聶進(jìn) 唐書福 張建勇 趙建軍
【摘要】 目的:觀察外源性降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)對(duì)脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的急性肺損傷(ALI)大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF)腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)表達(dá)的影響。方法:42只SD雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為生理鹽水對(duì)照組(NS組)、CGRP對(duì)照組(CGRP組)、急性肺損傷組(ALI組,14只)和CGRP干預(yù)組(CGRP干預(yù)組,14只)四組,其中ALI組分為6 h ALI組和12 h ALI組兩亞組,干預(yù)組分為CGRP+6 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組兩亞組,每亞組7只。ALI組按LPS 10 mg/kg于尾靜脈注射后6 h和12 h后取材;干預(yù)組予CGRP(5 μg/kg)尾靜脈注射后1 h,再予LPS (10 mg/kg)尾靜脈注射后分別于第6小時(shí)和第12小時(shí)后取材;CGRP對(duì)照組予CGRP(5 μg/kg)尾靜脈注后6 h取材;NS組予生理鹽水(1 ml/kg)靜脈注射后6 h取材。記錄并比較各組SD大鼠BALF細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)及分類計(jì)數(shù)和濕/干重比值(W/D);HE染色觀察各組肺組織病理變化情況;ELISA法檢測(cè)各組大鼠BALF TNF-α、IL-1β的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果:ALI組大鼠BALF細(xì)胞總數(shù)和分類計(jì)數(shù)、W/D比值、TNF-α、IL-1β的表達(dá)量均高于NS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);同時(shí)間點(diǎn)損傷組與干預(yù)組比較,BALF細(xì)胞分類計(jì)數(shù)、TNF-α、IL-1β的表達(dá)均增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。NS組與CGRP對(duì)照組大鼠BALF細(xì)胞總數(shù)及分類計(jì)數(shù)、TNF-α和IL-1β的表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:外源性CGRP可降低大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,對(duì)LPS誘導(dǎo)的ALI大鼠具有抗炎作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 急性肺損傷 腫瘤壞死因子-α 白細(xì)胞介素-1β 炎癥反應(yīng)
[Abstract] Objective: To observe the intervention effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) rats. Method: Forty-two SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups according to a random number method, 7 rats in each group. The 6 groups were listed as normal saline control group (NS group), CGRP control group (CGRP group), 6-hour acute lung injury group (6 h ALI group), 12-hour acute lung injury group (12 h ALI group), CGRP intervention 6-hour group (CGRP+6 h ALI group), and CGRP 12-hour group (CGRP+12 h ALI group). 6 h ALI group and 12 h ALI group were treated with LPS (10 mg/kg) via tail vein and specimen obtained at 6 hours and 12 hours respectively. CGRP+6 h ALI group and CGRP+12 h ALI group were injected with CGRP (5 μg/kg) by tail vein and injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) after 1 h of CGRP injection, specimen obtained at 6 hours and 12 hours respectively. After the tail vein injection of CGRP (5 μg/kg), the specimen of CGRP group was obtained 6 hours later; after the tail vein was injected with (1 ml/kg) of normal saline, the specimen of NS group was obtained 6 hours later. After that, BALF cell counts and differential counts were performed in each group ; right upper lung tissues were used to determine the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D); pathological changes of lung tissues in each group were observed by HE staining; ELISA was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in BALF of each group. Result: The ALI group compared with NS group , BALF cell counts and differential counts, the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The ALI group compared with CGRP intervention group at the same time, BALF cell differential counts, and the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significantly differences in BALF cell counts and differential counts, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β between NS group and CGRP group (P>0.05). Conclusion: CGRP possesses potential protection against LPS-induced acute lung injury through its anti-inflammatory property.
