ALA Architects建筑事務(wù)所

侯夢瑤 譯

1 頂層開放景觀

1 建筑設(shè)計概念

這是圖書館的新紀(jì)元。

赫爾辛基Oodi中央圖書館坐落于赫爾辛基市中心，幾乎全部由公共空間組成，同時也提供了多種多樣的功能服務(wù)供選擇。圖書館的主體功能被分為三個不同的層次：活躍的首層、平靜的頂層以及這兩層之間包含更多具體功能的封閉體塊。這樣的功能布局衍生出一個拱形的空間形式，吸引人們使用其上、下和內(nèi)部的不同功能空間。這座圖書館也成為一處極具啟發(fā)性和高度功能化的場所，為赫爾辛基市和T??l?nlahti地區(qū)人們的城市生活帶來了活力。

圖書館首層空間與議會大廈對面的市民廣場無縫銜接，這個靈活的空間既可以用來舉辦小型活動，也可以用于承接大型活動。建筑內(nèi)的電影院和多功能廳可以作為這個開放大廳空間的一部分，也可以在舉辦特別活動時分開使用。穿行于建筑首層，可以一瞥圖書館內(nèi)的各種公共功能和服務(wù)。雕塑般的木質(zhì)表面從地面拱起，形成了類似“橋梁”的戲劇性結(jié)構(gòu)。

這種創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計方案打造了一個無柱的公共空間，最大程度地提升了建筑的可達性和辨識度。同時，拱形的木質(zhì)體量在朝向市民廣場方面的入口上方形成了一個巨大的頂篷，覆蓋了建筑的一部分室外入口空間，圖書館的一部分功能得以延伸到廣場上，如首層的餐廳。頂篷上端的大型公共平臺又為圖書館增加了一倍的室外空間，也為人們營造了一個可以會面交流以及觀察城市的好去處。

頂層的“天堂書屋”本身是一個巨大的開放式景觀，屋頂是綿延起伏的類似云朵的白色天花板。在這里，現(xiàn)代主義圖書館的最佳特質(zhì)與最新技術(shù)的各種可能性碰撞出了火花。在這樣平靜、安寧的氛圍中，人們放松下來沉浸于閱讀、學(xué)習(xí)、思考中，也可以遠眺城市，欣賞360°城市全景。

首層和頂層的中間是“閣樓”，用于支撐頂部“橋梁”結(jié)構(gòu)的桁架之間的縫隙形成了靈活的、不規(guī)則形狀的空間。不論是嘈雜還是安靜的活動，都可以在這個封閉空間內(nèi)發(fā)生。這一層中心開放區(qū)域的階梯式座位也呼應(yīng)了建筑西立面的懸臂體量的扭轉(zhuǎn)。

Oodi中央圖書館直接向周圍的城市景觀開放，消除了室內(nèi)外空間的邊界，使得建筑可以直接與T??l?nlahti區(qū)域產(chǎn)生緊密的聯(lián)系。首層的大型門廳和玻璃幕墻多功能廳就是室外空間在圖書館室內(nèi)的延伸。圖書館有三個主要入口：南側(cè)的入口主要服務(wù)于從中央火車站方向來的人流；西側(cè)的入口與市民廣場相連，由其上懸挑的公共平臺提供遮蔽；東北角的入口服務(wù)于從家庭圖書館和電影院方向來的游客。圖書館的設(shè)備和后勤空間都位于地下，行政管理和倉庫空間處于盡可能遠離公共區(qū)域的地方，以最大化地提高圖書館的開放性和可達性，而行政和倉儲職能都將保留在附近Pasila區(qū)的赫爾辛基市主圖書館內(nèi)。

2 夜景鳥瞰

3 總平面圖

業(yè)主：City of Helsinki

建設(shè)地點：芬蘭赫爾辛基市

建筑設(shè)計：ALA Architects

總建筑面積：17 250m2

設(shè)計時間：2012～2013

建造時間：2015.09～2018.12

攝影/圖片版權(quán)：ALA Architects

4 入口空間

5 首層平面圖

6 二層平面圖

7 三層平面圖

2 技術(shù)細節(jié)

通過在圖書館開放的首層空間上方置入一個跨度超過100m的不對稱橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)，實現(xiàn)了三個獨立公共樓層的Oodi圖書館的空間概念。鋼桁架和鋼梁組成的橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個巨大的拱形鋼結(jié)構(gòu)支撐，結(jié)構(gòu)外部包覆鋼筋混凝土張力板。這一創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)解決方案不僅實現(xiàn)了靈活的無柱室內(nèi)空間的構(gòu)建，也為未來在這塊場地下修建公路隧道提供了可能。橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)上的二級鋼桁架為懸挑陽臺和從屋頂延伸的不對稱頂篷提供了支撐，形成了一個能夠同時適應(yīng)圖書館和公共領(lǐng)域的永久和臨時功能需要的獨特結(jié)構(gòu)。

