姜承奇 黃若山 李建鋼 陳壁 侯波
[摘要] 目的 探討非氣管插管麻醉在肺大泡患者手術(shù)治療中的效果。 方法 將2018年3月~2019年2月在我院胸外科行胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù)的64例患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,對(duì)照組采用雙腔氣管插管全身麻醉,觀察組非氣管插管保留自主呼吸麻醉,比較兩組患者的手術(shù)及麻醉各指標(biāo)、術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率、術(shù)后炎性因子水平。 結(jié)果 觀察組麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中最低SpO2、術(shù)中最高PETCO2、術(shù)中出血量與對(duì)照組相比無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05),但觀察組術(shù)后清醒時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后引流時(shí)間、術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間明顯少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后胃腸道不適、聲音嘶啞、咽部不適等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后WBC、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12水平明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 非氣管插管麻醉在肺大泡患者手術(shù)治療中的效果顯著,術(shù)中對(duì)氣道及肺的刺激少,更接近生理狀態(tài),有利于加快術(shù)后恢復(fù)速度,降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,抑制炎性反應(yīng),具有積極的臨床意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肺大泡手術(shù);非氣管插管麻醉;加速康復(fù)外科理念;治療效果
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)16-0092-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of non-tracheal intubation anesthesia in the surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary bullae. Methods A total of 64 patients undergoing thoracoscopic pulmonary bullous resection in the department of thoracic surgery in our hospital from March 2018 to February 2019 were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was given general anesthesia with double-lumen endotracheal intubation. The observation group was given anesthesia with non-tracheal intubation for retained spontaneous respiration. The indices of surgery and anesthesia, postoperative recovery, incidence of adverse reactions, and postoperative level of inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in anesthesia time, operation time, intraoperative minimum SpO2, intraoperative maximum PETCO2 and intraoperative blood loss between the observation group and the control group(P>0.05); however, the postoperative waking time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05); the postoperative drainage time, postoperative drainage amount, postoperative off-bed activity time, and postoperative length of hospital stay in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group(P<0.05); the incidence rate of adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal discomfort, hoarseness and pharyngeal discomfort in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05); the levels of WBC, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12 in the observation group after surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Non-tracheal intubation anesthesia is significantly effective in the surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary bullae. This method has less intraoperative stimulation of the airway and lungs, and is closer to the physiological state, which is conducive to speeding up the recovery rate, reducing the incidence of adverse reactions, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. It has a positive clinical significance.
[Key words] Surgery of pulmonary bullae; Non-tracheal intubation anesthesia; Concept of accelerated rehabilitative surgery; Therapeutic effect
胸外科手術(shù)中雙腔氣管插管肺隔離技術(shù)是常用的手術(shù)方法,能夠保證單側(cè)肺通氣,確保充分暴露術(shù)野,保證健側(cè)支氣管、肺免受污染,為手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造了有利條件。近年來(lái),胸腔鏡手術(shù)(VATS)已成為胸外科手術(shù)的主流術(shù)式,創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,在臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,但使用雙腔氣管插管全身麻醉容易刺激氣道在術(shù)后發(fā)生呼吸道損傷及肺部感染,影響患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[1]。而對(duì)于胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù)來(lái)說(shuō),輔助機(jī)械通氣可能造成對(duì)側(cè)肺大泡破裂,形成氣胸甚至張力性氣胸,甚至危及生命?,F(xiàn)臨床已嘗試在保留自主呼吸的麻醉下行胸外科手術(shù),獲得了較為確切的療效,有利于加快患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)速度,提升康復(fù)質(zhì)量[2]。本研究進(jìn)一步分析非氣管插管麻醉對(duì)加速康復(fù)外科理念在肺大泡患者手術(shù)治療中的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
將2018年3月~2019年2月在我院胸外科行胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù)的64例患者隨機(jī)分為兩組。觀察組32例,男19例,女13例,年齡21~72歲,平均(39.4±14.3)歲;對(duì)照組32例,男18例,女14例,年齡23~70歲,平均(38.7±14.9)歲;兩組患者的年齡、性別、手術(shù)方法等比較,無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。