急性肺損傷(acute lung injury,ALI)或急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是由各種肺內(nèi)和肺外致病因素導(dǎo)致的急性彌漫性肺損傷和進(jìn)而發(fā)展的急性呼吸衰竭,是臨床常見的急危重癥之一[1]。ALI/ARDS起病急、發(fā)展迅速,缺乏特異性和有效的治療手段,病死率高達(dá)40%以上[2]。目前研究表明,炎癥反應(yīng)是ALI/ARDS發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制。降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是一種新型的抗炎介質(zhì),文獻(xiàn)[3]報(bào)道CGRP可減輕ALI/ARDS的炎癥反應(yīng)。本研究擬予尾靜脈注射LPS的方式構(gòu)建ALI大鼠模型,予外源性CGRP進(jìn)行干預(yù),通過檢測(cè)各組ALI大鼠BALF 細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)及分類計(jì)數(shù)、TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)水平,探討CGRP是否抑制TNF-α、IL-1β的表達(dá)來實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)ALI/ARDS的保護(hù)作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 SPF級(jí)雄性SD大鼠42只,6~8周齡,體重180~220 g,重慶第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心[合格證編號(hào)為SCXK(渝)2012-0005]提供,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)間給予無菌食物和水飼養(yǎng)。將42只大鼠隨機(jī)分為生理鹽水對(duì)照組(NS組,7只)、CGRP對(duì)照組(CGRP組,7只)、急性肺損傷組(ALI組,14只)和干預(yù)組(CGRP干預(yù)組,14只),其中急性肺損傷組分為6 h ALI組和12 h ALI組兩亞組,干預(yù)組分為CGRP+6 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組兩亞組,每亞組7只。
1.1.2 主要實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑及藥物 脂多糖(LPS)購于美國Sigma公司,降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)購于Tocris公司,ELISA試劑盒購于購于美國R&D公司。
1.2 動(dòng)物模型的建立
ALI組按LPS 10 mg/kg于尾靜脈注射,6 h和12 h后取材;干預(yù)組予CGRP(5 μg/kg)尾靜脈注射,CGRP注射成功后1 h按LPS(10 mg/kg)尾靜脈注射,分別于6 h和12 h后取材;CGRP組尾靜脈注CGRP(5 μg/kg)6 h后取材;NS組尾靜脈注射生理鹽水1 ml/kg,6 h后取材。
1.3 指標(biāo)檢測(cè)
1.3.1 BALF中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù) 取各組SD大鼠BALF 10 μl滴于細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)板上,光鏡下按計(jì)數(shù)板上的細(xì)胞數(shù)目。將BALF離心后取20 μl沉淀涂片(每個(gè)標(biāo)本涂2~3張),待涂片晾干后進(jìn)行瑞氏-吉姆薩染色,采取單盲法在油鏡下計(jì)數(shù)200個(gè)細(xì)胞,計(jì)數(shù)各組中性粒細(xì)胞所占的百分比。
1.3.2 肺組織濕/干重比值(W/D) 用濾紙吸干右肺上葉肺組織表面血液及水分,電子天平稱量記為濕重(W),置于80 ℃恒溫箱烤48 h后稱量記為干重(D),計(jì)算濕/干重比(W/D),W/D值反映肺水腫的嚴(yán)重程度。
1.3.3 肺組織病理改變 肺組織經(jīng)石蠟包埋后 ,切4 μm切片,常規(guī)HE染色,觀察肺組織病理變化。
1.3.4 ELISA法檢測(cè)BALF中TNF-α、IL-β含量 灌洗左肺收集BALF,4 ℃下3 000 r/min離心5 min,取上清,-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。ELISA法檢測(cè)BALF上清液中TNF-α、IL-β的含量,嚴(yán)格按照ELISA試劑盒說明書操作進(jìn)行。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)通過SPSS 17.0軟件分析系統(tǒng)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示。多樣本均數(shù)比較時(shí)采用單因素方差分析,方差齊者使用LSD檢驗(yàn),方差不齊者使用Dunnetts T3檢驗(yàn),以α=0.05為檢驗(yàn)校正標(biāo)準(zhǔn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 BALF細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)及分類計(jì)數(shù)
與NS組比較,6 h ALI組、CGRP+6 h ALI組、12 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF中性粒細(xì)胞百分比多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+6 h ALI組、12 h ALI組BALF中性粒細(xì)胞百分比低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與12 h ALI組比較,CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF中性粒細(xì)胞百分比低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF中性粒細(xì)胞百分比與CGRP+6 h ALI組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 肺組織濕/干重(W/D)比值測(cè)定
與NS組比較,6 h ALI組、CGRP+6 h ALI組、12 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠肺組織W/D比值大,以12 h ALI組較為明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+6 h ALI組肺組織W/D比值小,12 h ALI組肺組織W/D比值大,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與12 h ALI組相比較,CGRP+12h ALI組肺組織W/D比值減小,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);CGRP+12 h ALI組肺組織W/D比值與CGRP+6 h ALI組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
2.3 各組肺組織HE染色病理改變
參照J(rèn)in等[4]文獻(xiàn)中的方法進(jìn)行肺損傷病理學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)。NS組大鼠肺組織細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)正常,組織完整,氣管壁及肺泡壁結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,黏膜完整,管腔通暢,無明顯炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤;6 h ALI組和12 h ALI組大鼠肺組織病理提示氣管及血管周圍呈現(xiàn)以中性粒細(xì)胞為主的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,肺間質(zhì)中炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤明顯,黏膜充血水腫,小葉間隔增寬、增厚;CGRP+6 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠肺組織病理提示氣管及血管周圍出現(xiàn)以嗜中性粒細(xì)胞為主的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,肺間質(zhì)炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤;黏膜充血水腫,氣道上皮細(xì)胞及杯狀細(xì)胞腫脹,小葉間隔增寬、增厚,但較相應(yīng)的ALI組減輕,見圖1。
