李莎莎 李芳 王衛(wèi)峰
摘要:近年來(lái),結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重危害人們的健康,結(jié)直腸癌與飲食結(jié)構(gòu)有密切關(guān)系,而地中海飲食備受研究者的青睞,堅(jiān)持地中海飲食可降低患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文就地中海飲食中可降低患結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的飲食進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述,以期為預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:地中海飲食;結(jié)直腸癌;保護(hù)因素
中圖分類號(hào):R735.3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.15.003
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)15-0006-04
Abstract:In recent years, the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have been increasing year by year, which seriously endangers people's health. Colorectal cancer is closely related to diet structure, and the Mediterranean diet is favored by researchers. Sticking to the Mediterranean diet can reduce the knot. The risk of rectal cancer. This article provides a brief review of the diets in the Mediterranean diet that reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, with a view to providing a reference for the prevention of colorectal cancer.
Key words:Mediterranean diet;Colorectal cancer;Protective factors
結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是消化系統(tǒng)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,2018年美國(guó)最新的癌癥統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,CRC發(fā)病率分別占男性和女性各類癌癥發(fā)病總數(shù)的9%和7%,在男性和女性各類腫瘤中CRC發(fā)病率和死亡率均已居第3位[1]。CRC的發(fā)病率和死亡在率隨著人們生活方式和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的改變也逐年增加[2-5],其中城市地區(qū)遠(yuǎn)高于農(nóng)村,也越來(lái)越趨于年輕化,它嚴(yán)重威脅著人類健康和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,是我國(guó)乃至全球的主要公眾健康問(wèn)題。引起CRC發(fā)病和死亡的主要因素有飲食因素[6]、吸煙[7]、喝酒[8]、肥胖[9]及缺乏體育煉[10]等,而因這些因素引起CRC發(fā)病和死亡占45.5%,其中蔬菜、水果等飲食因素占到絕大多數(shù)。大量對(duì)飲食與慢性疾病的研究表明[11-14],飲食是影響CRC發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要環(huán)境因素,并且也是能夠進(jìn)行預(yù)防和控制的重要因素,因此,合理的飲食習(xí)慣是改變CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)鍵因素。而地中海飲食(Mediterranean diet,MD)備受研究者的青睞,本文就國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于地中海飲食結(jié)構(gòu)在結(jié)直腸癌方面的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述,以期為在飲食方面預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌提供理論參考。
1地中海飲食
MD這一詞起源于希臘、法國(guó)和意大利南部等處于地中海沿岸的南歐各國(guó),MD的特點(diǎn)是鼓勵(lì)人們多攝入富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)的新鮮水果蔬菜類、豆類、堅(jiān)果類、谷物、橄欖油,適量攝入紅酒,少量食用植物油、乳制品、魚(yú)類、紅肉及精加工食品等,堅(jiān)持MD可能會(huì)降低CRC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15-18]。1990年世界衛(wèi)生組織就號(hào)召全世界人民接受MD,而2010年聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文化組織將MD列為人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn),這極大地肯定了MD對(duì)人類健康的有益影響及其文化和歷史價(jià)值[19]。
2流行病學(xué)研究
