīng)力集中于松質(zhì)骨,后者承受應(yīng)力的能力有限,可能會(huì)引起遠(yuǎn)期的脛骨假體下沉。多數(shù)臨床醫(yī)生后傾截骨時(shí)根據(jù)不同假體設(shè)計(jì)采用不同的PSA[8]。后穩(wěn)定型假體PSA設(shè)計(jì)多為5°~7°。關(guān)于MP膝關(guān)節(jié)假體PSA尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]。本研究對(duì)MP膝關(guān)節(jié)假體的相關(guān)手術(shù)因素及術(shù)后功能進(jìn)行分析,以探討MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中最適合的術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA,從而為指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)生手術(shù)及判斷預(yù)后提供參考。
1資料和方法
1.1一般資料
選取2012年10月—2017年10月單縣中心醫(yī)院收治、因膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎終末期病變行單側(cè)TKA手術(shù)治療病人40例(40膝),全部病例至少隨訪4個(gè)月以上。病人均為女性,年齡60~70歲;膝關(guān)節(jié)均為內(nèi)翻畸形,內(nèi)翻角度(13.42±4.28)°;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)為(25.34±2.13)kg/m2,膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(ROM)為(92±16)°,膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)評(píng)分表(KSS)評(píng)分(47.12±10.55)分。所有病人膝關(guān)節(jié)均無(wú)其他手術(shù)史,為初次置換。手術(shù)均由同一組醫(yī)師完成,各項(xiàng)測(cè)量及數(shù)據(jù)獲得由同一人完成。本文研究獲得病人知情同意。
1.2手術(shù)方法
本文全部病人手術(shù)均采取髕內(nèi)側(cè)入路,術(shù)中均采用MicroPort公司生產(chǎn)的MP膝關(guān)節(jié)假體(Advance Medial`-Pivot Knee System, MicroPort Medical Group)。采用單次硬膜外麻醉,取病人患側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)前正中縱行切口,髕內(nèi)側(cè)入路,依次處理股骨及脛骨端,股骨髓內(nèi)定位,通過(guò)測(cè)量假體前后徑確定假體大小,脛骨髓外定位,不進(jìn)行髕骨置換,予以髕骨去神經(jīng)化。術(shù)后應(yīng)用靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛泵72 h;行動(dòng)靜脈足泵(A`-V泵)治療,常規(guī)冷敷、抬高患肢;患肢梯度彈力襪捆扎至大腿根部;口服利伐沙班10 mg,每天1次,治療3周;塞來(lái)昔布200 mg,每天2次,治療6周。
1.3術(shù)后康復(fù)
所有病人均在術(shù)后24 h后拔除引流管,使用助行器輔助下地活動(dòng),應(yīng)用關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉器CPM機(jī)等進(jìn)行功能鍛煉。①被動(dòng)鍛煉:病人術(shù)后24 h即開始行膝關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng),開始時(shí)將膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度控制在45°左右,每天2次,每次20 min;每日增加20°左右,1周后爭(zhēng)取活動(dòng)到90°以上。②主動(dòng)鍛煉:病人術(shù)后蘇醒后即開始踝泵功能鍛煉,拔除引流管后進(jìn)行直腿抬高鍛煉、膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸功能鍛煉。
1.4隨訪
術(shù)后6周病人門診復(fù)查指導(dǎo)康復(fù)鍛煉,術(shù)后4個(gè)月再次門診復(fù)查采集相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。檢測(cè)指標(biāo)包括BMI,術(shù)前及術(shù)后4個(gè)月KSS評(píng)分、膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM、脛骨平臺(tái)PSA。病人術(shù)前、術(shù)后行負(fù)重位置膝關(guān)節(jié)正側(cè)位X線檢查,保證側(cè)位X線片股骨內(nèi)外髁重疊,分別應(yīng)用3種方法測(cè)量脛骨平臺(tái)PSA:①脛骨平臺(tái)前后緣連線與脛骨中上段前側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)切線的垂線的夾角(圖1方法1);②脛骨平臺(tái)前后緣連線脛骨中上段軸線的垂線的夾角(圖1方法2);③脛骨平臺(tái)前后緣連線與脛骨后側(cè)皮質(zhì)切線的垂線的交角(圖1方法3)。ROM測(cè)量時(shí)病人取仰臥位,應(yīng)用量角器測(cè)量。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以±s表示,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)和F檢驗(yàn);影響術(shù)后功能的相關(guān)因素分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。以P<0.05為差異有顯著性。
2結(jié)果
2.1手術(shù)前后KSS評(píng)分和ROM比較
病人手術(shù)前后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS評(píng)分分別為(47.1±10.6)和(86.8±6.4)分、ROM分別為(93.1±16.9)°和(118.4±9.2)°,病人術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS評(píng)分、ROM均較術(shù)前升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=20.87、8.35,P<0.05)。
2.2不同方法測(cè)得脛骨平臺(tái)PSA比較
方法1、2、3測(cè)得脛骨平臺(tái)PSA分別為(11.74±3.87)°、(8.91±3.57)°、(6.21±3.63)°,差異有顯著性(F=22.428,P<0.05)。
2.3術(shù)后4個(gè)月時(shí)KSS評(píng)分的相關(guān)影響因素
以術(shù)后4個(gè)月KSS評(píng)分為因變量,BMI、術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM、術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA為自變量,進(jìn)行Pearson相關(guān)分析,結(jié)果表明,術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM、術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA、術(shù)前KSS評(píng)分與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS 評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(r=0.389~0.825,P<0.05), 而BMI與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)KSS評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.623, P<0.05)。
2.4PSA對(duì)術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM的影響