2.4 ELISA法檢測(cè)大鼠BALF中TNF-α含量
與NS組比較,6 h ALI組、CGRP+6 h ALI組、12 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF TNF-α含量多,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+6 h ALI組大鼠BALF TNF-α含量少,12 h ALI組大鼠BALF TNF-α含量多,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與12 h ALI組相比較,CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF TNF-α含量少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與CGRP+6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF TNF-α含量多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.5 ELISA法檢測(cè)大鼠BALF中IL-1β含量
與NS組比較,6 h ALI組、CGRP+6 h ALI組、12 h ALI組和CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF IL-1β含量多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+6 h ALI組IL-1β含量少,12 h ALI組大鼠BALF IL-1β含量多,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與12 h ALI組比較,CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF IL-1β含量少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與CGRP+6 h ALI組比較,CGRP+12 h ALI組大鼠BALF IL-1β含量多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
3 討論
ALI/ARDS是由創(chuàng)傷、嚴(yán)重感染、中毒等多種因素導(dǎo)致全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征的肺部表現(xiàn),主要病理特征是炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的肺微血管內(nèi)皮及肺泡上皮受損,微血管通透性增高,肺泡腔滲出富含蛋白的液體,進(jìn)而引起肺水腫及透明膜形成,臨床表現(xiàn)為呼吸窘迫、難治性低氧血癥和呼吸衰竭,肺部影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為雙肺彌漫性滲出性改變[5],是目前呼吸系統(tǒng)急危重癥疾病研究的難點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)之一,但ALI/ARDS發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未安全闡明并且預(yù)后不良。
近年來,隨著對(duì)ALI/ARDS的發(fā)病機(jī)制不斷深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)炎癥細(xì)胞和炎癥介質(zhì)參與的炎癥反應(yīng)在ALI/ARDS的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起關(guān)鍵作用。炎癥細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多種炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子,最重要的是TNF-α、IL-1β,導(dǎo)致大量中性粒細(xì)胞肺內(nèi)聚集、激活,并通過“呼吸暴發(fā)”釋放氧自由基、蛋白酶和炎癥介質(zhì),引起靶細(xì)胞損害,表現(xiàn)為肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和肺泡上皮細(xì)胞損傷,肺微血管通透性增高和微血栓形成,最終導(dǎo)致肺部彌漫性肺間質(zhì)及肺泡水腫,從而引起呼吸窘迫、頑固性低氧血癥[5]。研究表明,膿毒癥是ALI/ARDS常見原因之一,膿毒癥伴發(fā)的全身嚴(yán)重炎癥反應(yīng)是急性肺損傷的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制[6-7],革蘭陰性桿菌感染是膿毒癥最常見的病因[8],而脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是革蘭陰性桿菌細(xì)胞壁的主要組分之一,對(duì)膿毒癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展發(fā)揮著重要的作用[9]。ALI的主要病理改變包括肺組織中炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,肺間質(zhì)和肺泡出血和水腫,肺泡毛細(xì)血管屏障受損,通透性增加[10]。本研究采用10 mg/kg LPS尾靜脈注射制備大鼠ALI模型,結(jié)果顯示,ALI組大鼠各時(shí)相BALF中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、W/D比值均高于NS組,并且肺組織病理切片見毛細(xì)血管明顯充血,肺泡及間質(zhì)見大量中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤,肺泡腔內(nèi)可見紅細(xì)胞滲出,肺泡隔增寬、紊亂,提示尾靜脈注射LPS已成功建立大鼠ALI模型。
研究表明,在炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中TNF-α是始動(dòng)因素,IL-1β發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用[11]。IL-1β不能直接活化白細(xì)胞,但可以引起IL-8的分泌,通過改變前炎癥介質(zhì)或抗炎癥細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)和影響組織多型核中性粒細(xì)胞聚集而促進(jìn)炎癥的發(fā)展[12]??梢奣NF-α、IL-1β炎癥介質(zhì)在ALI發(fā)病中起著重要的作用。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ALI組大鼠各時(shí)相BALF釋放的炎癥因子TNF-α、IL-β明顯高于NS組(P<0.05),提示TNF-α和IL-1β被激活,參與炎癥的級(jí)聯(lián)式放大反應(yīng),促進(jìn)ALI的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
CGRP是由37個(gè)氨基酸組成的小分子多肽,由降鈣素基因選擇性剪切編碼后合成,參與機(jī)體多種生理和病理過程[13]。奎莉越等[14]研究顯示,CGRP干預(yù)可抑制脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的大鼠肺上皮細(xì)胞炎癥因子的分泌。CGRP不僅有擴(kuò)張血管、減輕肺水腫,還有抗炎的作用。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CGRP干預(yù)組大鼠W/D的比值、BALF中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比、TNF-α、IL-β均低于相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)ALI組大鼠,提示外源性CGRP可抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的ALI大鼠肺組織的炎癥反應(yīng)及肺水腫,對(duì)ALI具有保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,炎癥反應(yīng)是ALI/ARDS的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,炎癥介質(zhì)TNF-α和IL-1β的激活,參與炎癥的級(jí)聯(lián)放大效應(yīng),促進(jìn)ALI/ARDS的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。本研究說明CGRP作為新型的抗炎介質(zhì),通過降低炎癥介質(zhì)(TNF-α、IL-1β等)的釋放,減輕了肺臟的損傷,減輕了肺水腫,從而發(fā)揮對(duì)大鼠LPS相關(guān)ALI的保護(hù)作用。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-22) (本文編輯:何玉勤)