張防 朱一鵬 聶文波 葉發(fā)剛
[摘要]目的探討慢病毒介導(dǎo)胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1(IGF`-1)過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSCs)聯(lián)合Gelatin/PLA納米纖維多孔支架修復(fù)兔軟骨缺損的效果。方法構(gòu)建慢病毒IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體,分離、培養(yǎng)并鑒定BMSCs,構(gòu)建納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物。構(gòu)建兔膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺損模型,采用蘇木精`-伊紅染色和免疫組織化學(xué)方法觀察納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物對(duì)兔軟骨缺損的修復(fù)效果。結(jié)果納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物支架表面黏附的細(xì)胞數(shù)較納米纖維多孔支架+未轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs復(fù)合物明顯增多。大體觀察顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組(造模后植入納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物)兔軟骨缺損的修復(fù)效果要明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(造模后植入納米纖維多孔支架+未轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs復(fù)合物)。蘇木精`-伊紅染色顯示,對(duì)照組兔軟骨缺損多為纖維性修復(fù),而實(shí)驗(yàn)組多為細(xì)胞性修復(fù)。免疫組織化學(xué)染色顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組修復(fù)軟骨組織中Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原的含量要明顯高于對(duì)照組(F=15.342、18.928,P<0.05)。結(jié)論納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物可以促進(jìn)BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞的分化,并且分泌更多的含Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原成分的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),從而發(fā)揮促進(jìn)軟骨缺損修復(fù)的作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]組織支架;納米復(fù)合物;間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植;胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子Ⅰ;軟骨缺損;兔;治療結(jié)果
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transfection with lentivirus`-mediated insulin`-like growth factor`-1 (IGF`-1) overexpression plasmids combined with Gelatin/PLA nanofiber porous scaffold in the treatment of rabbits with cartilage defect. MethodsThe lentivirus IGF`-1 overexpression vector was constructed, BMSCs were isolated, cultured, and identified, and the complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector was constructed. A rabbit model of knee cartilage defect was established, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the effect of the complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector in the repair of cartilage defect in rabbits. ResultsThe complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector had a significantly higher number of cells attached on the scaffold surface than the complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs not transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector. Gross observation showed that the experimental group (with the transplantation of the complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector after modeling) had significantly better repair of cartilage defect than the control group (with the transplantation of the complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs not transfected with IGF`-1 overexpression vector after modeling). HE staining showed mainly fibrous repair in the control group and cellular repair in the experimental group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the experimental group had significantly higher content of Aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen in the repaired cartilage than the control group (F=15.342 and 18.928,P<0.05). ConclusionThe complex of nanofiber porous scaffold+BMSCs transfec`-ted with IGF`-1 overexpression vector can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into chondrocytes, increase the secretion of extracellular matrix containing more Aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen, and thus promote the repair of cartilage defect.
[KEY WORDS]tissue scaffolds; nanocomposites; mesenchymal stem cell transplantation; insulin`-like growth factorⅠ; cartilage defect; rabbits; treatment outcome
骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSCs)具有多向分化潛能[1`-3],可以分化成骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞以及神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等[4`-7]。新近研究表明,BMSCs可以在特定誘導(dǎo)條件下轉(zhuǎn)化成軟骨細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)骨與軟骨損傷的修復(fù),而且BMSCs來(lái)源于病人自體,移植后可以避免排斥反應(yīng),這為臨床上軟骨缺損的修復(fù)提供了一個(gè)新的思路[8`-10]。胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子`-1(IGF`-1)是一類(lèi)光譜性促生長(zhǎng)因子,其結(jié)構(gòu)與胰島素原類(lèi)似,可以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞和組織生長(zhǎng)[11`-13]。既往研究表明,IGF`-1與骨密度有關(guān),其表達(dá)量增多時(shí),骨密度也相應(yīng)增加,IGF`-1對(duì)臨床老年性骨質(zhì)疏松具有明顯的治療效果[14`-15]。也有研究結(jié)果表明,組織工程材料纖維多孔支架可以促進(jìn)軟骨缺損的修復(fù)[16`-17]。然而尚未有相關(guān)研究以BMSCs為種子細(xì)胞,用IGF`-1基因過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs,并結(jié)合Gelatin/PLA納米纖維多孔支架構(gòu)建組織工程支架。本研究通過(guò)制備Gelatin/PLA納米纖維多孔支架,體外培養(yǎng)兔來(lái)源的BMSCs,構(gòu)建細(xì)胞和支架的聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)體系,觀察IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs聯(lián)合納米纖維多孔支架對(duì)兔軟骨缺損的修復(fù)效果,以期為臨床上軟骨缺損的治療提供思路與方法。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
新西蘭大白兔購(gòu)自濟(jì)南朋悅實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育有限公司;DMEM、TRIZOL及2.5 g/L胰蛋白酶Trypsin購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;胎牛血清購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)ABI Applied Biosystems公司;Real`-time PCR儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)Bio`-rad公司。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1兔來(lái)源BMSCs的分離和培養(yǎng)新西蘭大白兔以利多卡因20 mL局部麻醉,利用骨穿穿刺針提取新鮮骨髓,按1∶3體積比加入含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.01胎牛血清、105 U/L青霉素的DMEM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,充分混勻后,移入25 cm2的Hank培養(yǎng)瓶中,以差速培養(yǎng)法培養(yǎng),3 d后去掉培養(yǎng)瓶中的油脂等雜質(zhì),之后每3 d換1次細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液。BMSCs細(xì)胞融合率達(dá)70%~80%后進(jìn)行傳代培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2BMSCs的鑒定采用倒置光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察BMSCs的細(xì)胞形態(tài);采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)BMSCs CD29、CD44、CD71、CD90和CD106等表面蛋白的表達(dá)。
1.2.3慢病毒IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體的構(gòu)建慢病毒IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體是由上海吉?jiǎng)P基因公司合成,以pHBLV`-U6`-ZsGreen`-PGK`-Puro作為質(zhì)粒的克隆載體。慢病毒IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體克隆切入點(diǎn)是XhoI/BamHI,并經(jīng)基因測(cè)序證明序列的正確性。
1.2.4慢病毒細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染取第2代BMSCs,將其接種到6孔板,待細(xì)胞融合率達(dá)50%時(shí)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)染說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染,MOI=50,慢病毒滴度為3×107 mg/L。
1.2.5Gelatin/PLA三維支架的制備和檢測(cè)將10 g明膠粉末溶解于8 mL六氟異丙醇中,用玻璃棒攪拌至充分溶解。加入3 mL的PLA溶液,制備PLA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.20的Gelatin/PLA支架材料,采用無(wú)紡布作為接收裝置,利用靜電紡技術(shù)制備Gelatin/PLA納米纖維膜。將3 g納米纖維膜打碎,加入100 mL叔丁醇溶液中,用冷凍干燥機(jī)完全冷凍后得到Gelatin/PLA三維支架。應(yīng)用掃描電鏡對(duì)絲蛋白支架結(jié)構(gòu)以及細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)體系(包括納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物、納米纖維多孔支架+未轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs復(fù)合物)進(jìn)行觀察。
1.2.6動(dòng)物分組及膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺損模型構(gòu)建取15只成年健康新西蘭大白兔,隨機(jī)分為3組,每組5只。以150 g/L水合氯醛3 mL/kg靜脈內(nèi)麻醉兔,常規(guī)皮膚消毒、鋪無(wú)菌單,取膝關(guān)節(jié)正中側(cè)切口,長(zhǎng)約2 cm,逐層切開(kāi)皮膚、皮下軟組織、淺深筋膜,顯露膝關(guān)節(jié),使用口腔鉆在兔股骨側(cè)軟骨鉆孔制成軟骨缺損(長(zhǎng)5 mm、寬2 mm、深3 mm的錐形軟骨缺損),生理鹽水沖洗后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組分別用納米纖維多孔支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物和納米纖維多孔支架+未轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs復(fù)合物填滿缺損部位(約100 mg),模型組以生理鹽水代替,逐層縫合。
1.2.7軟骨缺損部位組織蘇木精`-伊紅染色術(shù)后14 d切取各組兔軟骨缺損部位組織,以40 g/L多聚甲醛固定,行脫鈣、系列二甲苯、梯度乙醇處理,自來(lái)水沖洗,蘇木精`-伊紅染色,封片,在倒置光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察。
1.2.8軟骨缺損部位組織Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原表達(dá)檢測(cè)采用免疫組化SP法。軟骨缺損部位組織切片、脫蠟,以PBS沖洗3次,每次5 min;切片室溫放置30 min,以PBS沖洗3次,每次5 min;用BSA室溫處理10 min,加Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原一抗(Novus Biologicals,Littleton,美國(guó))4 ℃過(guò)夜,以PBS沖洗3次,每次5 min;加辣根酶標(biāo)記鏈酶卵白素液孵育10 min,以PBS沖洗3次,每次5 min;加
2期張防,等. IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs聯(lián)合納米纖維多孔支架修復(fù)兔軟骨缺損效果157
入AlexaFouor 488羊抗兔IgG二抗(Novus Biolo`-gicals,Littleton,美國(guó))室溫孵育20 min,以PBS洗3次,每次5 min;DAB顯色4 min,再以蘇木精復(fù)染2 min,倒置光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察。應(yīng)用Image J軟件分析染色強(qiáng)度。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所得計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以±s形式表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用q檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1BMSCs的培養(yǎng)和鑒定