所有患者均符合肺大泡診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)胸部CT檢查顯示為雙上肺多發(fā)肺大泡,心肺功能均正常,均有自發(fā)性氣胸癥狀,ASA分級(jí)在Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),均行胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù);排除合并其他器質(zhì)性肺病者、嚴(yán)重肝腎疾病者、免疫功能異常者。
1.2方法
對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)雙腔氣管插管全身麻醉,行靜脈復(fù)合全身麻醉,給予氣管插管單肺通氣,患者取側(cè)臥位,腋下墊枕以加大肋間隙。
觀察組采用非氣管插管保留自主呼吸麻醉,術(shù)前禁食禁飲8 h,術(shù)前30 min肌注帕瑞昔布鈉40 mg;超聲引導(dǎo)下肋間神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉;麻醉誘導(dǎo)使用靜脈滴注舒芬太尼5~10 μg,靜脈泵注右美托咪啶0.5 μg/kg約10 min,靶向控制輸注丙泊酚1.5~2.0 μg/mL,患者意識(shí)消失后給予面罩吸氧,氧流量2~3 L/min;麻醉維持給予靶向控制輸注丙泊酚1~3 μg/mL及右美托咪定0.5~1.0 μg/(kg·h),術(shù)中根據(jù)疼痛情況追加舒芬太尼5.0~10.0 μg/次,若術(shù)中發(fā)生嗆咳可使用順式阿曲庫(kù)銨2 mg靜脈滴注,手術(shù)全程保留患者自主呼吸;手術(shù)開(kāi)始時(shí)在手術(shù)切口行利多卡因局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉,羅哌卡因行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,在肺表面及肺門噴灑利多卡因原液約5 mL行表面麻醉[3]。兩組均按常規(guī)手術(shù)流程進(jìn)行胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù),采用storzn-9526胸腔鏡系統(tǒng),關(guān)閉胸膜腔后,面罩輔助通氣膨脹肺組織,常規(guī)留置引流管,轉(zhuǎn)送麻醉恢復(fù)室。待患者完全清醒,自主呼吸平穩(wěn),無(wú)明顯并發(fā)癥,送回病房。兩組術(shù)后均采用自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCA),術(shù)后6 h開(kāi)始進(jìn)食流質(zhì),待胸部X線片復(fù)查無(wú)明顯液氣胸,且24 h引流量<300 mL,才能拔除引流管[4]。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄兩組的麻醉及手術(shù)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),包括麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中最低SpO2、術(shù)中最高PETCO2、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后清醒時(shí)間;記錄兩組術(shù)后恢復(fù)指標(biāo),包括術(shù)后引流時(shí)間、術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,觀察有無(wú)胃腸道不適、聲音嘶啞、咽部不適等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生;術(shù)后1 d復(fù)查炎性因子各指標(biāo),包括WBC、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12,評(píng)估機(jī)體炎癥水平。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,計(jì)數(shù)資料用率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者各項(xiàng)手術(shù)及麻醉指標(biāo)比較
觀察組麻醉時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中最低SpO2、術(shù)中最高PETCO2、術(shù)中出血量與對(duì)照組相比,無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05),但觀察組術(shù)后清醒時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)指標(biāo)比較
觀察組術(shù)后引流時(shí)間、術(shù)后引流量、術(shù)后下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較
觀察組術(shù)后胃腸道不適、聲音嘶啞、咽部不適等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.4兩組患者術(shù)后1 d的炎性因子水平比較
觀察組術(shù)后WBC、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3討論
自臨床外科引入電視胸腔鏡技術(shù)后,雙腔氣管插管隔離技術(shù)已成為胸腔鏡手術(shù)的常規(guī)麻醉通氣方式。通過(guò)提供單側(cè)肺通氣或雙側(cè)肺分別通氣,達(dá)到保護(hù)健側(cè)支氣管和肺泡的目的,并能充分暴露術(shù)野,確保胸腔鏡手術(shù)的順利實(shí)施[5]。然后雙腔氣管插管隔離技術(shù)也會(huì)帶來(lái)一定并發(fā)癥,如呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)肺損傷、機(jī)械牽張性肺損傷、低氧血癥、缺氧性肺損傷、非通氣側(cè)肺損傷等,限制了雙腔氣管插管的使用[6]。對(duì)于雙側(cè)肺大泡患者來(lái)說(shuō),使用雙腔氣管插管機(jī)械通氣進(jìn)行單側(cè)肺通氣,可產(chǎn)生麻醉及氣管插管并發(fā)癥,并有使對(duì)側(cè)肺大泡破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),反而升高了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不利于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[7]。
近年來(lái),保留自主呼吸的喉罩通氣下全憑靜脈麻醉行胸腔鏡下肺大泡切除術(shù)獲得了良好效果。在麻醉前面罩充分吸氧,可加快肺塌陷速度,能夠使術(shù)野充分暴露,獲得與氣管插管相同的術(shù)野效果。同時(shí),在全身麻醉下保留自主呼吸功能,避免了雙腔氣管插管及呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,有效防止呼吸機(jī)對(duì)肺泡的氣壓傷以及氣道、咽喉的損傷,降低了術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[8]。非氣管插管麻醉符合加速康復(fù)外科理念,保留自主呼吸功能要求全麻藥物的用量減少,增加肋間神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,提升手術(shù)的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,這有利于術(shù)后麻醉藥物的代謝,加快蘇醒速度,降低麻醉藥物相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,更有利于術(shù)后恢復(fù)[9]。但術(shù)中的麻醉管理是一大難點(diǎn)。部分患者在術(shù)中會(huì)發(fā)生嗆咳及縱隔擺動(dòng),可加大靜脈麻醉劑量,促進(jìn)癥狀緩解,若癥狀持續(xù)不緩解者,需果斷轉(zhuǎn)氣管插管機(jī)械通氣,術(shù)中醫(yī)護(hù)人員需保持警惕,隨時(shí)做好氣管插管準(zhǔn)備[10]。另外,在切皮可造成皮膚疼痛,需在全麻后對(duì)手術(shù)切口各肋間行肋間神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,在防止疼痛的同時(shí)能松弛肋間皮膚,為手術(shù)器械通過(guò)狹小的肋間創(chuàng)造良好條件。但值得注意的是,保留自主通氣的全身麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜程度較輕,術(shù)中需注意患者的舒適性和耐受性,麻醉師要把握好鎮(zhèn)痛及鎮(zhèn)靜的度,消除患者不良反應(yīng)[11-12]。且這一麻醉方式對(duì)麻醉師的要求更高,需要警惕高碳酸血癥、縱隔擺動(dòng)、循環(huán)不穩(wěn)定甚至心臟驟停等可能[13]。因此,不能一味的追求非插管自主呼吸麻醉,對(duì)于存在嚴(yán)重胸腔粘連,術(shù)中出現(xiàn)咳嗽、嘔吐等劇烈反應(yīng)者,還需行常規(guī)的氣管插管麻醉[14]。