術(shù)前、術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA(采用方法3所測(cè)得角度)見圖2。將病人根據(jù)PSA分為PSA≤5°組(n=13)、5°
3討論
本次研究膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后KSS評(píng)分、ROM均較術(shù)前明顯改善,再次證實(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)效果確切有效,術(shù)者高超的手術(shù)技術(shù)結(jié)合先進(jìn)的假體設(shè)計(jì)理念是病人優(yōu)良滿意度的保障。本文方法1所測(cè)得數(shù)據(jù)能在手術(shù)中提供比較準(zhǔn)確的參考,方法2測(cè)量得到的結(jié)果誤差較大,方法3使用脛骨后側(cè)皮質(zhì)切線,臨床應(yīng)用更為方便,更為準(zhǔn)確。本文的結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后4個(gè)月病人膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛明顯緩解,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度較術(shù)前改善,膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性良好,病人術(shù)后滿意度較高,KSS評(píng)分較術(shù)前提高。脛骨平臺(tái)PSA過(guò)小影響膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)角度,過(guò)大有導(dǎo)致屈曲中段不穩(wěn)可能,本文結(jié)果顯示MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)5° MP膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)立理念是模仿自然膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲時(shí)的內(nèi)軸運(yùn)動(dòng)[10`-11]。關(guān)于MP系統(tǒng)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)ROM國(guó)內(nèi)外已經(jīng)有不少研究[12`-17]。中國(guó)病人脛骨平臺(tái)PSA與西方人不同,本文隨訪結(jié)果顯示,MP膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后國(guó)內(nèi)病人術(shù)后4個(gè)月膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM平均值為108.44°。 目前,關(guān)于脛骨平臺(tái)PSA對(duì)TKA術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM的影響尚存在爭(zhēng)議[18`-20]。MOONOT等[9]對(duì)3組后交叉韌帶保留型膝關(guān)節(jié)置換后PSA分別為0°、4°、7°的病人研究結(jié)果顯示,PSA升高1°,術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)最大活動(dòng)范圍平均提高了1.7°。SCHURMAN等[21]對(duì)101例后交叉韌帶保留型膝關(guān)節(jié)置換病人研究顯示,脛骨平臺(tái)PSA每升高1°,術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)最大活動(dòng)范圍平均提高2.3°。另有作者對(duì)后交叉韌帶替代型膝關(guān)節(jié)置換后PSA分別為0°和5°的病人進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示,脛骨平臺(tái)PSA與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)最大膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM沒(méi)有明顯關(guān)系[22]。有研究顯示,脛骨平臺(tái)PSA與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM的相關(guān)性可以在后交叉韌帶保留型假體置換中體現(xiàn),而在后交叉韌帶替代型假體置換術(shù)中并不明顯[10]。本文對(duì)40例MP膝關(guān)節(jié)置換病人研究顯示,脛骨平臺(tái)PSA與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM呈明顯的正相關(guān)。 大量證據(jù)表明,高齡和術(shù)前BMI過(guò)高是術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能改善的不利因素。有研究對(duì)358例膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后病人膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM進(jìn)行隨訪,結(jié)果顯示BMI與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM呈負(fù)相關(guān)[23]。普遍認(rèn)為,肥胖病人術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉時(shí)需要面對(duì)更多的來(lái)自軟組織的阻力,肥胖病人的手術(shù)切口并發(fā)癥及其他手術(shù)并發(fā)癥如深靜脈血栓等發(fā)病率較其他病人增高,這顯然也是影響其術(shù)后功能鍛煉的重要因素。多數(shù)研究表明,術(shù)前ROM與術(shù)后ROM呈正相關(guān),認(rèn)為術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM是預(yù)示術(shù)后ROM的唯一可信指標(biāo),在其他因素相同的情況下,術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)的ROM對(duì)TKA術(shù)后功能有很大影響,術(shù)前ROM大的膝關(guān)節(jié)比那些術(shù)前ROM小的膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后能獲得更好的功能[24]。但也有研究表明,術(shù)后的ROM趨向于一個(gè)中間值,認(rèn)為術(shù)前ROM較好的膝關(guān)節(jié)因?yàn)榧袤w設(shè)計(jì)及手術(shù)技巧等諸多因素在術(shù)后常常會(huì)喪失一些ROM;相反,術(shù)前活動(dòng)相對(duì)較差的病人在膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后可得到一定程度的改善[22]。 本研究的局限性在于病例數(shù)較少,由于X線拍攝等原因可能存在脛骨平臺(tái)PSA等測(cè)量不精確、術(shù)中軟組織平衡差異等導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果不準(zhǔn)確;另外,受條件限制僅有MP膝關(guān)節(jié)置換的病人,并沒(méi)有對(duì)照組,可能存在其他影響膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM的原因,需要今后進(jìn)一步研究。 綜上所述,術(shù)前較高的BMI不利于TKA后功能恢復(fù),較好的術(shù)前ROM和KSS評(píng)分有利于術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能的恢復(fù);術(shù)后脛骨平臺(tái)PSA與術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)ROM明顯相關(guān),PSA為5°~7°時(shí)獲得的MP膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后ROM最佳。 [參考文獻(xiàn)] [1]LOMBARDI J, VIACAVA A J, BEREND K R. 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