接種48 h后,原代BMSCs開(kāi)始貼壁,細(xì)胞呈梭形或者多角形;培養(yǎng)至第2代后,細(xì)胞增殖迅速,呈旋渦狀或者輻射狀生長(zhǎng)。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)第2代細(xì)胞的表面蛋白CD29、CD34、CD45和CD90的表達(dá)率分別為92.60%、4.24%、3.09%和89.30%。
2.2支架結(jié)構(gòu)及聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)體系的掃描電鏡觀察
Gelatin/PLA三維支架納米膜表面結(jié)構(gòu)空隙較大,有利于細(xì)胞黏附;支架表面粗糙,凹凸不平,有利于細(xì)胞的黏附和遷移。實(shí)驗(yàn)組表面黏附的細(xì)胞數(shù)較對(duì)照組明顯增多。
2.3兔軟骨缺損部位組織的病理學(xué)觀察
術(shù)后14 d,大體觀察顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組兔軟骨缺損部位有明顯的填充物,對(duì)照組兔軟骨缺損部位的填充物明顯少于實(shí)驗(yàn)組,而模型組兔軟骨缺損幾乎沒(méi)有修復(fù)。軟骨缺損部位組織蘇木精`-伊紅染色顯示,對(duì)照組細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)少,支架略有降解,軟骨缺損多為纖維性修復(fù);實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞深染,BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化較多,軟骨缺損多為細(xì)胞性修復(fù)。
2.4兔軟骨缺損部位組織的免疫組化染色
模型組修復(fù)軟骨組織中細(xì)胞棕色染色較淺,對(duì)照組細(xì)胞棕色染色較深,實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞棕色染色更深。半定量分析結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組修復(fù)軟骨組織中Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原表達(dá)量明顯高于模型組,實(shí)驗(yàn)組二者表達(dá)量明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=15.342、18.928,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
3討論
本實(shí)驗(yàn)充分利用基因工程和組織工程技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì),應(yīng)用靜電紡法制備天然活性多孔Gelatin/PLA三維支架,體外培養(yǎng)兔來(lái)源的BMSCs,構(gòu)建納米纖維多孔支架和BMSCs的聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)體系,觀察IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs聯(lián)合納米纖維多孔支架對(duì)兔軟骨缺損的修復(fù)效果,以期為臨床上軟骨缺損的治療提供思路與方法。
IGF`-1是一種在分子結(jié)構(gòu)上與胰島素類(lèi)似的多肽蛋白物質(zhì),因其結(jié)構(gòu)與胰島素類(lèi)似而得名[18`-19]。鄔波等[20]的研究結(jié)果表明,IGF`-1可以促進(jìn)BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞的分化。另有研究表明,IGF`-1除了可以促進(jìn)BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞的分化之外,還可以促進(jìn)脂肪干細(xì)胞向軟骨細(xì)胞的分化[21]。故本研究選擇IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)的BMSCs作為種子細(xì)胞。既往的研究結(jié)果表明,BMSCs復(fù)合異種骨基質(zhì)明膠可以促進(jìn)BMSCs向骨細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,有效修復(fù)大鼠橈骨缺損[22`-24]。但是這種方法需要符合特定條件的組織工程支架,也就是需要特殊的“土壤”,BMSCs這個(gè)“種子”才能更好地在其內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)并且分化,其臨床應(yīng)用的安全性有待調(diào)查[25`-26]。有學(xué)者研究表明,利用慢病毒構(gòu)建基因載體,轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs后并不影響B(tài)MSCs的表型[27]??梢?jiàn)利用基因工程原理,構(gòu)建基因過(guò)表達(dá)的BMSCs也是促進(jìn)“種子”有效分化的一種手段。本研究正是立足于這一點(diǎn),構(gòu)建轉(zhuǎn)染慢病毒介導(dǎo)IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒的BMSCs,制作新型“基因種子”,為軟骨缺損的臨床研究做準(zhǔn)備。
有研究表明,抗生素/β`-磷酸三鈣多孔三維支架可以用于修復(fù)兔橈骨骨缺損[28]。本研究采用的多孔Gelatin/PLA三維支架具有良好的生物相容性和抗菌性,掃描電鏡觀察顯示,該支架表面凹凸不平,可以為BMSCs提供良好的黏附部位。這與新近的研究結(jié)果相似[29],證明了研究設(shè)計(jì)方案的可行性。本研究還觀察到,BMSCs不僅可以很好地黏附在Gelatin/PLA三維支架表面,而且可以分泌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),填充支架間孔,為臨床上軟骨缺損治療提供良好的自體來(lái)源的細(xì)胞基質(zhì)。轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體后,BMSCs分泌的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)更多。本研究體外實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體后,BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞分化的效率明顯提高。體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也表明,實(shí)驗(yàn)組BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化效率較高,軟骨缺損可以實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的“細(xì)胞修復(fù)”,而不是平常支架所達(dá)到的“纖維修復(fù)”??梢?jiàn),Gelatin/PLA三維支架聯(lián)合IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)染BMSCs可以更好地發(fā)揮修復(fù)作用。另外,本研究還檢測(cè)了修復(fù)軟骨組織中Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原的表達(dá),結(jié)果表明,Gelatin/PLA三維支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物可以促進(jìn)Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原的表達(dá),從而更多地合成細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),從細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)兩個(gè)層面對(duì)軟骨進(jìn)行修復(fù)。
綜上所述,Gelatin/PLA三維支架+轉(zhuǎn)染IGF`-1過(guò)表達(dá)載體BMSCs復(fù)合物可以促進(jìn)BMSCs向軟骨細(xì)胞的分化,并且分泌更多的含Aggrecan和Ⅱ型膠原成分的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),從而發(fā)揮促進(jìn)軟骨缺損修復(fù)的作用。
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