Rosato V等[20]分析了意大利地區(qū)3745例CRC患者和6804例非CRC患者,按照MD的堅(jiān)持程度擬定評(píng)分范圍為0~9分,在控制混雜因素的前提下通過(guò)多因素Logistics回歸模型計(jì)算OR值和結(jié)直腸癌95%CI的關(guān)系,說(shuō)明堅(jiān)持MD可降低CRC的發(fā)病(OR=0.52,95%CI=0.43~0.62),這與Grosso G等[21]的結(jié)果相一致(OR=0.46,95%CI=0.28~0.75)。歐洲癌癥和營(yíng)養(yǎng)前瞻性調(diào)查(EPIC)對(duì)5296617人進(jìn)行隨訪調(diào)查,其中4355人為CRC患者,采用2種不同的評(píng)分方法,地中海模式最高評(píng)分與最低評(píng)分的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別降低了8%和11%[22]。Schwingshackl L等[23]對(duì)1368736名受試者進(jìn)行堅(jiān)持MD和CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析,結(jié)果堅(jiān)持MD患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低14%。朱曉蕓等[18]采用非隨機(jī)研究偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法對(duì)納入的11項(xiàng)研究(病例對(duì)照研究5項(xiàng)、隊(duì)列研究6項(xiàng))應(yīng)用Rev Man5.3軟件系統(tǒng)地評(píng)價(jià)MD與CRC的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示堅(jiān)持MD對(duì)降低CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.82,95%CI=0.76~0.88),對(duì)不同性別人群而言,堅(jiān)持MD對(duì)男性的保護(hù)作用更強(qiáng)(女:OR=0.86,95%CI=0.77~0.97;男:OR=0.76,95%CI=0.65~0.88),這與Whalen KA等[15]的研究成果相一致,即堅(jiān)持MD可降低患CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在男性中效果明顯,女性中沒(méi)有明顯的效果,可能是由于對(duì)照組年齡為(46.5±6.4)歲與患者組的(58.1±9.7)歲有區(qū)別。
3機(jī)理研究
MD鼓勵(lì)的水果、蔬菜和全谷物類食物中富含維生素、膳食纖維等營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,奶制品中含有豐富的鈣元素。
3.1維生素? 流行病學(xué)研究表明,維生素D作為一種人體必需的脂溶性類固醇衍生物,除了維持鈣磷平衡和骨骼健康外,它在腫瘤中所起到的作用逐漸引起人們的關(guān)注[24]。早在1980年Garland等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRC的發(fā)病率與太陽(yáng)輻射呈負(fù)相關(guān)并提出了維生素D對(duì)結(jié)腸癌可能有預(yù)防作用的觀點(diǎn)以后,國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究[25-28]均表明,CRC的發(fā)生與維生素D的攝入量呈負(fù)相關(guān),并且這種負(fù)相關(guān)在女性人群中更為明顯。VD3作為維生素D的活性代謝產(chǎn)物,血漿中25-(OH)D3的水平也與CRC呈負(fù)相關(guān)[29-31]。維生素D主要是調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的靶基因,抑制腫瘤的增殖、促進(jìn)腫瘤的分化和凋亡、抑制腫瘤血管的生成等機(jī)制,發(fā)揮抗CRC的作用[31-33]。此外,食物中的維生素C、維生素E等也可預(yù)防CRC的發(fā)生。李玲等[34]對(duì)加拿大安大略省確診的CRC患者進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充及攝入狀況與CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)連續(xù)5年及以上,每天至少攝入1片維生素C(OR=0.77,95%CI=0.64~0.94)、維生素E(OR=0.78,95%CI=0.64~0.95)和鈣補(bǔ)充劑(OR=0.78,95%CI=0.62~0.98)能夠降低CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.2膳食纖維? 膳食纖維是在體內(nèi)不易被消化酶所消化的多糖類食物成分,主要來(lái)源于蔬菜、水果、谷物及薯類等食物[35]。有研究表明[36-38],CRC的發(fā)生與高膳食纖維飲食呈負(fù)相關(guān)(OR=0.65,95%CI=0.54~0.77),膳食纖維為CRC的抑制因素,特別是來(lái)源于谷物或者水果的膳食纖維。每天食用膳食纖維超過(guò)10 g,CRC發(fā)生率會(huì)降低10%,每天三餐均攝入全谷物(90 g/d),則患CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)降低20%[35]。膳食纖維預(yù)防CRC發(fā)生的機(jī)制,一方面可能是由于來(lái)自谷物的膳食纖維可通過(guò)增加糞便體積、促進(jìn)腸蠕動(dòng)增加排便,減少糞便在腸內(nèi)的蓄積時(shí)間、減少腸粘膜與糞便及致癌物質(zhì)的接觸時(shí)間;另一方面可能是纖維在結(jié)腸中經(jīng)厭氧菌發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生了短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)丁酸鹽,其聚集在癌細(xì)胞中作為組蛋白脫乙?;福℉DAC)的抑制劑來(lái)抑制細(xì)胞增殖,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[39-41]。也有許多研究報(bào)道未發(fā)現(xiàn)膳食纖維能顯著降低結(jié)CRC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其原因有可能是分析的這些病例組和對(duì)照組在該因素上的攝入較為一致[42],也有可能是人們現(xiàn)階段常吃的糧谷物類食物是經(jīng)過(guò)精制的,精制谷物在精制過(guò)程中食物里的膳食纖維被破壞,因而發(fā)揮不了相應(yīng)的抗癌作用[41]。