考慮到赫爾辛基的氣候條件，圖書館使用了當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧线M行建造。木質(zhì)的立面由預(yù)制構(gòu)件組成，建筑外墻飾面采用33mm厚的芬蘭優(yōu)質(zhì)云杉木板。同時，針對木材的鋸切和板條的加工處理，團隊還建立了專門的分級和質(zhì)量控制體系。為了達到預(yù)期的精度要求，采用算法輔助參數(shù)化三維設(shè)計工具對復(fù)雜的曲面幾何形體進行了設(shè)計和制作。隨著時間的推移，立面的質(zhì)感和色澤也將會變得更有深度、更加豐富。

建筑表皮的設(shè)計遵循了項目團隊采用的被動式能源設(shè)計的初衷。對幕墻性能的詳盡分析為解決環(huán)境問題提供了依據(jù)，并使團隊能夠最大程度降低建筑對機械環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)的需求，從而促成了高度靈活的建筑解決方案。玻璃幕墻為建筑的公共區(qū)域提供了大量自然光，減少了人工照明的使用，也提高了作為“多功能市民廣場”的室內(nèi)空間的質(zhì)量。

精心規(guī)劃的布局和優(yōu)化的建筑設(shè)施使空間具有了靈活性。建筑的所有公共樓層都設(shè)置了活動地板，以便在150年的預(yù)期使用壽命內(nèi)可以隨時改變空間的使用方式。

Oodi中央圖書館有非常卓越的節(jié)能表現(xiàn)，能耗水平相當(dāng)于一座零能耗建筑（nZEB）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這主要得益于高效率的建筑設(shè)備系統(tǒng)，外墻飾面木材的使用也為建筑帶來了高效性。

3 赫爾辛基的新圖書館

圖書館是芬蘭法定運營的公共機構(gòu)，所有人都可以免費使用。Oodi中央圖書館處于赫爾辛基城市圖書館體系的最前沿。除了核心業(yè)務(wù)，這座圖書館內(nèi)還將提供豐富的休息空間和一些輔助設(shè)施等，并為赫爾辛基信息中心、歐盟信息中心、國家視聽研究所電影院等機構(gòu)和組織的運營提供支持。Oodi中央圖書館每周7天向市民開放，將成為赫爾辛基大都市區(qū)最大的公共圖書館，每天預(yù)計接待1萬名游客，每年將吸引近250萬名游客。

Oodi中央圖書館使T??l?nlahti地區(qū)的新城市環(huán)境更加活躍和多樣化。它為所有年齡段的人提供活動和體驗，在大量的開放公共空間中，人們盡情歡聚，共享美好時光。來到圖書館的人們，也將從被動的媒介使用者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹鲃拥膮⑴c者和內(nèi)容生產(chǎn)者。作為一個非商業(yè)的開放公共空間，新的Oodi中央圖書館也將成為赫爾辛基居民的公共客廳、工作空間和學(xué)習(xí)場所。

1 Architectural concept

Oodi represents a new era of libraries.

The newly completed building in the heart of Helsinki consists almost entirely of public space and offers a wide selection of services. The design divides the functions of the library into three distinct levels: an active ground floor,a peaceful upper floor, and an enclosed in-between volume containing the more specific functions. This concept has been developed into an arching form that invites people to utilize the spaces and services underneath, inside and on top of it. The resulting building is an inspiring and highly functional addition to the urban life of Helsinki and the T??l?nlahti area.

The Kansalaistori square (“Citizens’ Square”) across the street from the Parliament House seamlessly continues inside the ground floor level of the library building. The flexible spaces are suitable for both small events and large happenings. The movie theater and the multipurpose hall can be used as part of the open lobby space or separated off to cater for specific events. Walking through the ground floor offers a quick glimpse of the services available in the building. The sculptural wooden surface arches over the ground floor areas as a dramatic bridge-like structure.

This innovative structural solution has enabled the creation of a column-free public space to maximize the accessibility and visibility of the program. Meanwhile, the arching wooden volume creates an entrance canopy over the Kansalaistori square forming a covered outdoor space that expands the building’s functions such as the ground level restaurant to the square. The large public terrace on top of the canopy doubles the amount of public outdoor space available for library visitors and creates a new destination where people can meet and observe the city below.