3.3脂肪酸? Kantor ED等[43]對(duì)魚(yú)類消費(fèi)量與CRC相關(guān)性研究顯示,大量食用魚(yú)肉可降低CRC發(fā)病和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與魚(yú)類中長(zhǎng)鏈ω-3多不飽和脂肪酸(LC-PUFAs)具抗腫瘤活性有關(guān)。Song M[44]等對(duì)123529名美國(guó)成年人(男性:47143人;女性76386人)關(guān)于魚(yú)類等不飽和脂肪酸與CRC的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了24~26年跟蹤調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),魚(yú)類和海洋ω-3不飽和脂肪酸的攝入量與患遠(yuǎn)端結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程正相關(guān),與男性患直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。張彩霞等[45]對(duì)1189例CRC患者(男性663例,女性526例)在校正了能量和其他潛在的混雜因素后發(fā)現(xiàn):CRC的發(fā)病與淡水魚(yú)、海水魚(yú)和新鮮魚(yú)類攝入呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Kreja B等[46]對(duì)4967人(年齡≥55歲)進(jìn)行14.6年的隨訪調(diào)查,其中222人為CRC患者,分析了多不飽和脂肪酸和飽和脂肪酸與CRC的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示,總的多不飽和脂肪酸和飽和脂肪酸的攝入量與CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間沒(méi)有相關(guān)性,但n-3多不飽和脂肪酸的攝入量與CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),而這風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能主要是由除魚(yú)類以外其他來(lái)源的食物引起。食物中脂肪攝入量的增加患腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也隨之增加,這可能與高脂飲食會(huì)使膽汁分泌增多有關(guān),膽汁分泌增多會(huì)影響Wnt信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而改變腸道通透性、固有免疫以及腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu),誘發(fā)低度炎癥等,從而增加CRC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并促進(jìn)CRC的發(fā)生發(fā)展[47-49]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),飲食中的脂肪可通過(guò)PPAR-r等信號(hào)通路調(diào)控腸道微生物進(jìn)而影響腸癌而發(fā)生與發(fā)展[50]。因此,MD提倡由不飽和脂肪酸代替飽和脂肪酸,如魚(yú)類、橄欖油代替動(dòng)物油,以減少飽和脂肪酸的攝入,達(dá)到減少膽汁的蓄積,降低CRC的發(fā)生。
3.4鈣元素? CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與鈣攝入量呈負(fù)相關(guān),Han C等[51]對(duì)922例CRC患者和2766例非CRC患者進(jìn)行分析,與低攝入量人群(男性<335 mg/d,女性<380 mg/d)相比,高攝入量人群(男性>567 mg/d,女性>663 mg/d)患CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低(男性:OR=0.16,95%CI=0.11~0.24;女性:OR=0.16,95%CI=0.09~0.29)。鈣主要是與腸腔中破壞上皮細(xì)胞的脂肪酸和次級(jí)膽汁酸結(jié)合以達(dá)到抗腫瘤的作用[19]。因此,MD提倡適量攝入奶制品。
3.5加工類食品? 目前的研究認(rèn)為[52-54],過(guò)多攝入超級(jí)加工食物,如腌制或額外添加硝酸鹽的肉制品,會(huì)增加個(gè)體患CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有研究報(bào)道,每天增加100 g紅肉攝入量,患CRC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)上升12%~17%,這是因?yàn)榧t肉的烹飪大多采用煎炸、烤等高溫方式,在這一過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生多環(huán)芳烴等致癌物質(zhì)[55]。除此之外,紅肉中含有大量血紅素鐵,而這血紅素鐵不僅會(huì)損傷DNA,還會(huì)通過(guò)促進(jìn)亞硝基化合物的生成加速結(jié)直腸的癌變[54]。在我國(guó),腌泡菜受到很多人的喜歡,泡菜雖然色香味俱佳,但是泡菜當(dāng)中的亞硝酸鹽含量很高。有研究表明[44,56],腌制食品與CRC發(fā)生呈正相關(guān),為CRC的高危因素,腌泡菜與腌臘肉同時(shí)食用可能增加患CRC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減少腌制食品的攝入。
4總結(jié)
目前研究認(rèn)為飲食對(duì)CRC的發(fā)生有一定影響,若通過(guò)指導(dǎo)飲食等做到預(yù)防CRC,則大有裨益。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)飲食與CRC的研究相對(duì)較少,故應(yīng)該幫助人們提高飲食與CRC之間的認(rèn)識(shí)關(guān)系,指導(dǎo)人們養(yǎng)成良好的飲食習(xí)慣預(yù)防CRC的發(fā)生,盡量避免腌制食品、紅肉等誘發(fā)CRC的高危飲食,積極倡導(dǎo)MD,即多攝入新鮮的蔬菜水果,多吃粗糧等富含維生素、膳食纖維的食物。
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收稿日期:2019-4-30;修回日期:2019-5-20
編輯/楊倩