The “Book Heaven” on the top floor, is a vast open landscape topped with an undulating cloud-like white ceiling. Here the best features of the modernist library meet the possibilities provided by up-to-date technologies.A calm, serene atmosphere invites visitors to read, learn,think, and to enjoy themselves. From this level, visitors can enjoy an unobstructed 360-degree panorama view of the city center.

The middle floor, the “Attic”, consists of flexible irregularly shaped rooms, nooks and corners inhabiting the spaces between the trusses of the bridge structure.The enclosed spaces are designed to accommodate both noisy and quiet activities. The stepped seating in the open central area of this floor is the result of the form of the cantilevering, twisting west fa?ade.

8，9 三層閱讀空間室內(nèi)

10 南側(cè)入口

By opening directly to the surrounding cityscape and by dissolving the border between indoor and outdoor areas,the building engages directly with the T??l?nlahti area.The large foyer and the glass-walled multi-purpose hall on the ground level act as indoor extensions of the outdoor spaces. There will be three public entrances in the building:one in the south for the main pedestrian flow from the direction of the Central Railway Station, one next to the Kansalaistori square to the west of the building shielded by the overhanging canopy, as well as one for the visitors to the family library and the movie theater in the northeastern corner. The spaces for maintenance and library logistics are located at basement level. The administration and storage spaces are kept to the minimum on the publicly accessed levels to maximize the open and accessible nature of the library. The administrative and storage functions of Helsinki Public Library will remain at the main library in the nearby Pasila district.

2 Technical details

Oodi’s spatial concept based on three individual public floors is executed by building the library as an inhabited, asymmetrical bridge spanning over 100 meters over the open ground floor space. The bridge structure consisting of steel trusses and beams is supported by two massive steel arches, tensioned together with a reinforced concrete tension slab. The in novative structural solution has enabled both the construction of the flexible columnfree interior spaces and the possibility for the construction of a future road tunnel under the site. Secondary steel trusses support the cantilevering balcony and roof canopy asymmetrically from the arch structure, forming a unique structural design to accommodate both permanent and temporary functions for both the library and the public realm.

Oodi has been built using local materials and with local climate conditions in mind. The wooden fa?ade is made from pre-fabricated elements. 33-millimeterthick Finnish high- quality spruce has been used for the cladding. A specific grading and quality control system was developed for the timber, the sawing and the treatment of the slats. The complex curved geometry was designed and manufactured using algorithm-aided parametric 3D design methods in order to achieve the required precision.The appearance of the fa?ade will develop over the years towards a deeper, richer version of its initial hue.

11 玻璃幕墻為室內(nèi)帶來充足自然光

12 剖面圖

The design of the building envelope is intrinsic to the passive energy approach adopted by the project team.Detailed analysis of the fa?ade performance has informed the environmental solutions and has allowed the team to minimize the requirement for mechanical environmental control systems, which facilitates the highly flexible architectural solution. The glass facades allow for large amounts of functional daylight in the public areas, reducing the use of artificial light and enhancing the quality of the interior spaces as a multifunctional citizen’s forum.

The carefully planned placement and optimization of building services have enabled the flexibility of the spatial arrangements. All public levels of the building are equipped with access floors to allow for changes in use during the estimated 150-year life span of the building.

The library building will be extremely energy efficient. Its energy consumption level is that of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). This is mostly due to the efficiency of the building services. The material efficiency of the building has benefited among other things from the use of wood in the exterior cladding.

3 The New Library in Helsinki

Library operations are statutory in Finland. Basic library services are free of charge and freely available to everyone. The new library will be at the forefront of the renewal of the city’s library services. In addition to the core operations, there will be a wide range of services available inside the building alongside an abundance of lounge spaces and auxiliary services that support the operations such as Helsinki Info, the City of Helsinki’s information center; Europa Experience, the center for EU related information; and Kino Regina, the National Audiovisual Institute’s movie theater. In terms of services offered, the new library, a public space open seven days a week, will be the largest public library in the Helsinki metropolitan area, and will most certainly also become the metropolitan area’s most popular spot for returns and reservations. The library is expected to attract 10,000 visitors per day and 2.5 million visitors per year.

The library will enliven and diversify the new urban environment created in the T??l?nlahti area. It will offer activities and experiences for all ages. There will be plenty of spaces that enable people to gather and spend time together, free of charge. The role of the library’s clients will evolve from passive media users to active agents,participants and content producers. As a non-commercial open public space, the new Central Library will act as Helsinki residents’ common living room, workspace and learning environment.